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This is a list of wars involving the Republic of Peru (and its predecessor states), or in his territory, to the present.
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Wari Empire expansion campaigns [1] [2] [3] (VII-X Century) | Wari Empire | Caxamarca culture Lambayeque culture Lima culture Moche culture Nazca culture Recuay culture | Wari victory
|
Wari invasion of Moquegua [4] (X/XI Century) | Wari Empire | Tiwanaku Empire | Wari victory
|
Wari internal conflicts [5] (XII Century) | Wari Empire | Rebel forces Foreign Invaders |
|
Aymara invasions to Tiawanaku [6] (XII Century) | Tiwanaku Empire | Aymaras | Aymara victory
|
Tiawanku civil war [7] [8] (XII Century) | Tiwanaku Empire | Rebel forces |
|
Chimu conquest of Sican (1375) | Chimu Empire | Sican Kingdom | Sican is turned into a province of the Chimu kingdom. |
Conflict | Allies | War against | Results | Head of State |
---|---|---|---|---|
Conquest of the Ayaviri (XIII century) | Kingdom of Cusco | Ayaviris | Inca Victory | Lloque Yupanqui |
Battle of Huaychu (XIII century) | Kingdom of Cusco | Colla Kingdom | Inca Victory | Mayta Cápac |
Rebellion of the Mascas [9] (XIV century) | Kingdom of Cusco | Mascas | Inca Victory
| Inca Roca |
Rebellion of the Muyna and the Pinahua [10] (XIV century) | Kingdom of Cusco | Muyna | Inca Victory
| Inca Roca |
Chanca-Inca War (1438-1440) | Inca Empire | Chanka Kingdom | Inca Victory
| Viracocha Inca |
Inca-Chincha war (1440-1460) | Inca Empire | Chincha Lordship | Inca Victory | Pachacuti |
Conquest of the towns of Collao (1445-1505) | Inca Empire | Collao towns | Inca Victory • Quechuanization of the Collao | Pachacuti |
Huarco-Inca War [11] (1450s) | Inca Empire | Huarco Confederation | Inca Victory
| Pachacuti |
Rebellion of the Ayarmacas (1460s) | Inca Empire | Ayarmacas | Inca Victory
| Pachacuti |
Conquest of the Cajamarcas [11] [12] (1460s) | Inca Empire | Caxamarcas | Inca Victory
| Pachacuti |
Conquest of the Chimú Empire (1470) | Inca Empire | Chimu Empire | Inca Victory
| Pachacuti |
Guaraní invasions (1470-1554) | Inca Empire (until 1533) Neo-Inca State (since 1537) | Tupi-Guaraní people Supported by Portuguese Empire (since 1522) | Inca Pirric Victory
| Pachacuti |
Mapuche-Inca War (1471-1530) | Inca Empire | Mapuches | Inca Pirric Victory
| Topa Inca Yupanqui |
Conquest of the Chachapoyas (1472) | Inca Empire | Chachapoya culture | Inca Victory | Topa Inca Yupanqui |
Rebellion of the Chimú (1475) [13] | Inca Empire | Chimor | Inca Victory
| Topa Inca Yupanqui |
Conquest of the peoples of the northern Andes (1490-1520) | Inca Empire | Northern Andes Peoples | Inca Victory
| Topa Inca Yupanqui |
Inca civil war (1529-1532) | Huascarist | Atahualpist | Atahualpa Victory | Huáscar |
Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire (1532-1572) | Inca Empire (until 1535) Neo-Inca State (since 1537) | Spanish Empire
| Spanish Victory
| Atahualpa |
Conflict | Allies | War against | Results | Head of State |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spanish conquest of New Granada (1502-1540) | Spanish Empire
| Chibchan peoples Non-Chibcha peoples | Foundation of the New Kingdom of Granada after overwhelming the indigenous peoples of the territory. | Charles I of Spain |
Grijalva expedition to the South Pacific(1537-1542) | Spanish Empire
| Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia mutinous Spaniards | The ship is lost in New Guinea, where almost the entire crew died. The rest are rescued by the Portuguese from Ternate. | Charles I of Spain |
Civil Wars between conquerors of Peru (1537-1554) | Pizarristas Royalists
| Almagristas
| 1° Pizarrist victory: New Castile stays with Cuzco. Deaths of: Diego de Almagro "el viejo" and Francisco Pizarro. 2° Crown of Castille victory: Abolition of the hereditary governorships of New Castile and New Toledo after the attempt of unification and independence of the Kingdom of Spain. Establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru to ensure compliance with the orders of the King of Spain [mostly Laws of Burgos]. Death of Diego Almagro "el mozo" and Cristóbal Vaca de Castro. 3° Stalemate: The encomiendas in Peru are gradually annulled through the New Laws and Laws of the Indies until the 18th century; death of Gonzalo Pizarro and Blasco Núñez Vela. 4°Viceroyalty of Peru victory: Death of Francisco Hernández Girón and end of the rebellions of the encomenderos. Consolidation of Indian Law to protect the natural rights of the indigenous person in Peru. | Charles I of Spain |
Orellana Expedition to Amazon river (1541-1542) | Viceroyalty of Peru | Hostile Amazonian peoples | Stalemate
| Charles I of Spain |
Spanish conquest and colonization of Argentina (1543-1593) (1543-1593) | Spanish Empire | Indigenous peoples
| Victory of the Spanish conquistadors.
