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Moxo | |
---|---|
Mojos | |
Native to | Bolivia |
Region | Beni Department |
Ethnicity | 21,000 Moxo people (2004) [1] |
Native speakers | 10,000 (2000–2004) [1] |
Arawakan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either: ign – Ignaciano Moxos trn – Trinitario Moxos |
Glottolog | moxo1234 Mojeno magi1242 Magiana |
ELP |
Moxo (also known as Mojo, pronounced 'Moho') is any of the Arawakan languages spoken by the Moxo people of the Llanos de Moxos in northeastern Bolivia. The two extant languages of the Moxo people, Trinitario and Ignaciano, are as distinct from one another as they are from neighboring Arawakan languages. The extinct Magiana was also distinct.
Moxo languages have an active–stative syntax. [2]
The languages belong to a group of tribes that originally ranged through the upper Mamoré, extending east and west from the Guapure (Itenes) to the Beni, and are now centered in the Province of Moxos, Department of Beni, Bolivia. [3] They form part of the Mamoré-Guaporé linguistic area. [4] [5]
Moxo was also the primary lingua franca (Spanish : lengua general) used in the Jesuit Missions of Moxos. [6]
Ignaciano is used in town meetings unless outsiders are present, and it is a required subject in the lower school grades, one session per week. Perhaps half of the children learn Ignaciano. By the 1980s there were fewer than 100 monolinguals, all older than 30.
The Moxo languages are most closely related to Bauré, Pauna, and Paikonéka. Together, they form the Mamoré-Guaporé languages (named after the Mamoré River and Guaporé River). Classification by Jolkesky (2016): [7] : 8
Classification by Danielsen (2011) and Danielsen & Terhart (2014: 226): [8] [9]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
Stop | p | t | k | ʔ | |
Affricate | ts | tʃ | |||
Fricative | β | s | ʃ | x | |
Rhotic | r | ||||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | lab. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | lab. | ||
Nasal | m | mʲ | mʷ | n | ɲ | ||||||
Stop | p | pʲ | t | c | k | kʲ | ʔ | ʔʲ | |||
Affricate | ts | tsʲ | tʃ | ||||||||
Fricative | s | sʲ | ç | h | hʲ | hʷ | |||||
Liquid | ɾ | ɾʲ | |||||||||
Approximant | w | β̞ʲ | j |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | u | |
Mid | e | ||
Low | a |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i iː | u uː | |
Mid | e eː | ə͡e ə͡eː | o oː |
Low | a aː |
The following is a wordlist containing sample words from English to Moxos:
English | Moxos |
---|---|
One | Ikapia |
Two | Apisá |
Three | Impúse |
Man | Ehiro |
Woman | Eseno |
Sun | Sáche |
Water | Uni |
Fire | Yuku |
Head | Nuxuti |
Hand | Nubupe |
Corn | Suru |
Magíana word list from the late 1700s published in Palau and Saiz (1989): [12] : 170
Spanish gloss | English gloss | Magíana |
---|---|---|
bueno | good | shiomá |
malo | bad | shiomallama |
el padre | father | papá |
la madre | mother | kay |
el hermano | brother | nomasqui |
uno | one | huestiche |
dos | two | heravetá |
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