Syr-Darya Oblast Сыръ-Дарьинская область | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms | |
 Location in the Russian Empire as of 1914 | |
| Country | Russian Empire |
| Governorate-General | Turkestan |
| Established | 1867 |
| Abolished | 1917 |
| Capital | Tashkent |
| Area | |
| • Total | 504,700 km2 (194,900 sq mi) |
| Population (1897) | |
| • Total | 1,478,398 |
| • Density | 2.9/km2 (7.6/sq mi) |
The Syr-Darya Oblast [a] was one of the oblasts of the Russian Empire, a part of Russian Turkestan. Its center was Tashkent.
The Syr-Darya Oblast was founded after annexing the northwestern part of Khanate of Kokand, Chimkent ( established in 1709, declaring independence from Emirate of Bukhara) and the northwestern part of Khanate of Khiva (for Amu Darya Okrug at present Karakalpakstan) in 1867. Khiva was conquered by the Russians in 1873 who made Sayyid Muhammad Rahim Bahadur Khan II vassal ruler of the region. [1]
From 1905, Pan-Turkist ideologues like Ismail Gasprinski aimed to bridge differences among the peoples who spoke Turkic languages, uniting them into one government. This idea was supported by Vladimir Lenin, and on April 30, 1918, with support of the Bolsheviks in Tashkent, the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) was established with Tashkent as the capital. During the Russian Empire, the Turkestan ASSR's territory was governed as Turkestan Krai, the Emirate of Bukhara, and the Khanate of Khiva.
Early Central Asia Bolshevik leaders, the Kazakh Turar Ryskulov and the Uzbek Fayzullah Khojaev, believed all territories would sooner or later be unified into one state, Soviet Turkestan. [2]
Without a tradition of national institutions and consciousness prior to the October Revolution of 1917, Central Asia was divided into “national republics” in 1924. [3]
On October 27, 1924 as a result of the national-territorial reorganisation of Central Asia, most of the Syr-Darya region was transferred to the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), and on 1 February 1926 to the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) ASSR (Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic), still being a part of the RSFSR. [2] The remaining smaller region Tashkent County became a part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) of the Soviet Union. These borders were not drawn along ethnic or linguistic lines. [4]
The Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic later transformed into the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990), the Socialist Republic of Kyrgyzstan (1990-1991) and the independent Republic of Kyrgyzstan (1991).
It bordered Turgay Oblast, Akmola Oblast (the center of which was Omsk), Semirechye Oblast, Samarkand Oblast, Fergana Oblast (until 1876 as Khanate of Kokand before being annexed by Russia), and the semi-independent states of Khanate of Khiva and Emirate of Bukhara.
The area was 504,700 km ² (443,442 sq. m. miles). The greatest stretch of longitude - about 1173 kilometers (1100 miles) in width is about - 747 km (700 miles).
Syr-Darya region occupied by about 70% of the total area Turkestan, and about 25% of the Turkestan province.
Syr-Darya Oblast was originally divided into six uyezds :
According to the 1897 census, the total population was 1,478,398 inhabitants (803,411 men and 674,987 women), including the cities of 205,596. With the exception of the regional city of Tashkent as having 155,673 residents (the most populous city in Russian Central Asia) in the Syr-Darya region of large cities do not.
| Uyezd | Kazakhs | Sarts | Karakalpaks | Uzbeks | Russians | Tajiks | Ukrainians | Other Turkic People |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 64.4% | 9.8% | 6.3% | 4.3% | 2.2% | ... | ... | 10.7% |
| Aiule-Ata | 90.9% | 0.5% | ... | 3.1% | 1.9% | ... | 1.9% | ... |
| Kazalinsk | 96.7% | 0.4% | ... | 0.03% | 2.0% | ... | ... | ... |
| Perovsk | 97.5% | 1.1% | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Tashkent | 36.4% | 24.3% | ... | 0.11% | 3.9% | 1.0% | 0.65% | 31.8% |
| Chimkent | 78.8% | 11.2% | ... | 7.3% | ... | ... | 1.5% | ... |
| Petroaleksandrovsk | 24.2% | 0.03% | 47.9% | 17.7% | 1.6% | ... | ... | 7.1% |
With the exception of Russian and some Orthodox Old Believers and other Europeans, Christians and Jews, the main bulk of the population (96.4%) consists of Muslims.
Today, the territory of the former Syr-Darya Oblast is in eastern Uzbekistan and southeastern of Kazakhstan.
The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Uzbekistan, the Uzbek SSR, UzSSR, or simply Uzbekistan and rarely Uzbekia or Red Uzbekistan, was a union republic of the Soviet Union. It was governed by the Uzbek branch of the Soviet Communist Party, the legal political party, from 1925 until 1990. From 1990 to 1991, it was a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation.
