Visitas

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Visitas or asistencias were smaller sub-missions of Catholic missions established during the 16th-19th centuries of the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. They allowed the Catholic church and the Spanish crown to extend their reach into native populations at a modest cost.

Contents

Description

Visitas served missions and were much smaller than the main missions with living quarters, workshops and crops in addition to a church. They were typically staffed with a small group of clergymen and a relatively small group of indigenous neophytes in order to maintain the complex.

Particularly strategic visitas were later elevated to the status of a full mission. This typically included an expansion of existing facilities to support a larger clergy and indigenous neophyte population, improvement of basic infrastructure such as roads, and rechristening under a new Catholic saint. [1] [2]

San Antonio de Pala, an asistencia of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, is located in Pala, California Mission San Antonio de Pala - 01.JPG
San Antonio de Pala, an asistencia of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, is located in Pala, California

In Spanish Florida, visitas were mission stations without a resident missionary. Church buildings at visitas were simple, or sometimes absent. [3] Visitas were often in satellite villages associated with a town with a doctrina (a mission with one or more resident missionaries).

History

The first visita that was founded and documented seems to be a visita established in the village of Soloy (in modern day Florida). Pedro Menéndez de Avilés designated it to become a blockhouse in 1567, but it became a visita to Mission Nombre de Dios in the beginning of the 1600s. [4]

More visitas were established in Spanish Florida during the early 1600s, but the only ones that seem to have been documented were four visitas to Mission San Pedro de Mocama and nine visitas to Mission San Juan del Puerto. [4]

During the early 1600s, visitas were founded in present day New Mexico and Sonora. Almost a century and a half later, the third and final visita in New Mexico was established, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Pojoaque. [5]

The last visita to be founded in Sonora was San Valentin de Bisanig (later renamed San Juan Bisaning) in 1706. [6] Missions stopped being founded after 1772, when Father Juan Crisóstomo Gil de Bernabé founded the mission Carrizal (also known as Carrizel [6] ) and was martyred the year later, on March (6, 8, or 9). Father Antonio Caxa designated March 8, 1774 as the day to honor Bernabé. [7]

Starting in 1684 with the founding of Mission San Bruno in Baja California Sur by Spanish admiral Isidro de Atondo y Antillón and Father Eusebio Kino, [8] missions started to be founded in Baja California and Baja California Sur, along with visitas.

The first visita founded there was San Juan Bautista Londó in 1699, which served Mission Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó. [9] The final visita in Baja California and Baja California Sur was established in 1798 as San Telmo, which served Mission Santo Domingo de la Frontera. [10]

In 1687, Father Eusebio Kino started to establish missions in Pimería Alta, as well as visitas. In what is modern day Arizona, he established visitas at Huachuca, Quiburi, and Santa Cruz, as well as one called San Ignacio de Sonoitac. [11] [12] Sonoitac was originally just a ranchería which was said to have a bigger population than the Guevavi, Tumacácori, and Calabazas settlements. A church was built, it became a visita, and it was named San Ignacio de Sonoitac after or around 1737. [13]

In 1692, San Agustín del Tucson was established by Kino as a visita to Mission San Xavier del Bac, but became a mission in 1768 as Mission San Cosme y Damián de Tucsón. [12]

In 1749 and 1750, along the Lower Rio Grande Valley, there was a large colonization effort, mainly led by José de Escandón. The towns of Reynosa, Camargo, Mier, and Guerrero were established in present-day Mexico, along with missions. [14] However, the visitas that were built to serve those missions were established in present-day Texas, technically making them the only visitas established within its current boundaries. [14]

The mission system in California started with the founding of Mission San Diego de Alcala in 1769 by Father Junipero Serra. [15] The first asistencia in California, Santa Paula, was founded around 1782 to Mission San Buenaventura. More asistencias were established to 6 out of the 21 missions in California.

America

The following are lists of visitas in America, sorted by year of establishment.

