Surmalu uezd

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Surmalu uezd
Сурмалинскій уѣздъ
Coat of Arms of Erivan gubernia (Russian empire).png
Surmalu Uyezd of Erivan Governorate.png
Location in the Erivan Governorate
Country Russian Empire
Viceroyalty Caucasus
Governorate Erivan
Established1828
Abolished1918
CapitalIgdyr
(present-day Iğdır)
Area
  Total3,581.58 km2 (1,382.86 sq mi)
Population
 (1916)
  Total104,791
  Density29/km2 (76/sq mi)
   Rural
100.00%

The Surmalu uezd [lower-alpha 1] was a county ( uezd ) of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the governorate's Etchmiadzin and Erivan uezds to the north, the Kars Oblast to the west, Persia to the east, and the Ottoman Empire to the south. The district made up most of the Iğdır Province of present-day Turkey. As part of the Russian Transcaucasus, the Surmalu uezd possessed economical importance for its abundantly rich salt mines in Kulp (Tuzluca), and spiritual importance to Armenians as the location of the culturally significant Mount Ararat. The administrative centre of the county was Igdyr (present-day Iğdır). [3]

Contents

Etymology

The Turkic name Sürmalī (سورمه‌لی) and Persian name Surmalū (سرمه‌لو), whencefrom the Russian form Surmalu (Сурмалу) descended, are Turkified forms of the old Armenian city of Surmari's name, which itself evolved from Surb Mari (Armenian : Սուրբ Մարի, lit. ' Saint Mary '). [1] [4] [5] The castle of Surmari still stands today in the village of Sürmeli  [ tr ] near the Armenia–Turkey border within the Tuzluca district of Turkey's Iğdır Province. [6]

History

A part of Persia's Erivan Khanate, Surmalu was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Turkmenchay in the aftermath of the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28. The district was first administered as part of the Armenian Oblast and then the Erivan Governorate. [7] In 1829, Baltic German explorer Friedrich Parrot of the University of Dorpat (Tartu) traveled to Surmalu as part of his expedition to climb Mount Ararat. Accompanied by Armenian writer Khachatur Abovian and four others, Parrot made the first ascent of Ararat in recorded history from the Armenian monastery of St. Hakob in Akhuri (modern Yenidoğan). [8]

After the Russian Revolution, Surmalu was briefly governed by the First Republic of Armenia from 1918 to 1920, [9] until it was occupied in 1920 and formally ceded to Turkey by the treaties of Moscow and Kars, following Armenia's defeat in the Turkish-Armenian War and subsequent Sovietization. [10]

Administrative divisions

The subcounties ( uchastoks ) of the Surmalu uezd in 1913 were as follows: [11]

Name1912 populationArea
1-y uchastok (1-й участокъ)41,149725.65 square versts (825.83  km2 ; 318.86  sq mi )
2-y uchastok (2-й участокъ)28,0931,214.24 square versts (1,381.88  km2 ; 533.55  sq mi )
3-y uchastok (3-й участокъ)28,0901,207.20 square versts (1,373.87  km2 ; 530.45  sq mi )

Demographics

Russian Empire estimate (1886)

According to the Russian family lists accounts from 1886, of the total 71,066 inhabitants of the district, 34,351 were Tatars [lower-alpha 2] (48.3%), 22,096 Armenians (31.1%), and 14,619 Kurds (20.6%). [14]

Russian Empire Census

According to the Russian Empire Census, the Surmalu uezd had a population of 89,055 on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 47,269 men and 41,786 women. The plurality of the population indicated Tatar [lower-alpha 2] to be their mother tongue, with significant Armenian and Kurdish speaking minorities. [15]

Linguistic composition of the Surmalu uezd in 1897 [15]
LanguageNative speakers%
Tatar [lower-alpha 2] 41,41746.51
Armenian 27,07530.40
Kurdish 19,09921.45
Russian 7250.81
Ukrainian 6200.70
Polish 310.03
Belarusian 160.02
German 130.01
Georgian 110.01
Persian 90.01
Jewish 60.01
Greek 30.00
Lithuanian 10.00
Assyrian 10.00
Other280.03
TOTAL89,055100.00

Kavkazskiy kalendar

1910

According to the 1910 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar , the Surmalu uezd had a population of 91,535 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1909, of which 41,990 were Shia Muslims (45.87%), 29,734 Armenians (32.48%), and 19,811 Kurds (21.64%). [16]

