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The Spanish missions in South America comprise a series of Jesuit Catholic religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics in order to spread the Christian doctrine among the local natives.
Missions in the Banda Oriental in southern Brazil. The Banda Oriental was finally divided by the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1777 between Spanish and Portuguese domains, the western portion becoming part of what is today state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, the eastern portion becoming part of what is today Uruguay.
(Note: The above are Portuguese translations of the original names)
There were also 7 Spanish Missions (out of 30 or so in Viceroyalty of Peru east of the Andes) constructed along tributaries in the Upper Solimoes area of what later became State of Amazonas, Brazil, between 1686 and 1689 by Jesuit Padre Samuel Fritz among the Omagua indigenous peoples. Some of these were moved upstream into Peru due to pressure from the Bandeirantes slave raiders; the rest were destroyed by Portuguese forces between 1700 and 1711. [1]
Spanish missions in the lower Amazon:
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Chiquitania is a region of tropical savannas in the Santa Cruz Department in eastern Bolivia.
The Jesuit missions among the Guaraní were a type of settlement for the Guaraní people in an area straddling the borders of present-day Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The missions were established by the Jesuit Order of the Catholic Church early in the 17th century and ended in the late 18th century after the expulsion of the Jesuit order from the Americas. The missions have been called an experiment in "socialist theocracy" or a rare example of "benign colonialism". Others have argued that "the Jesuits took away the Indians' freedom, forced them to radically change their lifestyle, physically abused them, and subjected them to disease".
Misiones is a department located in the southern region of Paraguay. Its capital is San Juan Bautista. The eighth of Paraguay's 17 departments, it was created in 1906, then known as the San Ignacio Department, and was not given its present name until 1945. Its current name reflects its status as home to several Jesuit Reductions, or missions.
Roque González de Santa Cruz, SJ was a Jesuit priest who was the first missionary among the Guarani people in Paraguay. He is honored as a martyr and saint by the Catholic Church.
The Spanish missions in Baja California were a large number of religious outposts established by Catholic religious orders, the Jesuits, the Franciscans and the Dominicans, between 1683 and 1834. The missionary goal was to spread the Christian doctrine among the Indigenous peoples living on the Baja California peninsula. The missions gave Spain a valuable toehold in the frontier land, and would also act as a deterrent to prevent pirates from using the peninsula of Las Californias as a jumping off point for contraband trade with mainland New Spain. Missionaries introduced European livestock, fruits, vegetables, and industry into the region. Indigenous peoples were severely impacted by the introduction of European diseases such as smallpox and measles; furthermore, the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Spanish Empire in 1767 ripped the social fabric of the peninsula, although Franciscans were sent to replace them. In 1769, the Franciscans moved to Upper California, leaving Dominicans in charge of Baja California. By 1800 indigenous numbers were a fraction of what they had been before the arrival of the Spanish, yet even today many people living in Baja California are of indigenous heritage.
Reducción de Nuestra Señora de Santa Ana was one of the many colonial missions for Indian Reductions founded in the 17th century by the Jesuits in South America during the Spanish colonial period.
Reducción de Nuestra Señora de Loreto, founded in 1610, was the first reductions established by the Jesuits in the Province of Paraguay in the Americas during the Spanish colonial period. The site is located in the Candelaria Department of Misiones Province, Argentina.
José Miguel de Velasco or Velasco is a province in the Santa Cruz department of Bolivia. Its capital is San Ignacio de Velasco. The province is named after the Bolivian president José Miguel de Velasco Franco. It was created by law on October 12, 1880, during the presidency of Narciso Campero. Until its creation it was integrated into Chiquitos Province.
Chiquitano is an indigenous language isolate spoken in the central region of Santa Cruz Department of eastern Bolivia and the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil.
San Ignacio de Velasco, is the capital of the José Miguel de Velasco Province and the San Ignacio de Velasco Municipality in the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia.
San Ignacio, also known as San Ignacio Guazú, is a district and city of the Misiones Department of Paraguay, located 225 kilometres (140 mi) from Asunción.
It is Misiones' most-populous and fastest growing city, with an estimated 35,497 residents in 2021. San Ignacio is known as the "Corazón del Sur" for being in the center of the three southern departments: Ñeembucú, Misiones and Itapúa.
The Misiones Orientales (or Siete Pueblos de las Misiones (Spanish pronunciation:[miˈsjonesoɾjenˈtales], Sete Povos das Missões was a region in South America where a group of seven indigenous villages were founded by Spanish Jesuits in present-day Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost State of Brazil.
Samuel Fritz SJ was a Czech Jesuit missionary, noted for his exploration of the Amazon River and its basin. He spent most of his life preaching to Indigenous communities in the western Amazon region, including the Omaguas, the Yurimaguas, the Aisuare, the Ibanomas, and the Ticunas. In 1707 he produced the first accurate map of the Amazon River, establishing as its source the Marañón.
San Ignacio Miní was one of the many missions founded in 1610 in Argentina, by the Jesuits in what the colonial Spaniards called the Province of Paraguay of the Americas during the Spanish colonial period. It is located near present-day San Ignacio valley, some 60 kilometers (37 mi) north of Posadas, Misiones Province, Argentina. In 1984, it was one of four reducciones in Argentina to be designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites.
The Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos are located in the Santa Cruz department in eastern Bolivia. Six of these former missions collectively were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1990. Distinguished by a unique fusion of European and Amerindian cultural influences, the missions were founded as reductions or reducciones de indios by Jesuits in the 17th and 18th centuries to convert local tribes to Christianity.
Santa Ana de Velasco is a small town in the Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia.
Martin Schmid, also known as Esmid was a Swiss Jesuit, missionary, musician and architect, who worked mainly in the Chiquitos Province of what is now Bolivia.
Candelaria is a department of the province of Misiones (Argentina). It contains the cities, towns, and villages of Bonpland, Candelaria, Cerro Corá, Loreto, Mártires, Profundidad, and Santa Ana. It borders the departments of San Ignacio to the east and northeast, Oberá to the far east, Leandro N. Alem to the south and southeast, Capital to the west and southwest, and the Republic of Paraguay to the north, separated by the Paraná River.
San Ignacio de Zamucos or San Ignacio was a Jesuit mission in Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia that was founded in 1724 and abandoned in 1745. The inhabitants of the mission were the Zamucoan-speaking Ayoreo.
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