Tupian languages

Last updated
Tupian
Geographic
distribution		 Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, North-East Argentina, Southern Colombia, Northern Peru
Linguistic classification Je-Tupi-Carib?
  • Tupian
Proto-language Proto-Tupian
Subdivisions
ISO 639-2 / 5 tup
Glottolog tupi1275
Tupi languages.png
Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range ca. 1500 (pink-grey)

The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani.

Contents

Homeland and urheimat

Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian urheimat to be somewhere between the Guaporé and Aripuanã rivers, in the Madeira River basin. [1] Much of this area corresponds to the modern-day state of Rondônia, Brazil. Five of the ten Tupian branches are found in this area, as well as some Tupi–Guarani languages (especially Kawahíb), making it the probable urheimat of these languages and maybe of its speaking peoples. Rodrigues believes the Proto-Tupian language dates back to around 3,000 BC.

Language contact

Tupian languages have extensively influenced many language families in South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guato, Irantxe, Jivaro, Karib, Kayuvava, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Trumai, Yanomami, Harakmbet, Katukina-Katawixi, Arawak, Bororo, Karaja, Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru, Takana, Nadahup, and Puinave-Kak language families due to contact. [2]

History, members and classification

When the Portuguese arrived in Brazil, they found that wherever they went along the vast coast of South America, most of the indigenous peoples spoke similar languages. Jesuit missionaries took advantage of these similarities, systematizing common standards then named línguas gerais ("general languages"), which were spoken in that region until the 19th century. The best known and most widely spoken of these languages was Old Tupi, a modern descendant of which is still used today by indigenous peoples around the Rio Negro region, where it is known as Nheengatu ([ɲɛʔẽŋaˈtu]), or the "good language". However, the Tupi family also comprises other languages.

In the neighbouring Spanish colonies, Guarani, another Tupian language closely related to Old Tupi, had a similar history, but managed to resist the spread of Spanish more successfully than Tupi resisted Portuguese. Today, Guarani has seven million speakers, and is one of the official languages of Paraguay. The Tupian family also includes several other languages with fewer speakers. These share irregular morphology with the Je and Carib families, and Rodrigues connects them all as a Je–Tupi–Carib family. [3]

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) list ten branches of Tupian, which cluster into Western Tupian and Eastern Tupian. [1] Within Western and Eastern Tupian, the most divergent branches are listed first, followed by the core branches.

Meira and Drude (2015) posit a branch uniting Mawé and Aweti with Tupi-Guarani, also known as Maweti-Guarani. [4] Purubora may form a branch together with Ramarama.

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016): [2]

(† = extinct)

Galucio et al. (2015)

Galucio et al. (2015) give the following phylogenetic tree of Tupian, based on a computational phylogenetic analysis. [5]

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. [6]

