Kuban oblast

Kuban *oblast*
Кубанская область
Kuban oblast Кубанская область
Oblast
	Coat of arms
	Administrative map of the Kuban Oblast
Country	Russian Empire
Viceroyalty	Caucasus
Established	1860
Abolished	1917
Capital	Yekaterinodar; (present-day Krasnodar)
Area
• Total	94,783.07 km2 (36,595.95 sq mi)
Highest elevation (Mount Elbrus)	5,642 m (18,510 ft)
Population (1916)
• Total	3,022,683
• Density	32/km2 (83/sq mi)
• Urban	9.52%
• Rural	90.48%

Last updated January 31, 2024

The Kuban oblast^{[lower-alpha 1]} was a province ( oblast ) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It roughly corresponded to most of the Kuban and Circassia regions. It was created in 1860 out of Kuban Cossack territories that had once been part of the Crimean Khanate and the land of the Circassians. It was dissolved upon the assumption of supreme authority by the Kuban Rada in 1917 and the independence of the Kuban People's Republic in 1918. Its capital was the city of Yekaterinodar (present-day Krasnodar).^[1]

Administrative divisions

The Cossack districts ( otdels ) of the Kuban oblast in 1917 were as follows:^[2]^[3]

Name	Capital	Population		Area
Name	Capital	1897	1916	Area
Batalpashinsky otdel (Баталпашинскій отдѣлъ)	Batalpashinskaya (Cherkessk)	215,400	298,208	15,328.05 square versts (17,444.27 km² ; 6,735.27 sq mi )
Yeysky otdel (Ейскій отдѣлъ)	Umanskaya (Leningradskaya)	277,300	384,846	12,127.84 square versts (13,802.24 km² ; 5,329.07 sq mi )
Yekaterinodarsky otdel (Екатеринодарскій отдѣлъ)	Yekaterinodar (Krasnodar)	245,173	371,788	7,357.78 square versts (8,373.61 km² ; 3,233.07 sq mi )
Kavkazsky otdel (Кавказскій отдѣлъ)	Kavkazskaya	249,182	462,235	13,941.40 square versts (15,866.18 km² ; 6,125.97 sq mi )
Labinsky otdel (Лабинскій отдѣлъ)	Armavir	305,733	518,774	5,919.94 square versts (6,737.26 km² ; 2,601.27 sq mi )
Maykopsky otdel (Майкопскій отдѣлъ)	Maykop	283,117	468,453	14,435.76 square versts (16,428.79 km² ; 6,343.19 sq mi )
Tamansky otdel (Таманскій отдѣлъ)	Slavyanskaya (Slavyansk-na-Kubani)	342,976	518,379	14,173.84 square versts (16,130.71 km² ; 6,228.10 sq mi )

Structure

The militarized nature of the Kuban meant that, rather than a traditional governorate ( guberniya ) with counties ( uezds ), the territory was administered by the Kuban Cossacks as an oblast which was split into otdels. Each otdel had its own sotnias which in turn would be split into stanitsas and khutors. The ataman ("commander") for each region was not only responsible for the military preparation of the Cossacks, but for the local administration duties. Local stanitsa and khutoratamans were elected, but approved by the atamans of the otdel. These, in turn, were appointed by the supreme ataman of the Kuban host, who was in turn appointed directly by the Russian emperor. Prior to 1870, this system of legislature in the oblast remained a robust military one and all legal decisions were carried out by the stanitsa ataman and two elected judges. Afterwards, however, the system was bureaucratized and the judicial functions were independent of the stanitsas.^{[ citation needed ]}

Demographics

Russian Empire Census

According to the Russian Empire Census, the Kuban oblast had a population of 1,918,881 on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 973,023 men and 945,858 women. The plurality of the population indicated Ukrainian to be their mother tongue, with a significant Russian speaking minority.^[2]

