Elizavetpol Governorate Елисаветпольская губернія | |
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Country | Russian Empire |
Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
Established | 1867 |
Abolished | 1920 |
Capital | Yelisavetpol (present-day Ganja) |
Area | |
• Total | 44,296.15 km2 (17,102.84 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 4,466 m (14,652 ft) |
Population (1916) | |
• Total | 1,275,131 |
• Density | 29/km2 (75/sq mi) |
• Urban | 12.24% |
• Rural | 87.76% |
History of Azerbaijan |
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Azerbaijanportal |
History of Armenia |
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Timeline • Origins • Etymology |
The Elizavetpol Governorate, [lower-alpha 1] also known after 1918 as the Ganja Governorate, [lower-alpha 2] was a province ( guberniya ) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its capital in Yelisavetpol (present-day Ganja). The area of the governorate stretched 38,922.43 square versts (44,296.15 square kilometres; 17,102.84 square miles) and was composed of 1,275,131 inhabitants in 1916. The Elizavetpol Governorate bordered the Erivan Governorate to the west, the Tiflis Governorate and Zakatal Okrug to the north, the Dagestan Oblast to the northeast, the Baku Governorate to the east, and Iran to the south.
The area of the governorate includes the southern slope of the main Caucasus range in the northeast, where Mount Bazardüzü and other peaks rise above the snow-line; the arid steppes beside the Kura river, reaching 1000 ft. of altitude in the west and sinking to 100–200 ft. in the east, where irrigation is necessary; and the northern slopes of the Transcaucasian escarpment and portions of the Armenian Highlands, which is intersected towards its western boundary, near Lake Sevan, by chains of mountains consisting of trachytes and various crystalline rocks. [1]
Elsewhere the country has the character of a plateau, 7,000 to 8,000 ft. high, deeply trenched by tributaries of the Aras. All varieties of climate are found in the snowclad peaks, Alpine meadows, and stony deserts of the high levels, to that of the hill slopes and of the arid Caspian steppes. [1]
Elizavetpol Governorate was created by the decree "On the transformation of the administration of the Caucasian and Transcaucasian region" dated December 9, 1867. [2] The province included the Elizavetpol uezd of the Tiflis Governorate, the Nukha and Shusha uezds of the Baku Governorate and part of the abolished Ordubad uezd. [3] By the same decree, the Kazakh and Zangezur uezds were formed as part of the province. In 1873, three new uezds were formed in the Governorate - Aresh, Jebrail and Jevanshir. [4] The governorate included lands of the former Ganja Khanate, Shaki Khanate, and Karabakh Khanate. It bordered with Baku Governorate, Tiflis Governorate, Erivan Governorate, Dagestan Oblast, and Persia.
From 1905, there were attempts by Armenian intelligentsia of the Russian Empire to separate the highland areas (commonly known as Mountainous Karabakh) from the rest of Elizavetpol into a zemstvo (self-governing rural community) province.
On the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in May 1918, the Elizavetpol Governorate was renamed Ganja Governorate to de-Russify the region. The neighboring Democratic Republic of Armenia claimed the entirety of the western highland sections of the governorate which as a whole formed a small Armenian majority, however, Armenian control did not exceed the western parts of Zangezur, Kazakh and Karabakh. In 1919, the entirety of Karabakh south of the Murov Range with British support was separated into the Karabakh General Governorship, following the subjugation of the Karabakh Armenian Council.
The governorate provincial system was abolished in the early 1920s after the Sovietization of Azerbaijan. In early 1921—after the Sovietization of Armenia—a Dashnak Armenian revolt that spawned in Yerevan spread to the Zangezur uezd, becoming known as the Republic of Mountainous Armenia. The rebels led by Garegin Nzhdeh finally departed Zangezur in the summer of 1921 after receiving guarantees the district would remain part of Soviet Armenia.
In the present-day, the territory of the former Elizavetpol Governorate forms the bulk of western Azerbaijan and adjacent areas of northeastern and southeastern Armenia.