LanguageBranchheadeartoothhandonetwothree
TupiTupia-kangnambitáñapópeteĩmokoĩmbohapüi
TupinambaTupia-kánnambüráñapóangepémokoinmusaput
PotiguáraTupia-kanganambitañhain-bóoyepemokoymosapür
ÑeéngatuTupia-kanganamütañapóyepémokoinmusapeire
GuaraníGuaraníãkannambiapen-kunpópeteímokóimbhápira
ApapokúvaGuaranípóaépimokõimoapi
ChiripáGuaranírakãnambiaépi
CainguáGuaraníakánambikúpópeteinmókoinmbohapi
MbyháGuaraníche-ahkáchen-nambühche-raincheh-pópeteímokoimboapü
CanoeirosGuaraníeaushmãde-pó
ShetáGuaranizedsh-akache-nambitienaiche-pómatinkammokoiñiiru
S. DouradosGuaranizedñ-ãkaelaːmenénaieː-pouaːimoːgaimágatei
GuayaquíGuaranizedni-akanambiãi-páeteyãmenotanã
TapirapéTapirapédzyane-akángadzyane-inamídzyane-roidzyane-póanchepémukúimãpít
KamayuráKamayuráye-akangye-namiye-naiye-poyepetemokoimoapit
AwitíKamayuráapotinte-yambeinte-ngui-pomayepetemonkóimunitaruka
ArawinéKamayuráne-namiye-po
AnambéParáa-kángahä-nambise-rañapóyanäpomukuẽmuhapi
TakuñapéPará
GuajajáraNorthernakãsane-inamúe-raisane-pómetéimukúinairúi
TembéNorthernhe-akãhe-namihe-ráihe-pópeteimokuimoãpi
ManajéNorthernhe-akühe-namíhe-rĩhe-póchipeimokúmoapi
TuriwáraNorthernne-akángane-namine-ráĩne-pópeteimokoimoapiri
KaaporNorthernne-kangnambine-roin-pópeteimukoinoapíre
MakiríCentral Iai-akángái-namíái-ráingái-póaipitémokoíngmoapét
KayabíCentral Iparmióoyepamokoi
KawahybCentral Iae-akángae-namíae-ráiae-pooyepémokõiirumaé
ParintintinCentral IIae-akángae-nambíae-raiae-poeyepémokoĩ
WirafédCentral IIai-akánai-namíai-raiaí-poayipemokoi
TakwatípCentral IIai-kángaai-namiai-rainai-póayepeːimokoːin
DawahibCentral IIay-akanay-nambíay-rãiay-põãpká
CatuquinarúCentral IItaka-súsañapunü
OyampiGuianaea-kangi-namie-ráñné-popesimukuguemapur
EmerillonGuianaé-ankangé-námié-raié-pomozepémokoñemaʔapuit
ApiakáGuianaai-kanaai-nembíaai-rañaai-poamayupémokõñboapui
OmaguaAmazonasyakónámisáypóawépimokwéshemosapröke
CocamaAmazonasyakönámidzáipúwawípimokoíkamotsapwöka
CocamillaAmazonasyákönámitsáipúauípimokuíkamotsapölika
ChiriguanoChiriguanoankãnámbihaide-pópentimbokuimbapui
GuarayoChiriguanoche-ãkache-nambíche-raíche-pónyepeĩnyueniómosapĩ
PausernaChiriguanoakánambirahüpóomonopedomokóehebü
TapietéChiriguanoy-ankaya-nimbiya-ninayya-ndepopentémonkémaʔap
ChanéChiriguanose-ãkáse-ndambíse-rãise-pómompetímokoimboapi
SirionoChiriguanoe-ãnkĩe-isae-rẽye-oekomiĩnedemudedemu
JokaChiriguanoãchakádéchatu
YurunaYurunase-tabáyashiugáse-yanuváduáyonauánauámbo
ShipayaYurunatabáenshugáoayáuvuámemébidámévau
ManitsauáYurunanaibuáhuangá
MundurucúMundurucúwaáwa-naibéwoi-noiwo-ipopantáshepsheptáchebapitá
CuruayaMundurucúuásauampíñaibidáporákãteboazem
MawéMawéu-yakídau-yahapéu-háĩu-ipóenduptépuimuén
ItogapúcItogapúcn-akán-akiribeyãiparobémutíremyagarekómpairóbtem
RamaramaItogapúcn-akiribéniãngi-pabé
UrumíItogapúcin-akáin-akurapei-pabeuenakaveuishirangeitamaiun
UrukúItogapúcóña-ákáon-aküravéi-pábemotíremyegárokumpagodnóbtem
AraraItogapúcmotüremyegárkomkoirẽm
ArikémArikémarisábañãyapumundápapatámmoyúm
CaritianaArikémrisoponoñno
MacurápMacurápwakaräteua-pishevétau-ñamñemowõteuéreːketnemtuté
KanuaMacurápki-aneːmuwa-pitátki-nyaio-pokitsätürükwaikärum
GuratégajaMacurápki-anämkí-apitátki-nyaiki-puanákitsäteːrekwaikiä
KabishianaMacurápniaíno-popí
WayoroMacurápyáne-vapápo-nyaino-pitabkiétderätwärehät
ApichumMacurápo-pitabo-nyono-nebo
TupariMacurápápabaábtsiñainpoːkíämhürühürünoːm
KepkeriwátKepkeriwátu-akãinu-apiái-ñãinbapanguexatétesete-pangue
MondéMondéa-ndaráu-nanimbéu-imamba-béamakimparasherámpaiwutwuy
SanamaicaMondéhũ-ndáanambiaph'-ĩnhũ-mábémúnpalisharúwaikun
AruáMondépan-atpan-itiwäpan-yĩnpan-awämiːnbusáwauːm
DigütMondépan-dátním-piabnĩbabé
AruáshiMondésham-yakübshon-yainbu