Linguistic composition of the Kuban *oblast* in 1897^[2]
Language	Native speakers	%
Ukrainian	908,818	47.36
Russian	816,734	42.56
Circassian	38,488	2.01
Karachay	26,877	1.40
German	20,778	1.08
Greek	20,137	1.05
Kabardian	14,340	0.75
Armenian	13,926	0.73
Abkhaz	12,481	0.65
Belarusian	12,356	0.64
Nogai	5,880	0.31
Romanian	5,370	0.28
Tatar^{[lower-alpha 2]}	3,848	0.20
Polish	2,719	0.14
Turkish	2,187	0.11
Ossetian	1,973	0.10
Jewish	1,942	0.10
Romani	1,753	0.09
Mordovian	1,494	0.08
Czech	1,213	0.06
Georgian	917	0.05
Estonian	880	0.05
Latvian	848	0.04
Kyurin	615	0.03
Kalmyk	378	0.02
Bulgarian	322	0.02
Persian	252	0.01
Lithuanian	238	0.01
Kumyk	205	0.01
Kazi-Kumukh	175	0.01
Bashkir	138	0.01
Avar-Andean	127	0.01
Other	472	0.02
TOTAL	1,918,881	100.00

Religious composition of the Kuban *oblast* in 1897^[6]
Faith	Male	Female	Both
Faith	Male	Female	Number	%
Eastern Orthodox	884,028	863,291	1,747,319	91.06
Muslim	53,199	49,721	102,920	5.36
Old Believer	12,363	12,580	24,943	1.30
Lutheran	8,559	8,182	16,741	0.87
Armenian Apostolic	7,997	6,653	14,650	0.76
Roman Catholic	4,413	3,121	7,534	0.39
Judaism	1,084	1,021	2,105	0.11
Mennonite	567	580	1,147	0.06
Reformed	425	409	834	0.04
Buddhist	194	161	355	0.02
Armenian Catholic	104	39	143	0.01
Karaite	42	49	91	0.00
Baptist	33	43	76	0.00
Other Christian denomination	10	4	14	0.00
Other non-Christian denomination	5	4	9	0.00
TOTAL	973,023	945,858	1,918,881	100.00

Kavkazskiy kalendar

According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar , the Kuban oblast had a population of 3,022,683 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 1,523,057 men and 1,499,626 women, 1,870,280 of whom were the permanent population, and 1,152,403 were temporary residents.^[3]

Nationality	Urban		Rural		TOTAL
Nationality	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Russians	257,675	89.50	2,561,356	93.66	2,819,031	93.26
North Caucasians	674	0.23	132,997	4.86	133,671	4.42
Other Europeans	10,098	3.51	20,667	0.76	30,765	1.02
Armenians	15,557	5.40	9,014	0.33	24,571	0.81
Sunni Muslims ^{[lower-alpha 3]}	1,144	0.40	5,292	0.19	6,436	0.21
Asiatic Christians	390	0.14	3,270	0.12	3,660	0.12
Jews	1,180	0.41	1,173	0.04	2,353	0.08
Georgians	766	0.27	230	0.01	996	0.03
Shia Muslims ^{[lower-alpha 4]}	94	0.03	720	0.03	814	0.03
Roma	278	0.10	63	0.00	341	0.01
Kurds	45	0.02	0	0.00	45	0.00
TOTAL	287,901	100.00	2,734,782	100.00	3,022,683	100.00

Notes

↑
- Russian: Куба́нская о́бласть, romanized: Kubánskaya óblast
- Ukrainian: Кубанська область, romanized: Kubanska oblast
↑ Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".^[4]^[5]
↑ Primarily Turco-Tatars.^[7]
↑ Primarily Tatars.^[7]

Related Research Articles

The Black Sea Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, established in 1896 on the territory of the Black Sea Okrug of the Kuban Oblast. The administrative center of the governorate was the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk. In 1905, the population of the governorate was approximately 70,000 and its area was 6,455 square versts, making it the smallest Russian governorate by both measures. The governorate ceased to exist when the Black Sea Soviet Republic was established on its territory in the spring of 1918—later the governorate was incorporated into the Kuban-Black Sea Oblast of the Russian SFSR in March 1920.

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The Lechkhumi uezd was a county (uezd) of the Kutaisi Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Terek and Kuban oblasts to the north, the Sukhumi Okrug to the west, the Zugdidi, Senaki, and Kutais uezds to the south and the Racha uezd to the east. The area of the uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region of Georgia. The administrative center of the Lechkhumi uezd was the town of Tsageri.