California

Spanish asistencias in California
NameImageLocationEstablishedNotesReferences
Santa Paula 34.35584, -119.05086 1782 or afterIt served Mission San Buenaventura.
Nuestra Señora Reina de los Ángeles
San Gabriel Asistencia site 1847.jpg
34.05702, -118.2392 1784It served Mission San Gabriel Arcángel.
San Pedro y San Pablo
SanPabloYSanPedro.png
37.58714, -122.49391 1786It served Mission San Francisco de Asís. [2]
Santa Margarita de Cortona
Ruins of the walls of Mission Santa Margarita, California, ca.1906 (CHS-4065).jpg
35.40197, -120.6122 1787It served Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa. [16]
Santa Gertrudis
Santa Gertrudis Asistencia (Chapel) Monument.jpg
34.34752, -119.29704 Between 1792 and 1809It served Mission San Buenaventura. [17]
San Antonio de Pala
Mission San Antonio de Pala - 01.JPG
33.36591, -117.07419 June 13, 1816It served Mission San Luis Rey de Francia.
San Rafael Arcángel
Mission San Rafael Arcangel, San Rafael CA USA -The reconstructed capilla (chapel) at Mission San Rafael Arcangel - panoramio (cropped).jpg
37.97427, -122.52798 1817It originally served Mission San Francisco de Asís, and later became a mission in 1822.
Santa Ysabel
Santa Ysabel Asistencia church circa 1875.jpg
33.13057, -116.67786 1818It served Mission San Diego de Alcalá.
Las Flores
San Pedro Chapel.jpg
33.299722, -117.460833 1823It served Mission San Luis Rey de Francia.

Arizona

Spanish visitas in Arizona
NameImageLocationEstablishedNotesReferences
Santa Cruz de Gaybanipitea Along the San Pedro River 1680s or afterAlso known as Santa Cruz de Jauanipicta, it, along with Quiburi, was founded along the San Pedro River. [18] [19] [20]
Santa Ana de Quiburi
Quiburi santa ana.png
Along the San Pedro River 1690s or afterAlso known as San Pablo de Quiburi, Quiburi was a Sobaipuri ranchería. It was possibly founded between ca. 1700- ca. 1711. [11] [21] [22]
San Cayetano del Tumacácori On the east side of the Santa Cruz RiverJanuary 1691It served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi during all of its years as San Cayetano, and a few years as San José. [23]
Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi
Los Santos Angeles de Guevavi.jpg
31.41007, -110.90198 1691It was originally founded as a mission in 1691, but became a visita of San José de Tumacacori around 1773. [24]
San Agustín del Tucson
Historic American Buildings Survey Photo by 'The Campbell Studios', 1122 North 3rd Avenue, Tucson, Arizona. c. 1881 Copied for Survey through courtesy of Harry Drachman. VIEW HABS ARIZ,10-TUCSO,3-3.tif
32.21346, -110.98703 1692It served Mission San Xavier del Bac. In 1768, it was elevated to the status of mission and became the Mission San Cosme y Damián de Tucsón. [12]
San Martín de Aribac
Arivacam.png
Arivaca 1695Also known as Santa Gertrudes de Arivaca, it served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi. Described as being 10 leagues (26 miles) away from Guevavi, which is only a couple miles off from the current measurement of 27.8 miles. [18] [19] [25] [26]
San Joaquín de Basosucan Babacomari Ranch Likely late 17th or early 18th centuryAlso known as San Joaquín de Huachuca, [18] [20] [21]
San Ignacio de Sonoitac
Sonoitac.png
Near Patagonia Around or after 1737It was founded around or after 1737 (but before 1751). It served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi. [27]
San Cayetano de Calabazas
San Cayetano de Calabazas.jpg
31.45252, -110.95945 1756It was founded as a visita of Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi (and some time after served Mission San José de Tumacácori). It later had a resident priest, meaning it became a mission. [28] [29]

New Mexico

Spanish visitas in New Mexico
NameImageLocationEstablishedNotesReferences
San Buenaventura de Cochití
Mission San Buenaventura de Cochiti, New Mexico LCCN93514406.tif
35.608056; -106.345833 Early 1600sIt served Mission Santo Domingo, but later became a mission. [30]
San Buenaventura de Humanas
Views of Gran Quivira at Salinas Pueblos Mission National Monument, New Mexico (52e1916f-c7bb-4c63-b3b3-9533cb8ce678).jpg
34.25962, -106.09231 1626It served Mission San Gregorio de Abó, and by 1629 became an actual mission. [31]
San Luis Obispo de Sevilleta 1627It was originally a mission, but was later downgraded to a visita of Nuestra Señora de Perpetuo Socorro. Abandoned in 1680. [32]
Santa Clara
Santa clara front.jpg
35.96783, -106.08796 1628It first served Mission San Juan Bautista de los Caballeros. It was destroyed during the Pueblo Revolt and then rebuilt to serve Mission San Ildefonso. It was remodeled around 1900 with a new roof which caused it to collapse in 1905. Rebuilt again around 1914 and remodeled in the 1960s. [33]
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Pojoaque Around 1765It served San Francisco de Nambé. [5]

