Treaty of Batum

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Treaty of Batumi
Batum Treaty.svg
TypePeace treaty
Signed4 June 1918
Location Batumi, Georgia
Condition Ratification
Signatories

The Treaty of Batum was signed in Batumi on 4 June 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the three Transcaucasian states: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia. [1] [2] It was the first treaty of the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and had 14 articles.

Contents

Background

On 5 December 1917, the armistice of Erzincan was signed between the Russians and the Ottomans, ending the armed conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Persian Campaign and Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. [3] This was followed by Russia's exit from World War I on 3 March 1918 under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Between 14 March and April 1918, the Trabzon peace conference was held between the Ottoman Empire and the delegation of the Transcaucasian Diet (Transcaucasian Sejm).

Enver Pasha offered to surrender all ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk at the end of the negotiations. [4] On 5 April, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation Akaki Chkhenkeli accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and wired the governing bodies[ who? ] urging them to accept that position. [5] The mood prevailing in Tiflis was very different. The Armenians pressured the Republic[ which? ] to refuse and acknowledged the existence of a state of war between themselves and the Ottoman Empire. [5] Hostilities resumed, and the Ottoman troops overran new lands to the east, reaching the prewar borders. Approximately 40,000 civilians perished during the retreat of Armenian-Georgian volunteers and the Ottoman advance. [6] According to Clarence Ussher, an American doctor in eastern Anatolia, the number of Armenians killed during the Russian retreat numbered 7,000. [7]

Treaty

On 11 May, a new peace conference opened at Batum. [4] the Ottomans extended their demands to include Tiflis as well as Alexandropol and Echmiadzin; they also wanted a railroad to be built to connect Kars and Julfa with Baku. The new Armenian state, through which the transport corridor would run, was to give free right of passage. The Armenian and Georgian members of the Republic’s delegation began to stall. Beginning on 21 May, the Ottoman army moved ahead once again into areas of Russian Armenia, leading to the Battle of Sardarapat (21–29 May), the Battle of Karakilisa (24–28 May), and the Battle of Bash Abaran (21–24 May).

The treaty was signed while the Third Army of the Ottoman Empire held positions 7 km from Yerevan and only 10 km from Echmiadzin. The treaty needed to be examined and confirmed by the Central Powers. Fifteen days after the treaty, delegates from Armenia were asked to come to Constantinople. In the surrendered territories the majority of the 1,250,000 pre-war inhabitants had been Armenians, with more than 400,000 in the ceded sector of Yerevan province alone. [8]

Signatories

Ottoman side:

Armenian side:

Azerbaijani side:

Georgian side:

Statistics

Ethnoreligious composition of territories ceded in the Treaty of Batum [9]
AreaTerritory occupied Armenians Muslims Georgians Russians
Tiflis Governorate
↳ Akhalkalaki uezd 1,150  sq mi (3,000  km2 )64,0008,0008,0008,000
↳ Akhaltsikhe uezd 1,100  sq mi (2,800  km2 )27,00018,00025,000540
Erivan Governorate
↳ Alexandropol uezd 750  sq mi (1,900  km2 )173,0003,0004202,000
↳ Nakhichevan uezd 1,500  sq mi (3,900  km2 )
↳ Surmalu uezd 1,400  sq mi (3,600  km2 )30,00066,000
↳ Sharur-Daralayaz uezd 600  sq mi (1,600  km2 )50012,00060
↳ Erivan uezd 700  sq mi (1,800  km2 )30,00048,0001,000
↳ Etchmiadzin uezd 900  sq mi (2,300  km2 )76,00042,000400
Treaty of Batum8,100  sq mi (21,000  km2 )400,500197,00033,42012,000
Ethnoreligious composition of the South Caucasus in 1918 [10]
NationArea (sq mi)Share of TranscaucasiaArmeniansMuslimsGeorgiansOther
Flag of the First Republic of Armenia.svg Armenia4,0008%470,000168,00041,000
Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg Georgia29,00041%535,000200,0001,607,000510,000
Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg Azerbaijan36,00051%653,0002,138,900304,000

References

  1. ↑ Charlotte Mathilde Louise Hille (2010), State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus, BRILL, p. 71, ISBN   978-9-004-17901-1
  2. ↑ Alexander Mikaberidze (2011), Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World, ABC-CLIO, p. 201, ISBN   978-1-598-84337-8
  3. ↑ Tadeusz Swietochowski (1985), Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community, Cambridge University Press, p. 119, ISBN   978-0-521-26310-8
  4. 1 2 Ezel Kural Shaw (1977), Reform, revolution and republic : the rise of modern Turkey (1808-1975), History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, p. 326, OCLC   78646544 (Turkish Perspective)
  5. 1 2 Richard Hovannisian, The Armenian people from ancient to modern times, pp. 292–293, ISBN   978-0-333-61974-2, OCLC   312951712 (Armenian Perspective)
  6. ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). Armenia on the road to independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 277. ISBN   0-520-00574-0. OCLC   825110.
  7. ↑ A-To. The Major Events in Vasburagan, 1914–1917. p. 480.
  8. ↑ Richard G. Hovannisian (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 301. ISBN   978-0-333-61974-2. OCLC   312951712.
  9. ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). Armenia on the road to independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 199. ISBN   0-520-00574-0. OCLC   825110.
  10. ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). Armenia on the road to independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 236. ISBN   0-520-00574-0. OCLC   825110.
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