Childir Eyalet

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Eyālet-i Čildir
Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire
1578–1845
Cildir Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (1609).png
The Childir Eyalet in 1609
Capital Çıldır 1578–1628;
Ahıska 1628-1829
Oltu 1829-1845
History 
 Battle of Çıldır
1578
 Disestablished
1845
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria
Flag of the Principality of Samtskhe.svg Principality of Meskheti
Trabzon Eyalet Blank.png
Kars Eyalet Blank.png
Tiflis Governorate Flag of Russia.svg
Today part of Georgia
Turkey

The Eyalet of Childir [1] (Ottoman Turkish : ایالت چلدر, romanized: Eyālet-i Çıldır) [2] or Akhalzik [3] [nb 1] was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire in the Southwestern Caucasus. The area of the former Çıldır Eyalet is now divided between Samtskhe-Javakheti and the Autonomous Republic of Adjara in Georgia and provinces of Artvin, Ardahan and Erzurum in Turkey. The administrative center was Çıldır between 1578 and 1628, Ahıska between 1628 and 1829, and Oltu between 1829 and 1845.

Contents

History

Samtskhe was the only Georgian principality to permanently become an Ottoman province (as the eyalet of Cildir). [4] In the eighty years after the Battle of Zivin, the region was gradually absorbed into the empire. [4]

The Ottomans took the Ahıska region from the Principality of Meskheti, a vassal state of Safavid dynasty. In 1578, when the new province was established, they appointed the former Georgian prince, Minuchir (who took the name of Mustafa after converting to Islam) as the first governor. [5] This eyalet expanded after taking the Adjara region from the Principality of Guria in 1582. From 1625 onwards the entire eyalet was a hereditary possession of the now-Muslim Jaqeli atabegs of Samtskhe, [4] which administered it as hereditary governors, with some exceptions, until the mid-18th century. [5] After 1639, the Jaqeli Pashas of Childir were charged with reining in the kings of Imereti. [6]

During the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829), Russians occupied much of the province. The administrative centre was moved from Akhaltsikhe, which was ceded to Russia, to Oltu.[ citation needed ]

By the Treaty of Adrianople, much of the pashalik was ceded to Russia, and became part of the Russian Akhalzik uezd (district) of Kutaisi Governorate. [3] The remaining, smaller inner part was united with the eyalet of Kars (later part of Eyalet of Erzurum) in 1845 and its coastal areas were united with Trabzon Eyalet in 1829. [7]

Governors

Administrative divisions

Sanjaks of the Eyalet in the 17th century: [9]

  1. Sanjak of Oulti (Oltu)
  2. Sanjak of Harbus
  3. Sanjak of Ardinj (Ardanuç)
  4. Sanjak of Hajrek (Hanak)
  5. Sanjak of Great Ardehan
  6. Sanjak of Postkhu
  7. Sanjak of Mahjil (Macahel)
  8. Sanjak of Ijareh-penbek
  1. Sanjak of Purtekrek (Yusufeli)
  2. Sanjak of Lawaneh (Livane/Artvin)
  3. Sanjak of Nusuf Awan
  4. Sanjak of Shushad (Şavşat)

Sanjaks of Childir Eyalet in 1682-1702 [10]

  1. Sanjak of Nısf-ı Livâne and Pertekrek
  2. Sanjak of Oltı
  3. Sanjak of Ardanuc
  4. Sanjak of Şavşad
  5. Sanjak of Pertekrek
  6. Sanjak of Great Ardahan
  7. Sanjak of Nısf-ı Livâne
  8. Sanjak of Mahcil
  9. Sanjak of Petek
  10. Sanjak of Upper Adjara
  11. Sanjak of Lower Adjara
  12. Sanjak of Emir Hoy
  13. Sanjak of Astere
  14. Sanjak of Posthov
  15. Sanjak of Hartus
  16. Sanjak of Altun Kale
  17. Sanjak of Astıha
  18. Sanjak of Çıldır
  19. Sanjak of Ahalkelek
  20. Sanjak of Keskim
  21. Sanjak of Hacerek
  22. Sanjak of Adjara