The counties ( uezds ) of the Elizavetpol Governorate in 1917 were as follows: [5]
Name | Capital | Population | Area | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1897 | 1916 | |||
Aresh uezd (Арешскій уѣздъ) | Aresh (Agdash) | 67,277 | 99,400 | 2,318.16 square versts (2,638.21 km2 ; 1,018.62 sq mi ) |
Jevanshir uezd (Джеванширскій уѣздъ) | Terter (Tartar) | 72,719 | 75,730 | 4,654.06 square versts (5,296.61 km2 ; 2,045.03 sq mi ) |
Elizavetpol uezd (Елисаветпольскій уѣздъ) | Yelisavetpol (Ganja) | 162,788 | 272,477 | 8,726.00 square versts (9,930.73 km2 ; 3,834.28 sq mi ) |
Zangezur uezd (Зангезурскій уѣздъ) | Gerusy (Goris) | 137,871 | 226,398 | 6,742.92 square versts (7,673.86 km2 ; 2,962.89 sq mi ) |
Kazakh uezd (Казахскій уѣздъ) | Kazakh (Qazax) | 112,074 | 137,049 | 5,096.52 square versts (5,800.16 km2 ; 2,239.45 sq mi ) |
Karyagino uezd (Карягинскій уѣздъ) | Karyagino (Fuzuli) | 66,360 | 89,584 | 3,276.81 square versts (3,729.21 km2 ; 1,439.86 sq mi ) |
Nukha uezd (Нухинскій уѣздъ) | Nukha (Shaki) | 120,555 | 185,748 | 3,685.03 square versts (4,193.79 km2 ; 1,619.23 sq mi ) |
Shusha uezd (Шушинскій уѣздъ) | Shusha | 138,771 | 188,745 | 4,423.28 square versts (5,033.97 km2 ; 1,943.63 sq mi ) |
The 1886 population estimate was 728,943, living in 3 cities (Elizavetpol, Nukha, and Shusha) and 1521 villages. [6] According to 1886 statistics reported in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, [6] the Orthodox Christians constituted 0.21% of the Governorate's population, and various sektanty ("sectarians") around 1% (~7,300 people). This means that most of the ethnic Russians in the governorate at the time (1.11% of the Governorate's 728,943 population in 1886) were members of various sectarian communities such as Doukhobors and Molokans.
According to the Russian Empire Census, the Elizavetpol Governorate had a population of 878,415 on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 34,776 men and 22,702 women. The majority of the population indicated Tatar [lower-alpha 3] to be their mother tongue, with a significant Armenian speaking minority. [9]
Language | Native speakers | % |
---|---|---|
Tatar [lower-alpha 3] | 534,086 | 60.80 |
Armenian | 292,188 | 33.26 |
Kyurin | 14,503 | 1.65 |
Russian | 14,146 | 1.61 |
Udi | 7,040 | 0.80 |
German | 3,194 | 0.36 |
Kurdish | 3,042 | 0.35 |
Belarusian | 2,868 | 0.33 |
Tat | 1,753 | 0.20 |
Georgian | 1,239 | 0.14 |
Ukrainian | 861 | 0.10 |
Polish | 616 | 0.07 |
Kazi-Kumukh | 581 | 0.07 |
Greek | 558 | 0.06 |
Avar-Andean | 461 | 0.05 |
Persian | 338 | 0.04 |
Jewish | 185 | 0.02 |
Lithuanian | 116 | 0.01 |
Romanian | 106 | 0.01 |
Other | 534 | 0.06 |
TOTAL | 878,415 | 100.00 |
Faith | Male | Female | Both | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | |||
Muslim | 308,927 | 243,895 | 552,822 | 62.93 |
Armenian Apostolic | 155,257 | 143,428 | 298,685 | 34.00 |
Eastern Orthodox | 7,150 | 3,279 | 10,429 | 1.19 |
Old Believer | 4,907 | 4,600 | 9,507 | 1.08 |
Judaism | 1,013 | 1,017 | 2,030 | 0.23 |
Lutheran | 1,605 | 1,616 | 3,221 | 0.37 |
Roman Catholic | 685 | 183 | 868 | 0.10 |
Baptist | 382 | 329 | 711 | 0.08 |
Armenian Catholic | 68 | 37 | 105 | 0.01 |
Reformed | 6 | 9 | 15 | 0.00 |
Anglican | 5 | 6 | 11 | 0.00 |
Buddhist | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.00 |
Karaite | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.00 |
Mennonite | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.00 |
Other Christian denomination | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0.00 |
Other non-Christian denomination | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0.00 |
TOTAL | 480,012 | 398,403 | 878,415 | 100.00 |
According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar , the Elizavetpol Governorate had a population of 1,275,131 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 676,377 men and 598,754 women, 1,213,626 of whom were the permanent population, and 61,505 were temporary residents. [5]
Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Shia Muslims [lower-alpha 4] | 66,500 | 42.62 | 411,434 | 36.77 | 477,934 | 37.48 |
Armenians | 45,254 | 29.00 | 373,605 | 33.38 | 418,859 | 32.85 |
Sunni Muslims [lower-alpha 5] | 34,405 | 22.05 | 270,726 | 24.19 | 305,131 | 23.93 |
Russians | 8,111 | 5.20 | 28,666 | 2.56 | 36,777 | 2.88 |
North Caucasians | 493 | 0.32 | 10,673 | 0.95 | 11,166 | 0.88 |
Asiatic Christians | 58 | 0.04 | 10,808 | 0.97 | 10,866 | 0.85 |
Other Europeans | 367 | 0.24 | 7,048 | 0.63 | 7,415 | 0.58 |
Kurds | 84 | 0.05 | 3,718 | 0.33 | 3,802 | 0.30 |
Jews | 406 | 0.26 | 1,706 | 0.15 | 2,112 | 0.17 |
Georgians | 366 | 0.23 | 664 | 0.06 | 1,030 | 0.08 |
Roma | 0 | 0.00 | 39 | 0.00 | 39 | 0.00 |
TOTAL | 156,044 | 100.00 | 1,119,087 | 100.00 | 1,275,131 | 100.00 |
The Baku Governorate, known before 1859 as the Shemakha Governorate, was a province (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its center in the booming metropolis and Caspian Sea port of Baku. Area (1897): 34,400 sq. versts, population (1897): 789,659. The Baku Governorate bordered Persia to the south, the Elizavetpol Governorate to the west, the Dagestan Oblast to the north, and the Baku gradonachalstvo to the east on the Absheron Peninsula.