| Charles I of Spain |
First Communero Rebellion (1544) | Viceroyalty of Peru | Comuneros | Defeat of the royal authorities
| Charles I of Spain |
Arauco War (1535/1546-1810) | Spanish Empire | Araucania and Patagonia Indigenous people | Stalemate
| Charles I of Spain Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain Ferdinand VII of Spain |
Bandeirantes raids from Brazil (1557-XVIII century)
| Viceroyalty of Peru Viceroyalty of New Granada (since 1717) Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (since 1777) | Colonial Brazil | Stalemate
| Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain |
Calchaquí Wars (1560-1667) | Spanish Empire | Diaguita confederation | Victory of the Spanish Empire
| Philip II of Spain |
Spanish-Chiriguano War (1564-17th century) | Spanish Empire | Ava Guaraní people | Victory
| Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain Ferdinand VII of Spain |
Bayano Wars (1548-1582) | Spanish Empire | Rebel Maroons slaves from Panama | Victory
| Philip II of Spain |
Spanish expeditions to Solomon and Vanuatu (1567-1606) | Spanish Empire | Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia | Defeat
| Philip II of Spain |
Colonial front of the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War (1568-1648)
| Spanish Empire Kingdom of Croatia | United Provinces Electorate of the Palatinate Kingdom of Portugal (1640–58) Supported by: | Defeat
| Philip II of Spain |
Castilian War (1578) | Spanish Empire
Bruneians who defected to Spain | Bruneian Empire Supported by: | Status quo ante bellum
| Philip II of Spain |
Expedition of Juan Jufré and Juan Fernández to Polynesia and New Zealand (1575-1576) | Spanish Empire | Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia | Stalemate
| Philip II of Spain |
Expeditions to Chile hostile to Spain (1578-1741) | Viceroyalty of Peru | European Pirates Supported by: | Stalemate
| Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain |
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) | Spanish Empire co-belligerent | Kingdom of England co-belligerent | Indecisive, Status quo ante bellum
| Philip II of Spain |
Antarctic Expedition of the Armada del Mar del Sur to the South Seas and Terra Australis (1603) | Viceroyalty of Peru | Dutch corsair | Inconclusive
| Philip III of Spain |
Battle of Mbororé (1641) | Viceroyalty of Peru | Colonial Brazil | Victory
| Philip IV of Spain |
2nd Communero Rebellion of Paraguay (1649-1650) | Viceroyalty of Peru | Governorate of Paraguay (loyal to Bernardino de Cárdenas)
| Royalist victory
| Philip IV of Spain |
Mapuche uprising of 1655 (1655) | Viceroyalty of Peru | Mapuches | Defeat
| Philip IV of Spain |
Chepo expedition (1679) | New Spain | European Pirates (English and Spaniards renegades) | Initial victory for the pirates
Peruvian royal victory in Battle of San Marcos de Arica
| Charles II of Spain |
Colonial front of Nine Years' War (1688–97) | Grand Alliance: | France | Indecisive
| Charles II of Spain |
West Indies and South American Front of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) | Kingdom of France
Bavaria (until 1704) Duchy of Mantua (until 1708) Cologne (until 1702) Liège (until 1702) co-belligerent: | Holy Roman Empire : Great Britain (formed on 1707) [16]
Duchy of Savoy (after 1703) Kingdom of Portugal (from 1703)
co-belligerent: | Political victory for Spain loyal to Philip Military victory for Spain loyal to Charles
| Philip V of Spain |
Protests and rebellions of the 18th century in the Viceroyalty of Peru (1700s) | Viceroyalty of Peru | Rebellions of peruleros | Pyric victory of the Viceroyalty authorities.
| Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain |
Huilliche uprising of 1712 (1712) | Viceroyalty of Peru | Huilliches of Chiloé | Royalist Victory
| Philip V of Spain |
Great Revolt of the Comuneros of Paraguay (1721-1735) | Viceroyalty of Peru | Comuneros | Royalist victory
| Philip V of Spain |
Mapuche uprising of 1723 (1723) | Viceroyalty of Peru | Mapuches | Both sides claim victory
| Philip V of Spain |
Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737) | Spanish Empire | Portuguese Empire | Defeat and Status quo ante bellum
| Philip V of Spain |
Colonial front of the War of Austrian Succession (War of Jenkins' Ear) (1739–48) | Spanish Empire Bavaria (1741–45) Saxony (1741–42) Republic of Genoa (1745–48) Sweden (1741–43) Savoy-Sardinia (1741–42) | Great Britain Saxony (1743–45) Savoy-Sardinia (1742–48) Russia (1741–43, 1748) | Status quo ante bellum
| Philip V of Spain |
Guaraní War (1754–56) | Spanish Empire | Guaraní Tribes | Victory
| Ferdinand VI of Spain |
Colonial front of the Seven Years' War | Spain (since 1762) Kalmykia | Portuguese Empire (since 1762) | Stalemate
| Charles III of Spain |
Mapuche uprising of 1766 (1766) | Viceroyalty of Peru | Mapuches | Stagnation due to inter-ethnic indigenous conflict
| Charles III of Spain |
Spanish expeditions to Tahití (1772-1775) | Spanish Empire Christianized Tahitians | Hostile Pagan Tahitians Spanish and Peruvian mutineers | Victory
| Charles III of Spain |
Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (1780-1783)
| Viceroyalty of Peru | Túpac Amaru II criollo, mestizo, indigenous and black rebel forces Túpac Katari indigenous rebel forces | Royalist victory
| Charles III of Spain |
Huilliche uprising of 1792 (1792) | Viceroyalty of Peru | Huilliches of Futahuillimapu | Royalist victory
| Charles IV of Spain |
Campaigns of Peruvian Royal Army during Spanish American wars of independence (1808–1833) | Spanish Empire
Unoficcially supported by: | 1st phase Junta of Quito Junta of Chile 2nd phase | 1st phase: Initial Royalist victory during the administration of the viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa
2nd phase: Reverse during Joaquín de la Pezuela administration and final defeat during Jose de la Serna government.
| Ferdinand VII of Spain |
Conflict | Peru and Peruvian Allies | War against | Results | Head of State of Peru |
---|---|---|---|---|
Peruvian War of Independence (1811–1826) | Peru Río de la Plata Gran Colombia Chile | Spain | Victory
| |
Ecuadorian War of Independence (1820–1822) | Guayaquil Gran Colombia Chile Peru Río de la Plata | Spain | Victory
| |
Iquicha War (1825–1828) | Peru | Iquicha | Victory | |
Peruvian intervention in Bolivia of 1828 (1828) | Peru | Gran Colombia | Victory
| |
Gran Colombia–Peru War (1828–1829) | Peru | Gran Colombia | Stalemate
| |
Peruvian Civil War of 1834 (1834) | Luis José de Orbegoso's Government | Pedro Bermudez's Rebels | Victory | |
Salaverry-Santa Cruz War (1835–1836) | Felipe Santiago Salaverry's Government Agustín Gamarra's Rebels | Luis José de Orbegoso's Opposition Andrés de Santa Cruz's Bolivian Army | Defeat
| |
War of the Confederation (1836–1839) | Peru-Bolivian Confederation | Chile Peruvian Dissidents | Defeat
| Various |
War between Argentina and Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1837–1839) | Peru-Bolivian Confederation | Argentina | Defeat
| Various |
Iquicha War (1839) | Peru Chile | Iquicha | Victory
| |
Peruvian-Bolivian War of 1841-1842 (1841–1842) | Peru | Bolivia | Ceasefire
| |
Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844 (1843–1844) | Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco's Government | Ramón Castilla's Rebels | Defeat | |
Liberal Revolution of 1854 (1854) | Constitutional Army | Liberal Army | Constitutional Army defeat | |
Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858 (1856–1858) | Ramón Castilla's Government | Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco's Rebels | Victory | |
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1857–1860 (1857–1860) | Peru | Ecuador | Victory
| |
Peruvian Civil War of 1865 (1865) | Juan Antonio Pezet's Government | Mariano Ignacio Prado's Rebels | Defeat | |