The Batalpashinsky otdel was a Cossack district of the Kuban oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Stavropol Governorate to the north, the Labinsky and Maykopsky otdels to the west, the Sochi and Sukhumi okrugs to the south, and the Terek Oblast to the east. The area of the Batalpashinsky otdel included most of the contemporary Karachay-Cherkessia region of Russia. The administrative capital was the city of Batalpashinskaya.

The Yeysky otdel was a Cossack district of the Kuban oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Don Host Oblast to the north, the Black Sea to the west, the Kavkazsky otdel to the south, and the Stavropol Governorate to the east. The area of the Yeysky otdel included most of the contemporary Krasnodar Krai region of Russia. The administrative capital was the city of Umanskaya.

The Yekaterinodarsky otdel was a Cossack district of the Kuban oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Kavkazsky otdel to the north, the Tamansky otdel to the west, the Black Sea Governorate to the south, and the Maykopsky otdel to the east. The area of the Yekaterinodar otdel mostly corresponded to the contemporary Krasnodar Krai region of Russia. The district was eponymously named for its administrative center, Yekaterinodar.

The Kavkazsky otdel was a Cossack district of the Kuban oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Yeysky otdel to the north, the Tamansky otdel to the west, the Yekaterinodarsky and Maykopsky otdels to the south, and the Stavropol Governorate to the east. The area of the Kavkazsky otdel mostly corresponded to the contemporary Krasnodar Krai region of the Russian Federation. The district was eponymously named for its administrative center, Kavkazskaya.

The Labinsky otdel was a Cossack district of the Kuban oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Kavkazsky otdel to the north, the Maykopsky otdel to the west, the Batalpashinsky otdel to the south, and the Stavropol Governorate to the east. The area of the Labinsky otdel mostly corresponded to the contemporary Krasnodar Krai region of the Russian Federation. The administrative capital of the district was the city of Armavir.

The Maykopsky otdel was a district of the Kuban oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Kavkazsky otdel to the north, the Yekaterinodarsky otdel to the west, the Black Sea Governorate to the south, and the Labinsky and Batalpashinsky otdels to the east. The area of the Maykopsky otdel mostly corresponded to Adygea within Russia. The district was eponymously named for its administrative center, Maykop.

The Tamansky otdel, known before 1910 as the Temryuksky otdel, was a Cossack district of the Kuban oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Yeysky otdel to the north, the Black Sea to the west, the Black Sea Governorate to the south, and the Kavkazsky and Yekaterinodarsky otdels to the east. The area of the Tamansky otdel mostly corresponded to the contemporary Krasnodar Krai region of Russia. The district's administrative capital was the stanitsa of Slavyanskaya (Slavyansk-na-Kubani).

The Avarsky okrug was a district (okrug) of the Dagestan Oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The area of the Avarsky okrug is included in contemporary Dagestan of the Russian Federation. The district's administrative centre was Khunzakh.

The Kaytago-Tabasaransky okrug was a district (okrug) of the Dagestan Oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The area of the Kaytago-Tabasaransky okrug is included in contemporary Dagestan of the Russian Federation. The district's administrative centre was Madzhalis.

The Kyurinsky okrug was a district (okrug) of the Dagestan Oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The area of the Kyurinsky okrug is included in contemporary Dagestan of the Russian Federation. The district's administrative centre was Kasumkent.

The Groznensky okrug was a district (okrug) of the Terek Oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The area of the Groznensky okrug made up part of the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia. The district was eponymously named for its administrative centre, Grozny.

The Kizlyarsky otdel was a Cossack district of the Terek oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The area of the Kizlyarsky otdel makes up part of the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia. The district was eponymously named for its administrative center, Kizlyar.

The Pyatigorsky otdel was a Cossack district of the Terek oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The area of the Pyatigorsky otdel makes up part of the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia. The district was eponymously named for its administrative center, Pyatigorsk.

References

↑ Tsutsiev 2014.
1 2 3 "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей".
1 2 Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 222–229.
↑ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
↑ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
1 2 Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.

Bibliography

Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.

Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.
Кавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.