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The Jevanshir uezd was a county (uezd) of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire, with its center in Terter.
The Shusha uezd was a county (uezd) of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire, and then of the Ganja Governorate of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic with its center in Shusha in 1840–1921.
The Jebrail uezd, also known after 1905 as the Karyagino uezd, was a county (uezd) of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire with its center in Jebrail (Jabrayil) from 1873 until its formal abolition in 1921 by the Soviet authorities.
The Kazakh uezd was a county (uezd) of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire and later of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic with its center in Kazakh from 1868 until its formal abolition in 1929 by the Soviet authorities of the Azerbaijan SSR. The area of the Kazakh uezd forms a large part of the modern-day Tavush Province and a small northeastern part of the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia, also forming most of the area of the Agstafa, Tovuz and Qazax districts of Azerbaijan.
The Nukha uezd was a county (uezd) of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire and later of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic with its center in Nukha from 1868 until its formal abolition in 1921 by the Soviet authorities of the Azerbaijan SSR.
The Elizavetpol uezd, also known as the Ganja uezd after 1918, was a county (uezd) of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire, and later of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Azerbaijan SSR until its formal abolition in 1929. The area of the Elizavetpol uezd corresponds to the modern-day Gadabay, Shamkir, Dashkasan, Goygol, and Samukh districts of Azerbaijan.
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The Nakhichevan uezd was a county (uezd) of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the governorate's Sharur-Daralayaz uezd to the north, the Zangezur uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate to the east, and Iran to the south. The uezd's administrative center was the city of Nakhichevan.
The Dagestan Oblast was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It roughly corresponded to most of present-day southeastern Dagestan within the Russian Federation. The Dagestan oblast was created in 1860 out of the territories of the former Caucasian Imamate, bordering the Terek Oblast to the north, the Tiflis Governorate and Zakatal Okrug to the west, the Elizavetpol Governorate to the south, and Baku Governorate to the east. The administrative center of the oblast was Temir-Khan-Shura.
The Kuban oblast was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It roughly corresponded to most of the Kuban and Circassia regions. It was created in 1860 out of Kuban Cossack territories that had once been part of the Crimean Khanate and the land of the Circassians. It was dissolved upon the assumption of supreme authority by the Kuban Rada in 1917 and the independence of the Kuban People's Republic in 1918. Its capital was the city of Yekaterinodar.
The Etchmiadzin uezd was a county (uezd) of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The uezd bordered the Alexandropol uezd to the north, the Nor Bayazet uezd to the east, Erivan uezd to the north, the Surmalu uezd to the south, and the Kars Oblast to the west. It included all of the Armavir Province and most of the Aragatsotn Province of present-day Armenia. The administrative centre of the county was Vagorshapat (Vagharshapat), also referred to as Etchmiadzin—the administrative capital of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
The Baku uezd was a county (uezd) within the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire and then of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Azerbaijan SSR until its formal abolishment in 1929. The uezd was located in eastern part of the Baku Governorate, bordering Caspian sea to the east, Shemakha uezd to the west, Kuba uezd to the north and Lenkoran uezd to the south. The administrative center of the uezd was the village Sarai.
The Shemakha uezd was a county (uezd) within the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire, and then of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Azerbaijan SSR until its formal abolishment in 1929. The county was located in central part of the Baku Governorate, bordering the Javad uezd to the south, Baku uezd to the east, Geokchay uezd to the west and Kuba uezd to the north. The administrative centre of the county was the city of Shemakha.
The Zangezur uezd was a county (uezd) of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire with its administrative center in Gerusy from 1868 until its formal abolition and partition between the Soviet republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1921. The area of the Zangezur uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Syunik province of Armenia, and Lachin, Gubadly, Zangilan, and Shusha districts of Azerbaijan.
The Geokchay uezd was a county (uezd) of the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire and then of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Azerbaijan SSR until its formal abolishment in 1929. The uezd was located in the central part of the governorate, bordering the Kuba uezd to the north, the Shemakha uezd to the east, the Javad uezd to the south and the Elizavetpol Governorate to the west. The administrative center of the uezd was the city of Geokchay.
The Tiflis uezd was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative centre in Tiflis. The area of the uezd roughly corresponded to the contemporary Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia. The district bordered the Telavi uezd to the northeast, the Tionety and Dusheti uezds to the north, the Gori uezd to the northwest, the Borchaly uezd to the west, the Kazakh uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate to the south, and the Signakh uezd to the east.