Chincha Islands War (1865–1866) | Chile Peru Ecuador Bolivia | Spain | Indecisive, both sides claimed victory
| |
Peruvian Civil War of 1867 (1867) | Mariano Ignacio Prado's Government | Pedro Diez Canseco and José Balta's Rebels | Defeat | |
Puno Rebellion (1868-1869) | Peru | Tupac Amaru III indigenous rebel forces | Victory | |
Huáscar Uprising of 1877 (1877) | Peru | Huáscar Rebels | Victory | |
Battle of Pacocha (1877) | Peru | Britain | Indecisive | |
War of the Pacific (1879–1883) | Bolivia Peru | Chile | Defeat
| Mariano Ignacio Prado Luis La Puerta de Mendoza Nicolás de Piérola Francisco García Calderón Lizardo Montero Flores Miguel Iglesias |
Peruvian Civil War of 1884–1885 (1884–1885) | Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Government | Miguel Iglesias's Rebels | Victory | |
Huaraz Rebellion (1885–1887) | Peru | Quechua Rebels | Victory | |
Peruvian Civil War of 1894–1895 (1894–1895) | Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Government | Nicolás de Piérola's Rebels | Defeat | |
Loretan Insurrection of 1896 (1896) | Peru | Federal State of Loreto | Victory | |
Salt Revolt (1896–1897) | Peru | Quechua Rebels | Victory | |
Border skirmishes between Peru and Brazil [21] (1902–1909) | Peru co-belligerant | Brazil | Stalemate
| Eduardo López de Romaña |
Combat of Angoteros (1903) | Peru | Ecuador | Victory [23]
| Eduardo López de Romaña |
Combat of Torres Causana (1904) | Peru | Ecuador | Victory [24]
| Serapio Calderón |
Peruvian-Ecuadorian tension of 1910 (1910) | Peru | Ecuador | Stalemate
| |
Campaign of the Manuripi Region (1910) | Peru | Bolivia | Victory [25] [26]
| |
Conflict of the Pedrera (1911) | Peru | Colombia | Victory [29]
| |
1932 Trujillo Revolution (1932) | Peru | APRA | Victory
| Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro |
Colombia–Peru War (1932–1933) | Peru | Colombia | Ceasefire
| |
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941 (1941) | Peru | Ecuador | Victory
| |
World War II (1945) | United States Soviet Union United Kingdom China France Poland Canada Australia New Zealand India South Africa Yugoslavia Greece Denmark Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Czechoslovakia Brazil Mexico Chile Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Venezuela Uruguay Argentina | Germany Japan Italy Hungary Romania Bulgaria Croatia Slovakia Finland Thailand Manchukuo Mengjiang | Victory
| |
Leftists Guerrilla Insurgencies (1962-1965) | Peru | MIR | Victory
| Manuel Prado Ugarteche |
Limazo (1975) | Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru | Peruvian police rebels | Government Victory | Juan Velasco Alvarado |
Border incident between Peru and Ecuador of 1978 (1978) | Peru | Ecuador | Victory [30]
| Francisco Morales Bermúdez |
Internal Conflict in Peru [Main Phase] (1980–2000) | Peru | Shining Path MRTA (1982–1997) | Victory
| Fernando Belaúnde Terry Alan García Alberto Fujimori Valentín Paniagua Alejandro Toledo Ollanta Humala Pedro Pablo Kuczynski |
Paquisha War (1981) | Peru | Ecuador | Victory
| |
Cenepa War (1995) | Peru | Ecuador | Ceasefire
| |
Narcoterrorist insurgency(2000–present) | Peru | Shining Path Militarized Communist Party of Peru Peruvian narcotraficants | Ongoing | Valentín Paniagua Alejandro Toledo Ollanta Humala Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Martín Vizcarra Manuel Merino Francisco Sagasti Pedro Castillo Dina Boluarte |
Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, also called Pachacútec, was the ninth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the Inca Empire. Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti.
The Inca road system was the most extensive and advanced transportation system in pre-Columbian South America. It was about 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi) long. The construction of the roads required a large expenditure of time and effort.
Huayna Capac was the third Sapa Inca of Tawantinsuyu, the Inca Empire. He was the son of and successor to Túpac Inca Yupanqui., the sixth Sapa Inca of the Hanan dynasty, and eleventh of the Inca civilization. He was born in Tumipampa and tutored to become Sapa Inca from a young age.
