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This is a timeline of Artsakh's history, representing territorial control under three columns:
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: YYYY-MM-DD date formats need to be converted.(February 2022) |
Starting Date | Sovereign | State/Region | Artsakh Proper |
---|---|---|---|
592 BC [1] | Iran (Medes) | Unknown (Urtekhini? [2] ) | |
549 BC | Iran (Achaemenid dynasty) [3] | ||
321 BC | |||
189 BC [4] | |||
Armenia (Artaxiad dynasty) [5] | Province of Artsakh of the Kingdom of Armenia 189 BC to 387 AD [note 1] | ||
Sophene and Kingdom of Commagene - Tigranes the Great conquered these territories | |||
65 BC [6] | Rome | (Artaxiad dynasty) Tigranes II of Armenia becomes a client king of Rome | |
53 BC [7] | Persia (Arsacid dynasty) defeats Rome at the Battle of Carrhae | Armenia (Artaxiad dynasty) - Artavasdes II becomes king of Armenia. | |
36 BC | Rome | Mark Antony begins Parthian campaign [8] Rebellion of King Zober of Albania defeated. | |
33 BC | Rome | Armenia (Artaxiad dynasty) | |
36 | Iran (Arsacid dynasty) | ||
47 | |||
51 [9] | Iberia (Pharnavazid dynasty) | ||
58 | Armenia (Arsacid dynasty) | ||
62 | Iran (Arsacid dynasty) Parthians under Vologases I invade Armenia, unsuccessfully besiege Romans in Tigranocerta. | ||
63 | Rome: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo invades Armenia and defeats Tiridates I, who accepts Roman sovereignty. Parthia withdraws. | ||
64 | Iran (Arsacid dynasty) | ||
114 [10] | Rome | Roman Armenia Emperor Trajan defeats the Parthians and overruns Armenia | |
118 | Armenia (Arsacid dynasty) | ||
252 | Iran (Sassanian dynasty) | Armenia (Arsacid dynasty) | |
287 | Rome: Diocletian signs peace treaty with King Bahram II of Persia, installs the pro-Roman Arsacid Tiridates III as king in western Armenia. | ||
363 | Persia(Sassanian dynasty: Jovian cedes Corduene and Arzanene to Sassanids. | Corduene and Arzanene | |
Albania (Mihranid dynasty) | |||
376 | Armenia (Arsacid dynasty) | ||
387 | Iran (Sassanian dynasty) | ||
Albania (Mihranid dynasty) | with Sasanian help seizes from Armenia the entire right bank of the river Kura up to the river Araxes | includes Artsakh and Utik. [11] | |
Division of Greater Armenia between Persia and Byzantium | |||
654 | Arab Caliphate | Albania (Mihranid dynasty), | |
850 | Artsakh | ||
884 | Armenia (Bagratid dynasty) | Artsakh | |
1045 | Artsakh | ||
1063 | Seljuk Empire | Artsakh | |
1092 | Eldiguzids | ||
1124 | Georgia (Bagratid dynasty) | Eldiguzids | |
1201 | Armenia (Zakarid dynasty) | ||
1214 [12] [13] | Artsakh (Hasan-Jalalyan dynasty) | ||
1236 | Mongol Empire | ||
1256 | Ilkhanate | ||
1261 | Khachen (Hasan-Jalalyan dynasty) | ||
1360 | Karabakh | ||
1337 | Chobanids | ||
1357 | Jalayirids | ||
1375 | Kara Koyunlu | ||
1387 | Timurid Empire | ||
1409 | Kara Koyunlu | ||
1468 | Ak Koyunlu | ||
1501 | Iran (Safavid dynasty) | Province of Karabakh | Melikdoms of Karabakh (Khamsa) [note 2] |
1583 | Ottoman Empire | ||
1603 | Iran (Safavid dynasty) | ||
1725 | |||
1736 | Iran (Afsharid dynasty) | ||
1747 [13] | Karabakh Khanate | ||
1751 | Iran (Zand dynasty) | ||
1797 | Iran (Qajar dynasty) | ||
1805-05 [13] [note 3] | Russia (Romanov dynasty) | ||
1822 [13] | |||
1846 | Shemakha Governorate [note 4] | ||
1868 [13] | Elisabethpol Governorate | ||
1917-11-11 | Transcaucasian Commissariat | ||
1918-04-22 | Transcaucasia [note 5] | ||
28 May 1918 [13] | First Republic of Armenia: Declaration of independence | Armenian rebels | |
1918-06-04 [note 6] | |||
1918-07-27 | People's Government of Karabakh | ||
1918-09 | Ottoman Empire |
| |
1918-10-30 [note 7] | British Empire | Mountainous Karabakh was placed under the jurisdiction of Azerbaijan until the final delimitation agreement would be reached at the Paris Peace Conference. | |
1919-08-22 [note 8] | |||
1919-08-23 [note 9] | |||
1920-03-04 [note 10] | Azerbaijan |
| |
1920-04-09 |
| ||
1920-04-13 [note 11] | |||
1920-04-22 [note 12] | |||
1920-04-28 [note 13] | |||
1920-05-12 [13] | Red Army 11th Red Army advances into Armenia on 29 November 1920; transfer of power on 2 December in Yerevan. | Azerbaijan SSR |
|
1920-05-26 | The final status of Mountainous Karabakh was still being debated. | ||
