Borchaly uezd

Borchaly *uezd*
Борчалинскій уѣздъ
Borchaly uezd Борчалинскій уѣздъ
Uezd
	Coat of arms
	Location in the Tiflis Governorate
Country	Russian Empire
Viceroyalty	Caucasus
Governorate	Tiflis
Established	1880
Abolished	1929
Capital	Shulavery; (present-day Shaumiani)
Area
• Total	6,881.82 km2 (2,657.09 sq mi)
Population (1916)
• Total	169,351
• Density	25/km2 (64/sq mi)
• Rural	100.00%

Last updated March 04, 2024

The Borchaly uezd^{[lower-alpha 1]} was a county ( uezd ) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and later of the independent and Soviet republics of Georgia. Its administrative center was the town of Shulavery (present-day Shaumiani).^[1] The area of the county roughly corresponded to the contemporary Lori Province of Armenia and the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia.

History

The Debed river, formerly known as the Borchala (Russian : Борчала), gave the name of the uezd, however, the region was also known as Borchalo (ბორჩალო) in Georgian, Borchalu (Բորչալու) in Armenian, and Borchali (Azerbaijani : Borçalı) in Azerbaijani. The Turkic locals were resettled to the Debed river valley through the policy of Shah Abbas I (c.1571-1629) after his successful campaigns against the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti that led to the formation of several Qizilbash khanates. The region was later reincorporated into the Kingdom of Kartli in the 18th century, subsequently being incorporated into the Kartli-Kakheti monarchy in 1762. In 1801, through Russia's annexation of eastern Georgia, Borchaly became part of Russia's Georgia Governorate, which was eventually transformed to become the Tiflis Governorate.

Following the Russian Revolution and the short-lived independence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia, the Borchaly uezd became the site of a 2-week-war between the two countries in December 1918, until its British-brokered ceasefire starting 1 January 1919. Most of northern Lori centered around Alaverdi was transformed into a neutral zone and patrolled by British troops of the 27th Division, until their mid-1919 withdrawal. Armenian and Georgian troops replaced the British forces in the neutral zone following the latter's withdrawal. The Armenians later complaining that the Georgian force was unsuccessfully trying to convince Tatar and Russian villages in the neutral zone to agree to join Georgia.^[2]

In late 1920, the neutral zone of Lori and the southernmost section of the Lori Uchastok which had been annexed to Armenia was with their permission reincorporated into Georgia for the safety of its inhabitants as a result of the Turkish-Armenian War. Georgia continued to administer the reunited Borchaly uezd until its Sovietization and the district's partition between the newly-formed Armenian and Georgian Soviet republics.

Administrative divisions

The subcounties ( uchastoks ) of the Borchaly uezd in 1913 were as follows:^[3]

Name	1912 population	Area
Borchalinskiy uchastok (Борчалинскій участокъ)	33,923	727.97 square versts (828.48 km² ; 319.88 sq mi )
Yekaterinenfeldskiy uchastok (Екатериненфелдьскій участокъ)	23,797	913.64 square versts (1,039.78 km² ; 401.46 sq mi )
Loriyskiy uchastok (Лорійскій участокъ)	45,119	2,182.76 square versts (2,484.12 km² ; 959.12 sq mi )
Trialetskiy uchastok (Тріалетскій участокъ)	53,031	2,212.59 square versts (2,518.07 km² ; 972.23 sq mi )

Demographics

Russian Empire Census

According to the Russian Empire Census, the Borchaly uezd had a population of 128,587 on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 70,501 men and 58,086 women. The plurality of the population indicated Armenian to be their mother tongue, with significant Tatar,^{[lower-alpha 2]} Greek, Russian, and Georgian speaking minorities.^[6]

Linguistic composition of the Borchaly *uezd* in 1897^[6]
Language	Native speakers	%
Armenian	47,423	36.88
Tatar^{[lower-alpha 2]}	37,742	29.35
Greek	21,393	16.64
Russian	8,089	6.29
Georgian	7,840	6.10
German	2,496	1.94
Ukrainian	1,241	0.97
Ossetian	628	0.49
Polish	264	0.21
Avar-Andean	240	0.19
Turkish	162	0.13
Jewish	153	0.12
Talysh	151	0.12
Persian	121	0.09
Kurdish	108	0.08
Italian	106	0.08
Kyurin	102	0.08
Lithuanian	54	0.04
Kazi-Kumukh	53	0.04
Dargin	27	0.02
Assyrian	19	0.01
Belarusian	19	0.01
Imeretian	17	0.01
Chechen	8	0.01
French	7	0.01
Mingrelian	6	0.00
Chuvash	4	0.00
Latvian	4	0.00
Romanian	3	0.00
Czech	1	0.00
Other	106	0.08
TOTAL	128,587	100.00

