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| Monde | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Brazil |
| Linguistic classification | Tupian
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| Glottolog | mond1266 |
The Monde languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family.
Cinta Larga is a dialect cluster spoken by a thousand people[ citation needed ]. Other languages are Mondé, Aruáshi, Suruí, Zoro, and Gavião do Jiparaná.
Internal classification of the Mondé languages according to Moore (2005): [1]
Unclassified: Arara do Guariba
Below is a list of Mondé language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. [2]
Kabanae (spoken by the "Arara nation" according to Johann Natterer) and Matanau, are both extinct Monde languages that were spoken at the mouth of the Aripuanã River. Word lists of Kabanae and Matanau were collected by Johann Natterer in 1829 during his expedition into the Madeira River (Jolkesky 2016: 640-641). [3]
Jolkesky (2016) also observed some similarities between the Arara do Rio Branco and the Monde languages; however, Arara do Rio Branco remains unclassified.
Rondônia is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the northern subdivision of the country. To the west is a short border with the state of Acre, to the north is the state of Amazonas, in the east is Mato Grosso, and in the south and southwest is Bolivia. Rondônia has a population of 1,815,000 as of 2021. It is the fifth least populated state. Its capital and largest city is Porto Velho, bathed by the Madeira River. The state was named after Cândido Rondon, who explored the north of the country during the 1910s. The state, which is home to c. 0.7% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for c. 0.3% of the Brazilian GDP.
The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani.
The Cariban languages are a family of languages indigenous to northeastern South America. They are widespread across northernmost South America, from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes, and they are also spoken in small pockets of central Brazil. The languages of the Cariban family are relatively closely related. There are about three dozen, but most are spoken only by a few hundred people. Macushi is the only language among them with numerous speakers, estimated at 30,000. The Cariban family is well known among linguists partly because one language in the family—Hixkaryana—has a default word order of object–verb–subject. Prior to their discovery of this, linguists believed that this order did not exist in any spoken natural language.
The Chapacuran languages are a nearly extinct Native American language family of South America. Almost all Chapacuran languages are extinct, and the four that are extant are moribund. They are spoken in Rondônia in the southern Amazon Basin of Brazil and in northern Bolivia.
The Borôroan languages of Brazil are Borôro and the extinct Umotína and Otuke. They are sometimes considered to form part of the proposed Macro-Jê language family, though this has been disputed.
Panoan is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil, eastern Peru, and northern Bolivia. It is possibly a branch of a larger Pano–Tacanan family.
Arikapú or Maxubí is an endangered Yabutian language.
Katukinan (Catuquinan) is a language family consisting of two languages in Brazil, Katukina-Kanamarí and the perhaps moribund Katawixi. It is often not clear which names in the literature, which are generally tribal names and often correspond to dialects, refer to distinct languages. Indeed, they're close enough that some consider them all to be dialects of a single language, Kanamari.
Aikanã is an endangered language isolate spoken by about 200 Aikanã people in Rondônia, Brazil. It is morphologically complex and has SOV word order. Aikanã uses the Latin script. The people live with speakers of Koaia (Kwaza).
Guató is a possible language isolate spoken by 1% of the Guató people of Brazil.
The Nambikwaran languages are a language family of half a dozen languages, all spoken in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. They have traditionally been considered dialects of a single language, but at least three of them are mutually unintelligible.
The Tuparí languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family.
The Ramarama languages of Rondônia, Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family. They are Karo, or Ramarama, with 150 speakers, and the extinct Urumi.
Mato Grosso Arára is an extinct unclassified language of Brazil. The ethnic population that spoke the language numbers about 150.
Cinta Larga is a Tupian dialect cluster of Brazil, the largest language of the Monde branch.
Gaviao of Jiparana, also known as Digüt, Ikolen and Gavião do Rondônia, is the language of the Gavião of Rondônia, Brazil. It is a Tupian language of the Monde branch. It is partially intelligible with Suruí. The Zoró dialect is sometimes considered a separate language.
Parawana is an extinct Arawakan language of Brazil that was spoken on the Wanawaua River, a tributary of the lower Rio Branco. A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832.
Guariba Arára is a poorly attested Tupian language of the Monde branch. It is spoken on the Guariba River in the northern part of Aripuanã Indigenous Park of Rondônia and Mato Grosso, Brazil.