Nomatsiguenga language

Nomatsiguenga
	inato
Native to	Perú
Ethnicity	Machiguenga
Native speakers	6,500 (2003) [1]
Language family	Arawakan Southern Campa Matsigenka Nomatsiguenga; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	not
Glottolog	noma1263 [2]

Last updated April 28, 2019

Nomatsiguenga (Matsigenka) is an Arawakan language of Peru. It is close enough to Machiguenga to sometimes be considered dialects of a single language, especially given that both are spoken by the Machiguenga people. Most speakers are monolingual.

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river.

Machiguenga (Matsigenka) is a major Arawakan language in the Campa sub-branch of the family. It is spoken in the Urubamba River Basin and along the Manu River in the Cusco and Madre de Dios provinces of Peru by around 6,200 people. According to Ethnologue, it is experiencing pressure from Spanish and Quechua in the Urubamba region, but is active and healthy in the Manu region. It is close enough to Nomatsiguenga that the two are sometimes considered dialects of a single language; both are spoken by the Machiguenga people. Nanti is partially mutually intelligible but ethnically distinct.

Grammar

Nomatsiguenga is one of the few languages in the world that has two different causative mechanisms to denote whether the causer was involved in the activity with the causee or not. The prefix ogi- is used to express the idea that the causer was not involved in the activity, while the suffix -hag is used when the causer is involved.^[3]

In linguistics, a causative is a valency-increasing operation that indicates that a subject either causes someone or something else to do or be something or causes a change in state of a non-volitional event. Prototypically, it brings in a new argument, A, into a transitive clause, with the original S becoming the O.

y-ogi-monti-ë-ri	i-tomi
3sg+M-CAUS₁-cross.river-NON.FUT-3sg+M	3sg+M-son
"He made his son cross the river (he told him to)."

y-monti-a-hag-ë-ri	i-tomi
3sg+M-cross.river-EPENTHETIC-CAUS₂-NON.FUT-3sg+M	3sg+M-son
"He made his son cross the river (he helped him across)."

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References

↑ Nomatsiguenga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Nomatsiguenga". Glottolog 3.0 . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Wise, M.R. (1986). "Grammatical characteristics of PreAndine Arawaken languages of Peru." pg. 567–642. In Derbyshire, D. C. & Pullum, G. K., eds. (1986). Handbook of Amazonian languages, Vol. 1'. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Cited in Dixon, R.M.W. (2000). "A Typology of Causatives: Form, Syntax, and Meaning". In Dixon, R.M.W. & Aikhenvald, Alexendra Y. Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity. Cambridge University Press.

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[e18-1] Nomatsiguenga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Nomatsiguenga". Glottolog 3.0 . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[3] Wise, M.R. (1986). "Grammatical characteristics of PreAndine Arawaken languages of Peru." pg. 567–642. In Derbyshire, D. C. & Pullum, G. K., eds. (1986). Handbook of Amazonian languages, Vol. 1'. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Cited in Dixon, R.M.W. (2000). "A Typology of Causatives: Form, Syntax, and Meaning". In Dixon, R.M.W. & Aikhenvald, Alexendra Y. Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity. Cambridge University Press.