Dec. 1, 1920 [note 14] | |||
1921-07-04 [13] [note 15] | |||
1922-03-12 | Azerbaijan SSR, | ||
1922-12-30 [13] | Soviet Union | ||
1923-07-07 [13] [note 16] | Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast | ||
1936-12-05 | Azerbaijan SSR | ||
1991 | First Nagorno-Karabakh War
| ||
1991-04-30 [note 17] | |||
1991-09-02 [note 18] | |||
1991-11-26 [13] [note 19] | |||
1994-05-12 [note 20] | De facto Artsakh, de jure Azerbaijan | ||
2020-09-27 | Second Nagorno-Karabakh War | ||
2020-11-10 [note 21] | Control over Nagorno-Karabakh is divided between Azerbaijan and Artsakh with Russian peacekeeping forces. Final status to be determined. [17] | ||
September 2023 - January 2024 | Dissolution of the Republic of Artsakh due to the 2023 Azerbaijani Offensive, followed by a refugee crisis in which nearly the entire population fled to Armenia. |
Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus, mostly in what is now Azerbaijan. The modern endonyms for the area are Aghwank and Aluank, among the Udi people, who regard themselves as descended from the inhabitants of Caucasian Albania. However, its original endonym is unknown.
Artsakh was the tenth province (nahang) of the Kingdom of Armenia from c. 189 BC until 387 AD, when it was made part of Caucasian Albania, a subject principality of the Sasanian Empire, following the Peace of Acilisene. From the 7th to 9th centuries, it fell under Arab control. In 821, it formed the Armenian principality of Khachen and around the year 1000 was proclaimed the Kingdom of Artsakh, one of the last medieval eastern Armenian kingdoms and principalities to maintain its autonomy following the Turkic invasions of the 11th to 14th centuries.
Artsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh or the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, was a breakaway state in the South Caucasus whose territory was internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan. Between 1991 and 2023, Artsakh controlled parts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, including its capital Stepanakert. It had been an enclave within Azerbaijan from the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war until the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive, when the Azerbaijani military took control over the remaining territory controlled by Artsakh. Its only overland access route to Armenia after the 2020 war was via the 5 km (3.1 mi) wide Lachin corridor, which was placed under the supervision of Russian peacekeeping forces.
The Principality of Khachen was a medieval Armenian principality on the territory of historical Artsakh. The provinces of Artsakh and Utik were attached to the Kingdom of Armenia in antiquity, although they were later lost to Caucasian Albania. In the early medieval period, these provinces were under Sassanid and then Arab suzerainty until the establishment of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia in the 9th century. From the 12th century, the principality of Khachen dominated the region. The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII addressed his letters to the prince of Khachen with the inscription "To Prince of Khachen, Armenia."
Fuzuli is a city and the capital of the Fuzuli District of Azerbaijan.
Shahumyan Province was a province of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The capital of the province was Karvachar. Shahumyan Province had 17 communities of which one is considered urban and 16 are rural. Its bordered Martakert Province to the east, Kashatagh Province to the south, Gegharkunik and Vayots Dzor provinces of Armenia to the west and Dashkasan, Goygol and Goranboy districts of Azerbaijan to the north.
Nagorno-Karabakh is located in the southern part of the Lesser Caucasus range, at the eastern edge of the Armenian Highlands, encompassing the highland part of the wider geographical region known as Karabakh. Under Russian and Soviet rule, the region came to be known as Nagorno-Karabakh, meaning "Mountainous Karabakh" in Russian. The name Karabakh itself was first encountered in Georgian and Persian sources from the 13th and 14th centuries to refer to lowlands between the Kura and Aras rivers and the adjacent mountainous territory.
