Shamshadil | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1747–1801 | |||||||||
Status | Sultanate | ||||||||
Capital | Oksuzlu | ||||||||
Common languages | Persian, Azerbaijani | ||||||||
Religion | Islam | ||||||||
Government | Sultanate | ||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Established | 1747 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1801 | ||||||||
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Shamshadil (also spelled Shams al-Din or Shamshadin) was a sultanate (a semi-autonomous district governed by a military commander) in the South Caucasus established in 1747. It was located in what is now northeastern Armenia and northwestern Azerbaijan.
During the Safavid period, Shamshadil was part of the Qarabagh province, which was governed by the Ziyadoghlu branch of the Qajar tribe. [1] After Nader repelled the Ottomans from the area in 1735, he appointed Ughurlu Khan Ziyadoghlu Qajar as its khan. The latter was later the only khan who did not support Nader when he petitioned to become shah (king) of Iran at the Mughan assembly. This made Nader Shah split the Karabakh province in order to curtail the power of the Qajars. [2] The Zangezur district was given to the beglerbegi (governor-general) of Tabriz; the autonomy of the Armenian Melikdoms was restored, and Borchalu, Qazzaq and Shamshadil were given to the Georgian king Teimuraz II of Kakheti (r. 1732–1762). Ughurlu Khan was thus only left with Ganja and its surroundings. [3]
Following Nader Shah's assassination in 1747, Iran fell into turmoil, especially in the South Caucasus. There the Georgians and local khans fought over land. [4] With no central authority left in Iran, Heraclius II (r. 1762–1798), the king of Eastern Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti), and the khans, district aqalars (grandees) and soltans (military commander of a district) attempted to preserve their recent freedom by collaborating with or against their neighbours. [5] The area soon split into multiple semi-autonomous khanates and districts, such as the Ganja Khanate. [6] Shamshadil was amongst the sultanates that emerged during this period. [7]
Although some khans and soltans had showed interest in receiving Russian protection, Javad Khan staunchly opposed it. He remained loyal to the shah and planned to defy any Russian intrusion. When Javad Khan was made aware of the gradual Russian expansion into the neighboring districts, he had his son Hossein Qoli Aqa relocate the Tatar and Armenian families of Shamshadil to Ganja. Javad Khan also plundered the district, seizing livestock and forcing many locals to flee to Georgia. [8] In response, Knorring sent a diplomat named Gorgin Beg to Javad Khan, asking him to stop his hostility, as Shamshadil was Georgian land and that it had only been controlled by Ganja due to being granted by Agha Mohammad Khan. Javad Khan responded by saying that while Shamshadil had occasionally been detached from Ganja, it had still been part of it for centuries. He also added that he desired good relations with his neighbour. Knorring responded back, by repeating that the district belongs to Georgia, which was now part of Russia. [9]
On 4 June, 1802, Knorring sent a Russian force under Lazarev into Shamshadil. Lazarev and his men only had supplies to last until June 13, and thus had hoped to acquire some from the Armenian villages bordering Ganja. However, when he reached the border on June 8, he discovered that 29 out of 33 Armenian and Tatar villages, which amounted to 1,900 families, had been moved to Ganja. Recognizing his dangerous position, Lazarev and his men withdrew into Qazzaq and Borchalu. [9]
Under Russian rule, the Kazakh uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate was frequently called Kazakh-Shamshadin, since the southern half of the uezd was still known as Shamshadin. [10] The name was preserved in the Soviet period as the Shamshadin District of the Armenian SSR, which was renamed Tavush in 1990 and later abolished and made a part of the modern-day Tavush Province of Armenia. [10]
Fath-Ali Shah Qajar was the second Shah (king) of Qajar Iran. He reigned from 17 June 1797 until his death on 24 October 1834. His reign saw the irrevocable ceding of Iran's northern territories in the Caucasus, comprising what is nowadays Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Persian Wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 and the resulting treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. Historian Joseph M. Upton says that he "is famous among Iranians for three things: his exceptionally long beard, his wasp-like waist, and his progeny."
The Karabakh Khanate was a khanate under Iranian and later Russian suzerainty, which controlled the historical region of Karabakh, now divided between modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan. In terms of structure, the Karabakh Khanate was a miniature version of Iranian kingship. The administrative and literary language in Karabakh until the end of the 19th century was Persian, with Arabic being used only for religious studies, despite the fact that most of the Muslims in the region spoke a Turkic dialect.