1917

According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Surmalu uezd had a population of 104,791 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 55,364 men and 49,427 women, 98,212 of whom were the permanent population, and 6,579 were temporary residents. The statistics indicated Shia Muslims to be the plurality of the population of the uezd, followed closely by Armenians, Kurds and Yazidis: [17]

NationalityNumber%
Shia Muslims [lower-alpha 3] 44,15342.13
Armenians 32,68631.19
Kurds 14,67914.01
Yazidis 10,86910.37
Sunni Muslims [lower-alpha 4] 1,8011.72
Russians 4290.41
Jews 950.09
Other Europeans 600.06
Asiatic Christians 190.02
TOTAL104,791100.00

Settlements

According to the 1897 census, there were 51 settlements in the Surmalu uezd with a population over 500 inhabitants. The religious composition of the settlements was as follows: [19]

NameFaithTOTAL
RussianRomanized Armenian Apostolic Muslim Eastern Orthodox Yazidi MaleFemaleBoth
Аббас-ГелAbbas-Gel (Abbasgöl  [ tr ])483274253527
АкаракAkarak (Üçkaya  [ tr ])924454470924
АлетлуAletlu (Yüzbaşılar  [ tr ])717365352717
АлиджанAlijan (Yukarıalican  [ tr ])835421414835
АликамарлуAlikamarlu (Ali Kamerli, Iğdır)1,5598267601,586
АликизилAlikizil (Aşağıtopraklı  [ tr ])523301244545
АрабкирлуArabkirlu (Bayraktutan)623321302623
Аралых-БашкендAralykh-Bashkend (Aralık)1,9481,0039471,950
Аралых-Сурб-Оган (Орта-кенд)Aralykh-Surb-Ogan (Orta-kend) (Ortaköy, Aralık)979510469979
АратанAratan (Yukarıaratan  [ tr ])487254243497
АргаджиArgaji (Aşağıerhacı  [ tr ])1,1186275121,139
АхвеисAkhveis1,0655215441,065
АхшамедAkhshamed718375343718
БагарлуBagarlu1,1996205961,216
Гасан-ХанGasan-Khan509255254509
ГедаклуGedaklu540276264540
ГекджалуGekjalu538299244543
Гюллуджа (Гюлаб)Gyulluja1,1005645361,100
ДашбурунDashburun (Taşburun)2,1031,1001,0262,126
Джаннар-абатJannar-abat903466437903
Джувтлуг (Байрам-Али-Кенд)Juvutlug (Bayram-Ali-Kend)598313285598
ЗильфугарZilfugar635356279635
ЗорZor749394363757
ИгдырIgdyr (Iğdır)3,9325652,6891,9914,680
Игдыр-моваIgdyr-mova7828348437821,625
КазанчиKazanchi557284273557
КазикишлягKazikishlyag326380359347706
КамышлуKamyshlu529267262529
Каракоюнлу IIKarakoyunlu II1,8571,0138581,871
КаракуйKarakuy533291251542
Кизил-Закир (Закирлу)Kizil-Zakir (Zakirlu)194325307217524
КульпKulp (Tuzluca)3,2871,8761,7033,579
КюллюкKyullyuk1,0305235071,030
МалаклуMalaklu (Melekli)2,1261,1291,0112,140
Молла-КамарMolla-Kamar577303274577
Муршуд-АлиMurshud-Ali535288289577
Наджаф-АлиNajaf-Ali49779291285576
Оба (Аликамар-Ислам)Oba (Alikamar-Islam)603308295603
Паник Panik 1,1435935501,143
ПарнаутParnaut682125477330807
ПлюрPlyur1,8509479031,850
Сараглу (Гаджи-Ага)Saraglu (Gaji-Aga)573311262573
Сулейман-абат (Диза)Suleyman-abat (Diza)1,8289508781,828
СурмалуSurmalu (Sürmeli  [ tr ])512282230512
ТейджерлуTeyjerlu973499474973
Тоханшалу-БаятTokhanshalu-Bayat512289223512
Тоханшалу-КоджарTokhanshalu-Kojar1,0635545091,063
ХалфалуKhalfalu9865564941,050
Хош-ХарабKhosh-Kharab693367328695
ЭвджилярEvjilyar1,5317647701,534
ЯйджиYayji1,2896646251,289
TOTAL26,89026,04869053028,91926,05854,977

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani". [12] [13]
  2. Primarily Tatars. [18]
  3. Primarily Turco-Tatars. [18]

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Etchmiadzin <i>uezd</i> Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

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Zugdidi <i>uezd</i> Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

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Akhaltsikhe <i>uezd</i> Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

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Gori <i>uezd</i> Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

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Signakh <i>uezd</i> Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

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Telavi <i>uezd</i> Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

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Tiflis <i>uezd</i> Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

The Tiflis uezd was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative centre in Tiflis. The area of the uezd roughly corresponded to the contemporary Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia. The district bordered the Telavi uezd to the northeast, the Tionety and Dusheti uezds to the north, the Gori uezd to the northwest, the Borchaly uezd to the west, the Kazakh uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate to the south, and the Signakh uezd to the east.