Kavkazskiy kalendar

According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar , the Borchaly uezd had a population of 169,351 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 89,040 men and 80,311 women, 160,447 of whom were the permanent population, and 8,904 were temporary residents:^[7]

Nationality	Number	%
Armenians	63,702	37.62
Sunni Muslims ^{[lower-alpha 3]}	33,320	19.68
Asiatic Christians	30,762	18.16
Shia Muslims ^{[lower-alpha 4]}	17,910	10.58
Georgians	10,419	6.15
Russians	8,772	5.18
Other Europeans	3,601	2.13
North Caucasians	366	0.22
Roma	255	0.15
Jews	244	0.14
TOTAL	169,351	100.00

Notes

↑
- Russian: Борчали́нскій уѣ́здъ, romanized: Borchalínsky uyézd
- Georgian :ბორჩალოს მაზრა, romanized:borchalos mazra
- Armenian: Բորչալուի գավառ, romanized: Borčalowi gavaṙ
- Azerbaijani: بورچالی قضاسی, romanized: Borçālı qaz̤āsı
1 2 Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".^[4]^[5]
↑ Primarily Turco-Tatars.^[8]
↑ Primarily Tatars.^[8]

Related Research Articles

The Sharur-Daralayaz uezd was a county (uezd) of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the governorate's Erivan and Nor Bayazet uezds to the north, the Nakhichevan uezd to the south, the Zangezur and Jevanshir uezds of the Elizavetpol Governorate to the east, and Persia to the southwest. It included most of the Vayots Dzor Province of present-day Armenia and the Sharur District of the Nakhchivan exclave of present-day Azerbaijan. The administrative centre of the county was Bashnorashen.

The Nor Bayazet or Novobayazet uezd was a county (uezd) of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The uezd bordered the Alexandropol uezd to the north, the Etchmiadzin and Erivan uezds to the west, the Sharur-Daralayaz uezd to the south, and the Kazakh, Elizavetpol, and Jevanshir uezds of the Elizavetpol Governorate to the east. Centered on Lake Sevan, the Nor Bayazet uezd included most of the contemporary province of Gegharkunik and northern parts of the Kotayk Province of Armenia. The administrative center of the uezd was the city Novobayazet for which the district was eponymously named.

The Etchmiadzin uezd was a county (uezd) of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The uezd bordered the Alexandropol uezd to the north, the Nor Bayazet uezd to the east, Erivan uezd to the north, the Surmalu uezd to the south, and the Kars Oblast to the west. It included all of the Armavir Province and most of the Aragatsotn Province of present-day Armenia. The administrative centre of the county was Vagorshapat (Vagharshapat), also referred to as Etchmiadzin—the administrative capital of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

The Ozurgeti uezd was a county (uezd) of the Kutaisi Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Senaki uezd to the north, the Kutaisi uezd to the east, the Akhaltsikhe uezd of the Tiflis Governorate to the southeast, the Batum Okrug of the Batum Oblast to the south, and the Black Sea to the west. The area of the Ozurgeti uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Guria region of Georgia. The county was eponymously named for its administrative center, Ozurgeti.

The Javad uezd, known after 1921 as the Salyan uezd, was a county (uezd) within the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire and then of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Azerbaijan SSR until its formal abolishment in 1929 by the Soviet authorities. The uezd was located in the central part of the governorate, bordering the Geokchay, Shemakha, and Baku uezds to the north, Caspian sea to the east, Lenkoran uezd to the south and Iran to the west. The administrative center of the uezd was the city of Salyan.

The Zugdidi uezd was a county (uezd) of the Kutaisi Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Sukhumi Okrug to the north, the Lechkhumi uezd to the east, the Senaki uezd to the south, and the Black Sea to the west. The area of the Zugdidi uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region of Georgia. The county was eponymously named for its administrative center, Zugdidi.