The Baku Khanate, was a khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which controlled the city of Baku and its surroundings from 1747 to 1806.
The Ganja Khanate was a khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which controlled the town of Ganja and its surroundings, now located in present-day Azerbaijan.
The Shaki Khanate was a khanate under Iranian and later Russian suzerainty, which controlled the town of Shaki and its surroundings, now located in present-day Azerbaijan.
Shirvan Khanate was a Caucasian khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which controlled the Shirvan region from 1761 to 1820.
The Nakhichevan Khanate was a khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which controlled the city of Nakhichevan and its surroundings from 1747 to 1828.
The Erivan Khanate, also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd, was a khanate that was established in Afsharid Iran in the 18th century. It covered an area of roughly 19,500 km2, and corresponded to most of present-day central Armenia, the Iğdır Province and the Kars Province's Kağızman district in present-day Turkey and the Sharur and Sadarak districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of present-day Azerbaijan.
Ibrahim Khalil Khan Javanshir (1732–1806) was an Azerbaijani Turkic khan of the Karabakh Khanate from the Javanshir family, who succeeded his father Panah-Ali khan Javanshir as the ruler of the khanate.
Panah Ali Khan Javanshir was the founder and first ruler of the Karabakh Khanate under Persian suzerainty.
Javad Khan Qajar was a member Ziyadoghlu Qajar, a clan of the Qajar tribe, as well as the sixth and the last khan of the Ganja Khanate from 1786 to 1804 before it was lost to Russia.
The khanates of the Caucasus, also known as the Azerbaijani khanates, Persian khanates, or Iranian khanates, were various provinces and principalities established by Persia (Iran) on their territories in the Caucasus from the late Safavid to the Qajar dynasty. The Khanates were mostly ruled by Khans of Turkic (Azerbaijani) origin and were vassals and subjects of the Iranian Shah. The khans neither had territorial or religious unity, nor an ethnic/national identity. They were mostly interested in preserving their positions and income.
Hossein Qoli Khan Qajar Sardar Iravani was an Iranian statesman and commander in Qajar Iran, who was the last khan (governor) of the Erivan Khanate from 1807 to 1828.
Iranian Armenia (1502–1828) refers to the period of Eastern Armenia during the early-modern and late-modern era when it was part of the Iranian empire. Armenians have a history of being divided since the time of the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire, in the early 5th century. While the two sides of Armenia were sometimes reunited, this became a permanent aspect of the Armenian people.
The Battle of Ganja, Siege of Ganja Fortress or Assault on Ganja was the result of a Russian offensive in the South Caucasus intended to conquer the Ganja Khanate of Qajar Iran, which contributed to the escalation of the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813).
Shahverdi Khan Ziyadoghlu was the beylerbey of Karabakh from 1740 to 1743 and first khan of Ganja from 1747 to 1760. He was from the Ziyadoglu branch of the Qajar clan who ruled the Beylerbeylik of Karabakh as hereditary governors.
Qajar Iran, also referred to as Qajar Persia, the Qajar Empire, Sublime State of Persia, officially the Sublime State of Iran and also known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was an Iranian state ruled by the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic origin, specifically from the Qajar tribe, from 1789 to 1925. The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last Shah of the Zand dynasty, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the Caucasus. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease, putting an end to the Afsharid dynasty. He was formally crowned as Shah after his punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects.
Mohammad Khan Qajar was the khan (governor) of the Erivan Khanate from 1784 to 1805.
Ziyadoghlu Qajar or Ziyadlu were a branch of Qajar tribe that ruled Safavid Karabakh from 1546–1554 to 1743, Astarabad in various times, Ganja Khanate from 1747 to 1805 and Iravān Khanate from 1755 to 1828. Some authors suggested that, Qovanlu branch of Qajars who ruled Iran from 1789 to 1925, which is currently better known as Qajar dynasty was a cadet-branch of Ziyadoghlu family.
Ughurlu Khan or Oghurlu Khan was a claimant to Khanate of Ganja and a member Ziyadoghlu Qajar, a clan of the Qajar tribe.