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The Jesuit Missions of Moxos are located in the Llanos de Moxos of Beni department in eastern Bolivia. Distinguished by a unique fusion of European and Amerindian cultural influences, the missions were founded as reductions or reducciones de indios by Jesuits in the 17th and 18th centuries to convert local tribes to Christianity.
Jesuit priests arriving from Santa Cruz de la Sierra began evangelizing native peoples of the region in the 1670s. They set up a series of missions near the Mamoré River for this purpose beginning with Loreto. The principal mission was established at Trinidad in 1686. [1]
Meireles (1989) lists the following Jesuit missions of Moxos along with their respective ethnic groups (tribes). [2] : 78–79 Founding dates and a few more additional missions are from Block (1994). [3] : 39
Mission | Founding date | Location | Group |
---|---|---|---|
Loreto | 1682 | Ibare River, left bank | Mojo |
Trinidad | 1687 | upper Mamoré River, right bank | Mojo |
San Ignacio | 1689 | Tijamuchi River, right bank | Mojo, Rokorono |
San Javier | 1691 | Mamoré River | Mojo |
San Francisco de Borja | 1693 | Rápulo River source | Chimane, [4] Rokorono, Mojo, Movima |
San Pedro | 1697 | Machupo River source | Canichana |
San Luis de Gonzaga | 1698 (abandoned 1758) | Rápulo River | Rokorono, Mojo, Movima |
Santos Reyes | 1710 | upper Beni River | Movima, Maropa |
Exaltación | 1709 | lower Mamoré River | Cayubaba |
Concepción de Baures | 1708 | upper Baures River | Baure, Chapacura, Kitemoka, Napeka |
San Joaquín | 1709 | Baures River | Baure |
Santa Ana | 1719 | Yacuma River | Movima |
San Pablo | 1703 (abandoned 1710) | upper Yacuma River | Movima |
San Simón y Judás | 1744 | San Martín River source | Chapakura, Baure |
San Nicolás | 1740 | San Martín River | Baure |
Desposorios de Mojos | 1723 | Yapacaní River (Rio Grande tributary), near right bank | ? |
Carmen de Mojos | 1794 [5] | middle Rio Blanco, left bank | Chapakura, Baure |
San José | 1691 (abandoned 1752) | Apere River, left bank | ? |
San Martín | 1717 | San Simón River/San Martín River confluence | Bauré |
Santa Magdalena | 1720 | Machupo River | Itonama |
San Miguel (1) | 1696 | Baures River | Moré, Baure |
Santa Rosa (1) | 1705 (abandoned 1740) | upper Mamoré River | |
Santa Rosa (2) | 1743 (abandoned 1751) | Guaporé River | Moré |
San Simón | 1746 | Guaporé River | Moré, Aricoroni |
San Miguel (2) | 1725 (abandoned 1762) | Guapore River | Moré, Aricoroni |
San Juan Bautista | 1710 (abandoned 1718) | eastern savanna | |
Patrocinio | 1730 (abandoned 1741) | upper Mamoré River |
The following indigenous languages, which make up much of the Mamoré-Guaporé linguistic area, were historically spoken in the missions. [2] [4] : 11 Moxo was the primary lingua franca (Spanish : lengua general) used in the missions. [4] : 13
Chiquitania is a region of tropical savannas in the Santa Cruz Department in eastern Bolivia.
The Jesuit missions among the Guaraní were a type of settlement for the Guaraní people in an area straddling the borders of present-day Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The missions were established by the Jesuit Order of the Catholic Church early in the 17th century and ended in the late 18th century after the expulsion of the Jesuit order from the Americas. The missions have been called an experiment in "socialist theocracy" or a rare example of "benign colonialism". Others have argued that "the Jesuits took away the Indians' freedom, forced them to radically change their lifestyle, physically abused them, and subjected them to disease".
Trinidad, officially La Santísima Trinidad, is a city in Bolivia, capital of the department of Beni. The population is 130,000. While historically a peripheral city in Bolivia, Trinidad is today an important center for the Bolivian Bovine industry and has enjoyed a modest economic boom in recent years and enjoys an HDI index of above 0.700.