The Baku uezd was a county (uezd) within the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire and then of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Azerbaijan SSR until its formal abolishment in 1929. The uezd was located in eastern part of the Baku Governorate, bordering Caspian sea to the east, Shemakha uezd to the west, Kuba uezd to the north and Lenkoran uezd to the south. The administrative center of the uezd was the village Sarai.

The Akhalkalaki uezd was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative centre in Akhalkalak. The county bordered the Gori uezd to the north, the Borchaly uezd to the east, the Alexandropol uezd of the Erivan Governorate and the Kars and Ardahan okrugs of the Kars Oblast to the south, and the Akhaltsikhe uezd to the west. The area of the county roughly corresponded to the contemporary Samtskhe–Javakheti region of Georgia.

The Tionety uezd was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative centre in Tionety. The area of the uezd roughly corresponded to the contemporary Mtskheta-Mtianeti region of Georgia.

The Akhaltsikhe uezd was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative center in Akhaltsikh. The uezd bordered the Gori uezd and the Kutaisi Governorate to the north, the Akhalkalaki uezd to the east, the Ardahan Okrug of the Kars Oblast to the south, and the Batum Okrug of the Batum Oblast to the west. The area of the uezd roughly corresponded to the contemporary Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia.

The Gori uezd was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative center in Gori. The area of the county roughly corresponded to the contemporary Shida Kartli region of Georgia.

The Dusheti uezd was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative centre in Dushet. The area of the uezd roughly corresponded to the contemporary Mtskheta-Mtianeti region of Georgia.

The Signakh uezd was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative centre in Signakh. The area of the county roughly corresponded to the contemporary Kakheti region of Georgia.

The Telavi uezd was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative center in Telavi. The area of the county roughly corresponded to the contemporary Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia.

The Tiflis uezd was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative centre in Tiflis. The area of the uezd roughly corresponded to the contemporary Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia. The district bordered the Telavi uezd to the northeast, the Tionety and Dusheti uezds to the north, the Gori uezd to the northwest, the Borchaly uezd to the west, the Kazakh uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate to the south, and the Signakh uezd to the east.

The Artvin okrug was a district (okrug) of the Batum Oblast of the Russian Empire, existing between 1878 and 1918. The district was eponymously named for its administrative centre, Artvin, presently part of the Artvin Province of Turkey. The district bordered with the Olti okrug to the south, the Ardahan okrug to the east, the Batumi okrug to the north, and the Ottoman Empire to the west. Between 1883 and 1903, the Artvin okrug formed a part of the Kutaisi Governorate.

The Kutaisi uezd was a county (uezd) of the Kutaisi Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Akhaltsikhe uezd of the Tiflis Governorate to the south, the Ozurgeti and Senaki uezds to the west, the Lechkhumi and Racha uezds to the north, and the Shorapani uezd to the east. The area of the uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Imereti region of Georgia. The Kutaisi uezd was eponymously named for its administrative center, Kutais.

The Lechkhumi uezd was a county (uezd) of the Kutaisi Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Terek and Kuban oblasts to the north, the Sukhumi Okrug to the west, the Zugdidi, Senaki, and Kutais uezds to the south and the Racha uezd to the east. The area of the uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region of Georgia. The administrative center of the Lechkhumi uezd was the town of Tsageri.

The Shorapani uezd was a county (uezd) of the Kutaisi Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Racha uezd to the north, the Kutaisi uezd to the west, and the Tiflis Governorate to the east. The area of the uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Imereti region of Georgia. The administrative center of the Shorapani uezd was Kvirila.

The Samursky okrug was a district (okrug) of the Dagestan Oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The area of the Samursky okrug is included in contemporary Dagestan of the Russian Federation. The district's administrative centre was Akhty.

References

↑ Tsutsiev 2014.
↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 159. ISBN 0-520-01805-2. OCLC 238471.
↑ Кавказский календарь на 1913 год, pp. 164–175.
↑ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
↑ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
1 2 "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
↑ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 206–213.
1 2 Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.

Bibliography

Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.

Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.
Кавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.