45°02′N38°58′E / 45.033°N 38.967°E / 45.033; 38.967

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[1] 
Russian: Куба́нская о́бласть, romanized: Kubánskaya óblast
Ukrainian: Кубанська область, romanized: Kubanska oblast

[mwAm4] Russian: Куба́нская о́бласть, romanized: Kubánskaya óblast

[mwAnc] Ukrainian: Кубанська область, romanized: Kubanska oblast

[Caucasian_Tatars-7] Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".^[4]^[5]

[10] Primarily Turco-Tatars.^[7]

[11] Primarily Tatars.^[7]

[FOOTNOTETsutsiev2014-2] Tsutsiev 2014.

[:0-3] 1 2 3 "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей".

[FOOTNOTEКавказский_календарь_на_1917_год222–229-4] 1 2 Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 222–229.

[FOOTNOTEBournoutian201835_(note_25)-5] Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).

[FOOTNOTETsutsiev201450-6] Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.

[8] "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-30.

[FOOTNOTEHovannisian197167-9] 1 2 Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.

[lower-alpha 1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[lower-alpha 2]

[6]

[lower-alpha 3]

[lower-alpha 4]

[4]

[5]

[7]

v t e Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
Governorates (List)	Azov ¹ Altai² Arkhangelsk Archangelgorod* Astrakhan Belgorod Bessarabia Bratslav Belarusian Caucasus Chernigov Grodno Finland Iziaslav Ingermanland Irkutsk Kazan Kaluga Kiev (1708) Kiev Kharkov Kherson Kholm Kovno Kolyvan Kostroma Kursk Lithuania Little Russia (1764) Little Russia (1796) Minsk Mogilev Moscow Nikolayev Nizhny Novgorod Novhorod-Siverskyi Novgorod Novorossiysk Olonets Orenburg Oryol Penza Perm Petrograd² Podolia Polotsk* Poltava Pskov Ryazan Samara Saint Petersburg Saratov Siberia Simbirsk Sloboda Ukraine Slonim Smolensk Stavropol Taurida Tambov Tver Tobolsk Tomsk Tula Ufa Vilna Vitebsk Vladimir Voznesensk Vologda Volhynian Voronezh Vyatka Vyborg Yaroslavl Yekaterinoslav Yeniseysk
Oblasts	Amur Belostok Bessarabia Don Host Transbaikal Kamchatka Caspian Kwantung Orenburg Kirgiz Omsk Primorskaya Sakhalin Taurida Tarnopol Turgay Ural Yakut
Oblasts of Stepnoy Krai	Akmolinsk Siberia Kirgiz Semipalatinsk
Oblasts of Turkestan Krai	Transcaspian Samarkand Semirechye Oblast Syr-Darya Oblast Turkestan Fergana
Caucasus Viceroyalty	Baku (Governorate) Black Sea Derbent Elizavetpol Erivan Georgia-Imeretia Georgia Kutaisi Shemakha Tiflis Armenian Batum Dagestan Imeretia Kars Kuban Terek Sukhumi Zakatal Baku (Gradonachalstvo)
Baltic Governorates³	Courland Livonia Reval Riga Estonia
Governorates of Finland	Abo-Byorneborg Vaza Vyborg Kuopio Nyuland Sankt-Mikhel Tavastgus Uleaborg
Governorates of Poland	Avgustov Warsaw Kalish Keltsy Krakov Lomzha Lyublin Mazovia Petrokov Plotsk Podlyashye Radom Sandomir Sedlets Suvalki
Governorates of Galicia and Bukovina	Lvov Peremyshl Tarnopol Chernovtsy
Dependencies	Bukey Horde Emirate of Bukhara Khanate of Kokand Russian America Uryankhay Krai² Khanate of Khiva Zeravshan Okrug*
¹ Italics indicates renamed or abolished governorates, oblasts, etc on 1 January 1914. ² An asterisk (*) indicates governorates formed or created with renaming after 1 January 1914. ³ Ostsee or Baltic general-governorship was abolished in 1876.

Kuban oblast Кубанская область
Oblast
Coat of arms
Administrative map of the Kuban Oblast
Country	Russian Empire
Viceroyalty	Caucasus
Established	1860
Abolished	1917
Capital	Yekaterinodar (present-day Krasnodar)
Area
• Total	94,783.07 km² (36,595.95 sq mi)
Highest elevation (Mount Elbrus)	5,642 m (18,510 ft)
Population (1916)
• Total	3,022,683
• Density	32/km² (83/sq mi)
• Urban	9.52%
• Rural	90.48%