Arawakan, also known as Maipurean, is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America. Branches migrated to Central America and the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, including what is now the Bahamas. Almost all present-day South American countries are known to have been home to speakers of Arawakan languages, the exceptions being Ecuador, Uruguay, and Chile. Maipurean may be related to other language families in a hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock.
Itonama is a moribund or extinct language isolate once spoken by the Itonama people in the Amazonian lowlands of north-eastern Bolivia. It was spoken on the Itonomas River and Lake in Beni Department.
The languages of Bolivia include Spanish; several dozen indigenous languages, most prominently Aymara, Quechua, Chiquitano, and Guaraní; Bolivian Sign Language. Indigenous languages and Spanish are official languages of the state according to the 2009 Constitution. The constitution says that all indigenous languages are official, listing 36 specific languages, of which some are extinct. Spanish and Quechua are spoken primarily in the Andes region, Aymara is mainly spoken in the Altiplano around Lake Titicaca, Chiquitano is spoken in the central part of Santa Cruz department, and Guarani is spoken in the southeast on the border with Paraguay and Argentina.
The Llanos de Moxos, also known as the Beni savanna or Moxos plains, is a tropical savanna ecoregion of the Beni Department of northern Bolivia.
The Mojeños, also known as Moxeños, Moxos, or Mojos, are an indigenous people of Bolivia. They live in south central Beni Department, on both banks of the Mamore River, and on the marshy plains to its west, known as the Llanos de Mojos. The Mamore is a tributary to the Madeira River in northern Bolivia.
Canichana, or Canesi, Joaquiniano, is a possible language isolate of Bolivia. In 1991 there were 500 Canichana people, but only 20 spoke the Canichana language; by 2000 the ethnic population was 583, but the language had no L1 speakers left.
Loreto is a smalI municipality in the Beni Department in northern Bolivia, capital of the Marbán Province and Loreto Municipality. In 2001, Loreto had a population of 843.
Magdalena is a town on the Itonomas River in the Beni Department in northern Bolivia, capital of the Iténez Province and the Magdalena Municipality.
Santa Ana del Yacuma is a town in the Beni Department in north-eastern Bolivia.
San Ignacio de Moxos is a town in the Beni Department of northern Bolivia.
Movima is a language that is spoken by about 1,400 of the Movima, a group of Native Americans that resides in the Llanos de Moxos region of the Bolivian Amazon, in northeastern Bolivia. It is considered a language isolate, as it has not been proven to be related to any other language.
Moxo is any of the Arawakan languages spoken by the Moxo people of the Llanos de Moxos in northeastern Bolivia. The two extant languages of the Moxo people, Trinitario and Ignaciano, are as distinct from one another as they are from neighboring Arawakan languages. The extinct Magiana was also distinct.
San Joaquín is a small agricultural town in the Beni Department in the Bolivian lowlands.
Cayubaba is a moribund language of the Bolivian Amazon. The Cayubaba people inhabit the Beni region to the west of the Mamoré River, North of the Santa Ana Yacuma, with a population of 794 inhabitants.
The Llanos de Moxos, also known as the Llanos de Mojos and the Beni Savanna, have extensive remains of pre-Columbian agricultural societies scattered over most of Beni Department, Bolivia. The remains testify to a well-organized and numerous indigenous people. This contradicts the traditional view of archaeologists, notably Betty Meggers, who asserted that the Amazon River Basin was not environmentally able to sustain a large population and that its indigenous inhabitants were hunter-gatherer bands or slash-and-burn farmers. In the 1960s, petroleum company geologists and geographer William Denevan were among the first to publicize the existence of extensive prehistoric earthworks constructed in the Amazon, especially in the Llanos de Moxos.
Majena, also known as Majiena or Maxiena, is an unclassified, now-extinct language, originally spoken by the alleged Ticomeri people of the Llanos de Mojos plains in northwestern Bolivia. Nothing is known about the language itself, but sources state that it was unintelligible to speakers of the nearby Arawakan languages Moxo and Baure and possibly unrelated to any languages of the area. It may therefore have been a language isolate.
The Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area is a linguistic area that includes over a dozen South American language families and isolates of the Mamoré–Guaporé region of eastern lowland Bolivia and Brazil.
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