Kutaisi <i>uezd</i> Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

The Kutaisi uezd was a county (uezd) of the Kutaisi Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Akhaltsikhe uezd of the Tiflis Governorate to the south, the Ozurgeti and Senaki uezds to the west, the Lechkhumi and Racha uezds to the north, and the Shorapani uezd to the east. The area of the uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Imereti region of Georgia. The Kutaisi uezd was eponymously named for its administrative center, Kutais.

Lechkhumi <i>uezd</i> Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

The Lechkhumi uezd was a county (uezd) of the Kutaisi Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Terek and Kuban oblasts to the north, the Sukhumi Okrug to the west, the Zugdidi, Senaki, and Kutais uezds to the south and the Racha uezd to the east. The area of the uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region of Georgia. The administrative center of the Lechkhumi uezd was the town of Tsageri.

Senaki <i>uezd</i> Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

The Senaki uezd was a county (uezd) of the Kutaisi Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Zugdidi uezd to the west, the Lechkhumi uezd to the north, the Kutaisi uezd to the east, and the Ozurgeti uezd to the south. The area of the uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region of Georgia. The Senaki uezd was eponymously named for its administrative center, Senaki.

Shorapani <i>uezd</i> Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

The Shorapani uezd was a county (uezd) of the Kutaisi Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Racha uezd to the north, the Kutaisi uezd to the west, and the Tiflis Governorate to the east. The area of the uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Imereti region of Georgia. The administrative center of the Shorapani uezd was Kvirila.

References

  1. 1 2 Javadi, Abbas (2016). ایران و آذربایجان: در بستر تاریخ و زبان [Iran and Azerbaijan: in the background of history and language] (in Persian). H&S Media. ISBN   978-1-78083-536-5. در سال ۷۷۹ ه.ق. هم (۱۳۷۷-۱۳۷۸) ناحیه «سورماری» (سورب ماری) در جنوب دریاچه «گوکچه گول» این نام را داشت. همچنانکه نام «تریپولی» در آناتولی غربی تبدیل به «توربالی» (توبره‌لو) ترکی شده، «سور ماری» هم بزودی تبدیل به «سورمه‌لی» (سرمه‌لو) شد. منابع دوره تیمور نام این قلعه را معمولاً بصورت ترکی آن قید کرده‌اند.
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  4. De Clavijo, Ruy González (2004). Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403-1406. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 186. ISBN   9780415344890. Surmari, Sulmari, or Sulmari, the Armenian Surb Mari, that is Saint Mary...
  5. (in Armenian)Danielyan, E. L. (2010). "Հայոց պատմական և քաղաքակրթական արժեհամակարգի պաշտպանության անհրաժեշտությունը [On the Necessity of Protecting Armenian Historical and Civilizational System of Values]". Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (3): 68. ISSN   0320-8117. ...Սուրմալուի (Սուրբ Մարի) գավառը...
  6. Parrot, Friedrich (2016) [1846]. Journey to Ararat. Translated by William Desborough Cooley. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. London: Gomidas Institute. p. ix. ISBN   9781909382244.
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  8. Parrot, p. 139.
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  10. Tsutsiev 2014, p. 81.
  11. Кавказский календарь на 1913 год, pp. 172–179.
  12. Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
  13. Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
  14. (in Russian) Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, извлечённых из посемейных списков 1886 года, г. Тифлис, 1893
  15. 1 2 "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  16. Саратанов, В. В. (1910). Кавказский календарь на 1910 год [Caucasian calendar for 1910] (in Russian) (65th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. p. 518. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022.
  17. Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 214–221.
  18. 1 2 Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
  19. Troinitsky, N. A. (1905). Населенные места Российской империи в 500 и более жителей с указанием всего наличного в них населения и числа жителей преобладающих вероисповеданий, по данным первой всеобщей переписи населения 1897 г. [Populated areas of the Russian Empire with 500 or more inhabitants, indicating the total population in them and the number of inhabitants of the predominant religions, according to the first general population census of 1897] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya Obshchestvennaya polza. pp. 52–56. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022.

Bibliography

39°55′15″N44°02′40″E / 39.92083°N 44.04444°E / 39.92083; 44.04444