Utik was a historic province of the Kingdom of Armenia. It was ceded to Caucasian Albania following the partition of Armenia between Sassanid Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire in 387 AD. Most of the region is located within present-day Azerbaijan immediately west of the Kura River, while a part of it lies within the Tavush province of present-day northeastern Armenia.
Karabakh is a geographic region in present-day southwestern Azerbaijan and eastern Armenia, extending from the highlands of the Lesser Caucasus down to the lowlands between the rivers Kura and Aras. It is divided into three regions: Highland Karabakh, Lowland Karabakh, and the eastern slopes of the Zangezur Mountains.
Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. Yerevan is the capital, largest city and financial center.
The history of the Caucasus region may be divided by geography into the history of the North Caucasus (Ciscaucasia), historically in the sphere of influence of Scythia and of Southern Russia, and that of the South Caucasus in the sphere of influence of Persia, Anatolia, and Assyria.
Hadrut is a town in the Khojavend District of Azerbaijan, in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh.
Culture of Artsakh includes artifacts of tangible and intangible culture that has been historically associated with Artsakh in the Southern Caucasus, controlled by Azerbaijan. These include monuments of religious and civil architecture, memorial and defense structures, and various forms of art.
Tigranakert, also known as Tigranakert-Artsakh, is a ruined Armenian city dating back to the Hellenistic period, located in the Aghdam District of what is today Azerbaijan.
The Five Melikdoms of Karabakh, also known as Khamsa Melikdoms, were Armenian feudal entities on the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh and neighboring lands, from the dissolution of the Principality of Khachen in the 15th century to the abolition of ethnic feudal entities by the Russian Empire in 1822.
The Armenia–Azerbaijan border is the international border between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Estimates of the border's length vary from 996 km (619 mi) to 1,007.1 km (625.8 mi). European routes E002 and E117 cross the border.
The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War was an armed conflict in 2020 that took place in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding occupied territories. It was a major escalation of an unresolved conflict over the region, involving Azerbaijan, Armenia and the self-declared Armenian breakaway state of Artsakh. The war lasted for 44 days and resulted in Azerbaijani victory, with the defeat igniting anti-government protests in Armenia. Post-war skirmishes continued in the region, including substantial clashes in 2022.
The bombardment of Stepanakert began on September 27, 2020, the first day of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, and lasted throughout the duration of the war. Stepanakert is the capital and largest city of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, and was home to 60,000 Armenians on the eve of the war. Throughout the 6-week bombardment, international third parties consistently confirmed evidence of the indiscriminate use of cluster bombs and missiles by Azerbaijan against civilian areas lacking any military installations in Stepanakert; this was denied by Azerbaijan. The prolonged bombardment forced many residents to flee, and the rest to take cover in crowded bomb shelters, leading to a severe outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the city, infecting a majority of the remaining residents. Throughout the course of the bombardment, 13 residents were killed, 51 were injured, and 4,258 buildings in the city were damaged.
Kusanats Anapat, or Surb Astvatsatsin is an Armenian monastery in the Kalbajar District in Azerbaijan, about 3 km northwest of Dadivank Monastery.
This shows that Urartu was very much in existence [...] down to 594 BC, [...]. It is possible that the last king of Urartu's reigh ended at about the same time or a little earlier. [...] in 590 BC, the Medes marched westwards [towards western Anatolia and Lydia].
Certain authors estimate that when King Artashes (189–160 BC) brought about the unification of the Kingdom of Great Armenia, Caucasian tribes, probably Albanians, living in Artsakh and Utik were brought in by force. This thesis is said to be based on Strabo, but, in reality, when he describes the conquests Artashes carried out at the expense of the Medes and Iberians – and not the Albanians – he says nothing of Artsakh and Utik, since these provinces were certainly already a part of Armenia.
The Armenian king, Parthia's ally since the year 53 BC, appeared to submit.
The presence of the Turkish fighter aircraft ... demonstrate[s] direct military involvement by Turkey that goes far beyond already-established support, such as its provision of Syrian fighters and military equipment to Azerbaijani forces.
... we, the Turks, are present in Syria, Libya, we scare America, bargain with Russia, and now we are in Karabakh ...
After Azerbaijan, with Turkish support, reestablished control over four surrounding territories controlled by separatists since 1994, …