41°20′38″N44°45′30″E / 41.34389°N 44.75833°E / 41.34389; 44.75833

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[1] 
Russian: Борчали́нскій уѣ́здъ, romanized: Borchalínsky uyézd
Georgian :ბორჩალოს მაზრა, romanized:borchalos mazra
Armenian: Բորչալուի գավառ, romanized: Borčalowi gavaṙ
Azerbaijani: بورچالی قضاسی, romanized: Borçālı qaz̤āsı

[mwAXo] Russian: Борчали́нскій уѣ́здъ, romanized: Borchalínsky uyézd

[mwAYM] Georgian :ბორჩალოს მაზრა, romanized:borchalos mazra

[mwAYw] Armenian: Բորչալուի գավառ, romanized: Borčalowi gavaṙ

[mwAZU] Azerbaijani: بورچالی قضاسی, romanized: Borçālı qaz̤āsı

[Caucasian_Tatars-7] 1 2 Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".^[4]^[5]

[11] Primarily Turco-Tatars.^[8]

[12] Primarily Tatars.^[8]

[FOOTNOTETsutsiev2014-2] Tsutsiev 2014.

[3] Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 159. ISBN 0-520-01805-2. OCLC 238471.

[FOOTNOTEКавказский_календарь_на_1913_год164–175-4] Кавказский календарь на 1913 год, pp. 164–175.

[FOOTNOTEBournoutian201835_(note_25)-5] Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).

[FOOTNOTETsutsiev201450-6] Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.

[:0-8] 1 2 "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-30.

[FOOTNOTEКавказский_календарь_на_1917_год206–213-9] Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 206–213.

[FOOTNOTEHovannisian197167-10] 1 2 Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.

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v t e Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
Governorates (List)	Azov ¹ Altai² Arkhangelsk Archangelgorod* Astrakhan Belgorod Bessarabia Bratslav Belarus Caucasus Chernigov Grodno Finland Iziaslav Ingermanland Irkutsk Kazan Kaluga Kiev (1708) Kiev Kharkov Kherson Kholm Kovno Kolyvan Kostroma Kursk Lithuania Little Russia (1764) Little Russia (1796) Minsk Mogilev Moscow Nikolayev Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod-Seversky Novgorod Novorossiya Olonets Orenburg Oryol Penza Perm Petrograd² Podolia Polotsk* Poltava Pskov Ryazan Samara Saint Petersburg Saratov Siberia Simbirsk Sloboda Ukraine Slonim Smolensk Stavropol Taurida Tambov Tver Tobolsk Tomsk Tula Ufa Vilna Vitebsk Vladimir Voznesensk Vologda Volhynia Voronezh Vyatka Vyborg Yaroslavl Yekaterinoslav Yeniseysk
Oblasts	Amur Belostok Bessarabia Don Host Transbaikal Kamchatka Caspian Kwantung Orenburg Kirgiz Omsk Primorskaya Sakhalin Taurida Tarnopol Turgay Ural Yakut
Oblasts of Stepnoy Krai	Akmolinsk Siberia Kirgiz Semipalatinsk
Oblasts of Turkestan Krai	Transcaspian Samarkand Semirechye Oblast Syr-Darya Oblast Turkestan Fergana
Caucasus Viceroyalty	Baku (Governorate) Black Sea Derbent Elizavetpol Erivan Georgia-Imeretia Georgia Kutaisi Shemakha Tiflis Armenian Batum Dagestan Imeretia Kars Kuban Terek Sukhumi Zakatal Baku (Gradonachalstvo)
Baltic Governorates³	Courland Livonia Reval Riga Estonia
Governorates of Finland	Abo-Byorneborg Vaza Vyborg Kuopio Nyuland Sankt-Mikhel Tavastgus Uleaborg
Governorates of Poland	Avgustov Warsaw Kalish Keltsy Krakov Lomzha Lyublin Mazovia Petrokov Plotsk Podlyashye Radom Sandomir Sedlets Suvalki
Governorates of Galicia and Bukovina	Lvov Peremyshl Tarnopol Chernovtsy
Dependencies	Bukey Horde Emirate of Bukhara Khanate of Kokand Russian America Uryankhay Krai² Khanate of Khiva Zeravshan Okrug*
¹ Italics indicates renamed or abolished governorates, oblasts, etc on 1 January 1914. ² An asterisk (*) indicates governorates formed or created with renaming after 1 January 1914. ³ Ostsee or Baltic general-governorship was abolished in 1876.