LanguageBranchwomanwaterfirestonemaizetapir
TupiTupikuñáütatáitáabaitapüíra
TupinambaTupikuñáütatáitáauvatitapirusu
PotiguáraTupikuñaüütataːitaː
ÑeéngatuTupikuñanüügtatáitáauatitapira
GuaraníGuaraníkuñáütatáitáavatítapií
ApapokúvaGuaraníkuñaütatá
ChiripáGuaraníütataavatimborevi
CainguáGuaraníkoñáütatáitáavachimborevi
MbyháGuaraníkuñaütatáitáavachitapií
CanoeirosGuaraníuainviügitáavashi
ShetáGuaranizedkuñáütatăitáavachitapi
S. DouradosGuaranizedkoːñahoːñeagel'áiːtánutyatelaːgoi
GuayaquíGuaranizedkuñaüdadáitáwatémberevi
TapirapéTapirapékudzáütatáitáawachítapiíra
KamayuráKamayurákuñaütataitaavatsitapiít
AwitíKamayurákuñáütaraitaavachitapií
ArawinéKamayurá
AnambéParákuñaütataitaawattapiri
TakuñapéParákuñátatáikatapií
GuajajáraNorthernkuñãütatáitáawachítapiíra
TembéNorthernkuzáütatáitáawachitapihir
ManajéNorthernkuyiütatáitáawachítapihi
TuriwáraNorthernkuñáüatatáitáawachitapiíra
KaaporNorthernkuzaügtataitátapira
MakiríCentral Ikuñáihtatáavatítapiít
KayabíCentral Ikuñáauütatáuachi
KawahybCentral Ikuñáütatáabachitapiít
ParintintinCentral IIkuñáiütatáitakíavatétapiíd
WirafédCentral IIkuñáüütatáitáabasítapiít
TakwatípCentral IIkuñáüatatáabatítapi
DawahibCentral IIkunyaüütatáitátapiíra
CatuquinarúCentral IIuhehü
OyampiGuiananimeneheːtataitaabatitapiira
EmerillonGuianawaimidihtataauasi
ApiakáGuianakoñáihtataritaauasitapüra
OmaguaAmazonasuainúúnitátaitákeawátitapíra
CocamaAmazonaswáinaúnitátaitákiabatitapíra
CocamillaAmazonaswáinaúnidzataidzákiawáchitapíra
ChiriguanoChiriguanokúñaütatáitáavatímboreví
GuarayoChiriguanokuñáütatáitáavatímborevi
PausernaChiriguanoekúreütatáitáahuati
TapietéChiriguanotapipéötataitakíoatiorebi
ChanéChiriguanoarekóvaütatáítaavatíboreví
SirionoChiriguanokuñainetaténitaibashieãnkwãntoy
JokaChiriguanoetúintatáyiwityuáshingitíd
YurunaYurunakuñáiyáashíkoapámakatítõá
ShipayaYurunauamiáiyáashíkuapasámakatimasaká
ManitsauáYurunakuñáhidarúhadzúitamaidzú
MundurucúMundurucúawiyáhütashawitáamuirarápiho
CuruayaMundurucúáuütitiwítaʔamárabíu
MawéMawéoñañáüüärianoawatíwewató
ItogapúcItogapúcmapáiichichanáiyánayáiti
RamaramaItogapúcmapoiautiitianáiánaniannató
UrumíItogapúcshamonnoiábá
UrukúItogapúcvocháiichíchanáyáanáyanatoː
AraraItogapúc
ArikémArikémuspáraesésomiisoángiyóiruba
CaritianaArikémbisamseːisoːpomoirípo
MacurápMacuráparapíñamihiuchaékiatitiyahi
KanuaMacurápanamínaäküitaːtʔheːkatsitsikwayatsu
GuratégajaMacurápanaminaikiutaːtäk
KabishianaMacurápikí
WayoroMacuráparamiráögöagukápäkatitíikuáit
ApichumMacurápanaminaügükapäkügükabäk
TupariMacurápãramĩrãyükoːbkaːbäkopabtakara
KepkeriwátKepkeriwátbuhiamãnigarämbiokzyaoːpáuíto
MondéMondémanzetükaingekmaikeːuasá
SanamaicaMondéchipakchíükaːiämaʔäwaːsaː
AruáMondéükaʔinäk
DigütMondémanzéyãipávapokáingdzábmáinkinwachá
AruáshiMondémansätükainäk

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tupi–Guarani languages</span> Subfamily of the Tupian languages, indigenous to South America

Tupi–Guarani is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi.