Sanjaks between 1721 and 1740: [10]

  1. Sanjak of Nısf-ı Livâne and Pertekrek
  2. Sanjak of Oltı
  3. Sanjak of Şavşad
  4. Sanjak of Pertekrek
  5. Sanjak of Great Ardahan
  6. Sanjak of Mahcil
  7. Sanjak of Upper Adjara
  8. Sanjak of Emir Hoy
  9. Sanjak of Posthov
  10. Sanjak of Hartus
  11. Sanjak of Altun Kale
  12. Sanjak of Astıha
  13. Sanjak of Mamervan
  14. Sanjak of Çıldır
  15. Sanjak of Ahalkelek

See also

Notes

  1. Other variants of this name include Akalzike (from Malthe Conrad Bruun (1822). Universal geography, or A description of all the parts of the world. p.  121 . Retrieved 2013-06-02.)

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Mzetchabuk Jaqeli was a Prince and Atabeg of Samtskhe-Saatabago during 1500–1515, member of the Jaqeli family and son of Qvarqvare II Jaqeli. After his older brother's death Mzetchabuk had seized the Atabeg's throne from his nephew, Qvarqvare. He was an ambitious and arrogant ruler. Like his father and grandfather, Mzetchabuk demanded the separation of the Meskhetian church from the Georgian Orthodox church. Atabeg Mzetchabuk Strived to strengthen Samtskhe. He nominally obeyed Ottoman sultan Selim I and with his help Adjara came fully under Meskhetian rule. In 1515 old Mzetchabuk abdicated and became a monk, received a monastic name Jacob. After Mzetchabuk Atabeg's title would be given to his nephew Qvarqvare, but Mzetchabuk's younger brother Manuchar rebelled against him. The war for succession was won by Manuchar and he became the next Atabeg. Mzetchabuk Jaqeli died in 1516, at the age of 70–71.

Manuchar I Jaqeli was a Prince and Atabeg of Samtskhe-Saatabago from 1515 to 1518. He was a member of the Jaqeli family and youngest son of Qvarqvare II Jaqeli. After his older brother Mzetchabuk's abdication Manuchar started an uprising against his nephew Qvarqvare, the son of Kaikhosro I. Manuchar's revolt finished successfully and he ascended to the Meskhetian throne. During his brief reign Manuchar sent many gifts to the Ottoman sultan Selim I and claimed himself as an admirer of Ottomans. In 1518 the new revolt started. Prince Qvarqvare with the help of Safavid troops attacked Samtskhe. Manuchar was overthrown and Qvarqvare became the new ruler of Meskheti. After this Manuchar asked his suzerain Sultan Selim for help. Sultan gave him the huge army. He had tried to restore himself as Atabeg, but was defeated by Qvarqvare's forces at the battle near Erzurum. Manuchar Jaqeli escaped to the Ottoman empire and lived there until his death. Nothing is known about his later life and descendants.