Among the Inca, a panaca or panaqa was the royal lineage or family clan of each Sapa Inca, the monarch or emperor of the Inca Empire. According to the information provided by the Spanish chroniclers, the panacas were formed by all of the descendants of a Sapa Inca together with kinship groups united by matrimonial ties. The panaca excluded the auqui, the Inca's son, who would succeed in the reign because, when he became emperor, would leave his original panaca and form his own one.
Friedrich Max Uhle was a German archaeologist, whose work in Peru, Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia at the turn of the Twentieth Century had a significant impact on the practice of archaeology of South America.
The Incas were most notable for establishing the Inca Empire which was centered in modern-day South America in Peru and Chile. It was about 2,500 miles from the northern to southern tip. The Inca Empire lasted from 1438 to 1533. It was the largest Empire in America throughout the Pre-Columbian era. The Inca state was known as the Kingdom of Cuzco before 1438. Over the course of the Inca Empire, the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate the territory of modern-day Peru, followed by a large portion of western South America, into their empire, centered on the Andean mountain range. However, shortly after the Inca Civil War, the last Sapa Inca (emperor) of the Inca Empire was captured and killed on the orders of the conquistador Francisco Pizarro, marking the beginning of Spanish rule. The remnants of the empire retreated to the remote jungles of Vilcabamba and established the small Neo-Inca State, which was conquered by the Spanish in 1572.
Peruvian art has its origin in the Andean civilizations. These civilizations rose in the territory of modern Peru before the arrival of the Spanish.
The Kingdom of Cusco, also called the Cusco confederation, was a small kingdom based in the Andean city of Cusco that began as a small city-state founded by the Incas around the start of 13th century. In time, through warfare or peaceful assimilation, it began to grow and was succeeded by the Inca Empire (1438–1533).
María Rostworowski Tovar de Diez Canseco was a Peruvian historian known for her extensive and detailed publications on Peruvian Ancient Cultures and the Inca Empire.
The Ichma kingdom or Pachacamac kingdom was a pre-Inca indigenous polity later absorbed by the Inca Empire and reorganized as a wanami (province). For the Inca it was known as Pachakamaq (Pachacamac), rather than its original name of Ishma.
Viracochapampa, Huiracochapampa, or Wiracochapampa is an archaeological site with the remains of a building complex of ancient Peru of pre-Inca times. It was one of the administrative centers of the Wari culture. Viracochapampa is located about 3.5 km north of Huamachuco in the region of La Libertad at an elevation of 3,070 metres (10,072 ft).
Cristóbal de Losada y Puga was a Peruvian mathematician and mining engineer. He was Minister of Education of Peru in the government of José Luis Bustamante y Rivero and Director of the National Library of Peru between 1948 and 1961.
The Aymara kingdoms, Aymara lordships or lake kingdoms were a group of native polities that flourished towards the Late Intermediate Period, after the fall of the Tiwanaku Empire, whose societies were geographically located in the Qullaw. They were developed between 1150 and 1477, before the kingdoms disappeared due to the military conquest of the Inca Empire. But the current Aymara population is estimated at two million located in the countries of Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Argentina. They used the Aymara and Puquina languages.
The Peruvian-Bolivian War was a warlike confrontation between Peru and Bolivia in the years 1841 and 1842.
Auqui was the title held by the crown prince in the Inca Empire or Tahuantinsuyu. In a generic way, all the male children of the Inca were called auquis; however, the specific title was applicable only to one of them, whose choice was based on criteria different from those of the Eastern world because his capacity was taken into account, rather than his status as first-born or legitimate son.
Luis Alberto Flores Medina was a Peruvian lawyer, politician and diplomat. He was the Supreme Chief of the Revolutionary Union, a fascist party modelled after its italian counterpart, after the assassination of the party's founder, Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro. He also served as a deputy for Lima and as Senator for Piura and Minister of Navy and Aviation, Government and Police and President of the Council of Ministers of Peru.
Manuel María Gálvez Egúsquiza was a Peruvian lawyer, magistrate, university professor and politician.
The Second part of the royal commentary better known as the General history of Peru, is a historical literary work written by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, the first Peruvian and Spanish mestizo of intellectual renown. It was published in 1617, in Córdoba, Spain, a year after the death of its author, and was dedicated to the Virgin Mary. It is the continuation of the Comentarios reales de los incas, and was published in a crucial period of the history of Peru, which began with the arrival of the Spanish and ended with the execution of the final Inca of Vilcabamba, Túpac Amaru I, in 1572. Aside from the historical motive of the text, the author sought through this second part of his work to praise his Spanish heritage, as he had done with his indigenous heritage in the first part of his work.