Omagua is a Tupí-Guarani language closely related to Cocama, belonging to the Group III subgroup of the Tupí-Guaraní family, according to Aryon Rodrigues' classification of the family. Alternate names for Omagua include: Agua, Anapia, Ariana, Cambeba, Cambeeba, Cambela, Campeba, Canga-Peba, Compeva, Janbeba, Kambeba, Macanipa, Omagua-Yete, Pariana, Umaua, Yhuata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cariban languages</span> Group of languages

The Cariban languages are a family of languages indigenous to northeastern South America. They are widespread across northernmost South America, from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes, and they are also spoken in small pockets of central Brazil. The languages of the Cariban family are relatively closely related. There are about three dozen, but most are spoken only by a few hundred people. Macushi is the only language among them with numerous speakers, estimated at 30,000. The Cariban family is well known among linguists partly because one language in the family—Hixkaryana—has a default word order of object–verb–subject. Prior to their discovery of this, linguists believed that this order did not exist in any spoken natural language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Je–Tupi–Carib languages</span> Proposed language family of South America

Je–Tupi–Carib is a proposed language family composed of the Macro-Je, Tupian and Cariban languages of South America. Aryon Rodrigues (2000) based this proposal on shared morphological patterns. In an earlier proposal, Rodrigues (1985) had also proposed a Tupí-Cariban language family.

The Tupí or Tupinambá languages are a subgroup of the Tupi–Guarani language family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macro-Jê languages</span> Language family in Brazil

Macro-Jê is a medium-sized language family in South America, mostly in Brazil but also in the Chiquitanía region in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, as well as (formerly) in small parts of Argentina and Paraguay. It is centered on the Jê language family, with most other branches currently being single languages due to recent extinctions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nadahup languages</span> Daw language family of South America

The Nadahup languages, also known as Makú (Macú) or Vaupés–Japurá, form a small language family in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. The name Makú is pejorative, being derived from an Arawakan word meaning "without speech". Nadahup is an acronym of the constituent languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aryon Rodrigues</span> Brazilian linguist

Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues was a Brazilian linguist, considered one of the most renowned researchers of the indigenous languages of Brazil.

The Tuparí languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family.

Tuparí is an indigenous language of Brazil. It is one of six Tupari languages of the Tupian language family. The Tuparí language, and its people, is located predominantly within the state of Rondônia, though speakers are also present in the state of Acre on the Terra Indıgena Rio Branco. There are roughly 350 speakers of this language, with the total number of members of this ethnic group being around 600.

Timbira is a dialect continuum of the Northern Jê language group of the Jê languages ̣(Macro-Jê) spoken in Brazil. The various dialects are distinct enough to sometimes be considered separate languages. The principal varieties, Krahô (Craó), and Canela (Kanela), have 2000 speakers apiece, few of whom speak Portuguese. Pará Gavião has 600–700 speakers. Krẽje, however, is nearly extinct, with only 30 speakers in 1995.

Proto-Tupian (PT) is the reconstructed common ancestor of all the Tupian languages. It consists, therefore, of a hypothetical language, reconstructed by the comparative method from data of the descendant languages.

The Maweti–Guarani languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family according to Meira and Drude (2015). The branch was originally proposed by Rodrigues (1984), and is also accepted by Jolkesky (2016).

The Guaráyu or Guaráyo languages are a subgroup of the Tupi–Guarani language family.

The Tenetehára or Teneteharan languages are a subgroup of the Tupi–Guarani language family.

The Xingu languages are a subgroup of the Tupi–Guarani language family.

The Northern Tupi–Guarani languages are a subgroup of the Tupi–Guarani language family.

The Chaco linguistic area is a linguistic area that includes various South American language families and isolates of the Chaco region of South America, in southern Brazil, southeastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area</span> Linguistic area of South America

The Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area is a linguistic area that includes over a dozen South American language families and isolates of the Mamoré–Guaporé region of eastern lowland Bolivia and Brazil.

References

  1. 1 2 Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna, and Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral (2012). "Tupían". In Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  2. 1 2 Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas . Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  3. ↑ Rodrigues A. D., 2000, "‘Ge–Pano–Carib’ X ‘Jê–Tupí–Karib’: sobre relaciones lingüísticas prehistóricas en Sudamérica", in L. Miranda (ed.), Actas del I Congreso de Lenguas Indígenas de Sudamérica, Tome I, Lima, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Facultad de lenguas modernas, p. 95–104.
  4. ↑ Meira, Sérgio and Sebastian Drude (2015). "A preliminary reconstruction of proto-Maweti-Guarani segmental phonology". Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, série Ciências Humanas, 10(2):275–296. doi : 10.1590/1981-81222015000200005
  5. ↑ Galucio, Ana Vilacy; Meira, Sérgio; Birchall, Joshua; Moore, Denny; Gabas Júnior, Nilson; Drude, Sebastian; Storto, Luciana; Picanço, Gessiane; Rodrigues, Carmen Reis (2015). "Genealogical relations and lexical distances within the Tupian linguistic family" (PDF). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas. 10 (2): 229–274. doi:10.1590/1981-81222015000200004. hdl: 11858/00-001M-0000-0028-D677-B . ISSN   1981-8122. S2CID   85725271.
  6. ↑ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages . Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

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