Qvarqvare III Jaqeli (1469–1535) was a Georgian ruling Prince and Atabeg of Samtskhe-Saatabago during 1518–1535. Member of the Jaqeli family and son of Atabeg Kaikhosro I Jaqeli. His failure to capture the throne at the death of his father Kaikhosro may have been caused by the ambition of his uncle Mzetchabuki, who had seized Atabeg's title from him. Despite this Mzetchabuk Jaqeli declared Qvarqare as his successor. During his uncle's reign Qvarqvare actively involved in state affairs. In 1515 ill Mzetchabuk resigned from the throne and came to the Monastery as a monk. Qvarqvare couldn't ascend to the Meskhetian throne, because his second uncle Manuchar I had revolted. Qvarqvare went to Safavid Persia, became vassal of Shah Ismail I and lived at his court in Tabriz until his accession. In 1518 Qvarqvare commanded Qizilbash army and invaded Samtskhe. Persians dethroned Manuchar I and placed Qvarqvare on the throne. Manuchar invited Ottomans to fight against Safavids and overthrow his nephew, but Qvarqvare's forces defeated him at the battle near Erzurum, after which Manuchar escaped to the Ottoman empire. During Qvarqvare's reign Persian influence on Samtskhe was growing day by day. Because of that Turks greatly damaged the country and especially its southwestern region. Meskhetian lords had recognized that under Qvarqvare's rule Samtskhe would finally turn to the Enemy's hands. They made an alliance with the Georgian kings, Bagrat III of Imereti and Luarsab I of Kartli to end up Jaqelian rule and protect Samtskhe from dominant Muslim empires. In 1535 King Bagrat III invaded Samtskhe. He defeated and captured Qvarqvare III at the Battle of Murjakheti near Akhalkalaki, Georgians had annexed Principality of Samtskhe. Qvarqvare died in prison. A few years later, his survived youngest son Kaikhosro II requested Ottomans to expel Imeretian and Kartlian forces from Samtskhe. In 1545, at the Battle of Sokhoista, Kaikhosro defeated Bagrat III, after which he reinstated his legitimate throne. Samtskhe became vassal of the Ottoman empire. Qvarqvare III's descendants ruled Samtskhe-Saatabago and then Childir Eyalet until 1820s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qvarqvare IV Jaqeli</span> Atabeg of Samtskhe

Qvarqvare IV Jaqeli was a Georgian Prince and Atabeg of Samtskhe-Saatabago, ruling nominally in 1573–1581. He was member of the Jaqeli family and the son of Kaikhosro II Jaqeli. During his nominal reign Meskhetian lords revolted several times against Jaqelian rule. Uprisings were suppressed by Ottomans. In 1578 Ottomans started new war against Safavid Persia for the hole territory of Caucasus. Lala Mustafa Pasha invaded Georgia. Qvarqvare IV obeyed him. Pasha had decided to send Qvarqvare and his younger brother Manuchar to Constantinople for recognizing Ottoman absolute rule in Samtskhe. Qvarqvare left the government to his mother, Dedisimedi and went to the capital of the Ottoman Empire. In 1579 by the order of Sultan Murad III Ottomans divided Samtskhe-Saatabago into eight Sanjaks and established Childir Eyalet on the lands of Meskheti. Qvarqvare IV was appointed as Christian ruler of Childir Eyalet, but his brother Manuchar converted to Islam under the name of Mustafa and became the Ottoman Pasha. Qvarqvare died childless in 1581 and was succeeded by his Muslim brother Manuchar II.

Beka III Jaqeli, also known as Sefer Pasha, was a Georgian ruler of Childir Eyalet and vassal of the Ottoman Empire from 1625 to 1635. He was a member of the Jaqeli family and the third son of Kaikhosro II Jaqeli and Dedisimedi. Beka came to power after poisoning his nephew Manuchar III, the last Christian ruler of Samtskhe-Saatabago. After this Beka III went to Istanbul, on the court of Sultan Murad IV. He converted to Islam, called himself Sefer Pasha and returned to his ruling state. Under his rule Ottomans started the process of spreading Islam in Samtskhe. Sefer Pasha Died in 1635 and was succeeded by his son, Yusuf I as a new Pasha of Childir.

Yusuf I Jaqeli, also known as Yusuf Pasha, was a Georgian ruler of Childir Eyalet and vassal of the Ottoman Empire from 1635 to 1647, member of the Jaqeli family and the son of Beka III Jaqeli, better known as "Sefer Pasha.". In 1635, after his father's death Ottomans guaranteed Jaqeli family the Meskhetian throne, if they convert to Islam. Yusuf with his family and relatives became Muslim and started ruling Childir. He took appearance in the Ottoman-Safavid war. In 1647 Yusuf I died by unknown illness, leaving the throne to his son, Rostom.

The Battle of Karagak was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Imereti and the Ottoman Empire at the place of Karagak, Meskheti, in 1543.

The Battle of Chkheri took place between the Kingdom of Imereti and the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), on February 6, 1774.

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