Russian Turkestan was the western part of Turkestan within the Russian Empire’s Central Asian territories, and was administered as a Krai or Governor-Generalship. It comprised the oasis region to the south of the Kazakh Steppe, but not the protectorates of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. It was populated by speakers of Russian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tajik.
The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, originally called the Turkestan Socialist Federative Republic, was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic located in Soviet Central Asia which existed between 1918 and 1924. Uzbeks were the preeminent nation of the Turkestan ASSR. Tashkent was the capital and largest city in the region.
This article discusses the administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The Article 68 of the constitution of Uzbekistan defines:
The Republic of Uzbekistan shall consist of regions, districts, cities, towns, settlements, kishlaks and auls (villages) in Uzbekistan and the Republic of Karakalpakstan.
The Khanate of Kokand was a Central Asian polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan.
The Emirate of Bukhara was a Muslim-Uzbek polity in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the fertile land along the lower Zarafshon river, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarqand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarazm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.
The Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, abbreviated as Kazak ASSR and simply Kazakhstan, was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) within the Soviet Union which existed from 1920 until 1936.
National delimitation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was the process of specifying well-defined national territorial units from the ethnic diversity of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its subregions.
Soviet Central Asia was the part of Central Asia administered by the Russian SFSR and then the Soviet Union between 1918 and 1991, when the Central Asian republics declared independence. It is nearly synonymous with Russian Turkestan in the Russian Empire. Soviet Central Asia went through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s.
The Semirechyenskaya Oblast was an oblast (province) of the Russian Empire. It corresponded approximately to most of present-day southeastern Kazakhstan and northeastern Kyrgyzstan. It was created out of the territories of the northern part of the Khanate of Kokand that had been part of the Kazakh Khanate. The name "Semirechye" itself is the direct Russian translation of the historical region of Jetysu. Its site of government was Verniy.
The village of Karabulak — is one of the largest villages of Sayram District, South Kazakhstan Region. The population is nearly 45 thousand. The area is 11,134 hectares. It is located 45 km from Chimkent, the regional center, and 18 km from Aksukent village, the district center. There are 11 schools, 1 college and 3 marketplaces in the village. Also there are 19 mosques, 2 hospitals, 2 policlinics, a kindergarten, Alisher Navoiy cultural center and the largest mosque in Sayram for 10 thousand. Most of the population of the village are ethnic Uzbeks who constitute up to 94% of the villagers.
In the 16th century, the Tsardom of Russia embarked on a campaign to expand the Russian frontier to the east. This effort continued until the 19th century under the Russian Empire, when the Imperial Russian Army succeeded in conquering all of Central Asia. The majority of this land became known as Russian Turkestan—the name "Turkestan" was used to refer to the area due to the fact that it was and is inhabited by Turkic peoples, excluding the Tajiks, who are an Iranian ethnicity. Upon witnessing Russia's absorption of the various Central Asian realms, the British Empire sought to reinforce India, triggering the Great Game, which ended when both sides eventually designated Afghanistan as a neutral buffer zone.
Muhammad Umar Khan was the Khan of Kokand from c. 1810 until his subsequent illness and death in c. 1822. He studied at a madrassa after completing his primary education before seizing power from his brother Alim Khan. His poetry written under the pen name "Amir" touched on subjects spanning from humanism, culture, and enlightenment in diwans covering twelve genres. His teenage son Muhammad Ali Khan was given the title of Khan after his death.
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The Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan border is the border between the countries of Turkmenistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan. At 1,793 km, it is Turkmenistan's longest border and Uzbekistan's second longest. The border runs from the tripoint with Kazakhstan to the tripoint with Afghanistan.
The Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan border is 2,330 km (1,450 mi) long and runs from the tripoint with Turkmenistan to the tripoint with Kyrgyzstan. It is Uzbekistan's longest external boundary. The Uzbek capital Tashkent is situated just 13 km (8.1 mi) from this border.
The Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan border is 1,212 kilometres (753 mi) and runs from the tripoint with Uzbekistan to the tripoint with China. Bishkek, the Kyrgyz capital, is situated just 16 km to the south of this boundary, and Almaty is situated just 29 kilometres (18 mi) to the north of it.
The Tajikistan–Uzbekistan border is an international border between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It is 1,312 kilometres (815 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Kyrgyzstan to the tripoint with Afghanistan.
The Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan border is 1,314 kilometres (816 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Kazakhstan to the tripoint with Tajikistan. It is Kyrgyzstan's longest external boundary.
The Turkestan Autonomy or Kokand Autonomy was a short-lived state in Central Asia that existed at the beginning of the Russian Civil War. It was formed on 27 November 1917 and existed until 22 February 1918. It was a secular republic, headed by a president.