Texas

Spanish visitas in Texas
NameImageLocationEstablishedNotesReferences
San Agustín de Laredo (Camargo)
Laredo Visita.png
26.37135, -98.8563 1749It served Mission San Agustín de Laredo, which was located in Camargo. [34]
San Joaquin del Monte (Reynosa)
Monte Visita.png
26.10515, -98.26046 1749It served Mission San Joaquín del Monte, which was located in Reynosa. [34] [14]
La Purísima Concepción (Mier)
Mier Visita.png
26.46043, -99.02966 1750It served Mission La Purísima Concepción, which was located in Mier. [34] [14]
San Francisco Solano de Ampuero (Revilla)
Revilla Visita.png
26.90166, -99.26678 1750It served Mission San Francisco Solano de Ampuero, which was located in present-day Guerrero. [34] [14]

Spanish Florida

Known Spanish visitas in Spanish Florida
NameLocationEstablishedNotesReferences
SoloyFlorida1567Originally a blockhouse, but by the beginning of the 1600s, became a visita of Mission Nombre de Dios. It was two leagues north of the mission. [35]
San José de Zapala 31.51544, -81.24218 By 1597It served either Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato or Mission Santa Clara de Tupiqui. It had a convent by 1616, and it became a mission. [36] [37]
TocoyFloridaBy 1602It served Mission San Sebastián. It was around five leagues due west of St. Augustine. [38]
Santa María de la SenaAmelia Island1602It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. It was also called Santa Catalina de Santa María and Santa Catalina or Santa María de Guale. It later moved to St. Augustine and was called Santa Catarina de Guale. [39] [40] [41] [42]
San Antonio (de Aratabo/Arapaha)Possibly Georgia1602It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. Later (probably around 1610), Fray Pedro Viniegra resided in the visita, meaning it later became a mission. [43]
Chica Faya la MadalenaPossibly GeorgiaBy 1602It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. Said to be located alongside San Antonio. [43]
VeracruzFlorida1602It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one-half league away from the mission. [43]
(San Francisco de) Molo/MoloaFloridaBy 1602It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was five leagues from the mission. It most likely gained a convent by 1604, and definitely had one by 1610, when Fray Pedro Bermejo was noted to be the "definitor guardian", meaning it later became a mission. [43]
PotayoFloridaBy 1602It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was four leagues from the mission. [44]
San MateoFloridaBy 1602It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was two leagues from the mission. The region near the site had a fort which secured the entrance of the St. Johns River. [44]
San PabloFloridaBy 1602It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one league and a half away from the mission. [44]
HicachiricoFlorida1602It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one league from the mission. [45]
ChiniscaFloridaBy 1602It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one league and a half from the mission. [45]
Carabay/SarabayFloridaBy 1602It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was a fourth of a league from the mission. [45]
EspogacheGeorgiaBy 1603It served Mission Santo Domingo de Talaxe (also known as Santo Domingo de Asao and Santo Domingo de Talaje). It eventually became a mission center. [46]
OlataycoPossibly GeorgiaBy 1604It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. [47]
San Francisco de Potano 29.72993, -82.44179 1607In 1607, Fray Prieto visited San Francisco de Potano, starting the construction of a church. Prieto later moved to San Miguel, and left San Francisco de Potano as a visita. Prieto traveled daily from his residence to minister to the Potano.

By 1616, it was the site of a convent, meaning it later became a mission.

 [48] [49]
YoaGeorgiaBy 1609It served Mission Santa Catalina de Guale. Identified by John Tate Lanning as "two leagues up a mainland river back of the bars of Zapala [Sapelo Sound] and Cofonufo [St. Catherines Sound]". [50]
ApaloFloridaBy 1616It probably served Mission San Francisco de Potano. [51]
Santa Cruz de Cachipile 30.66337, -83.20622 By 1655It served Mission San Ildefonso de Chamile. [52] [53]
Santa AnaFloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Potohiriba. [54]
San(ta) ?FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [55]
San(ta) ?FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [55]
San(ta) ?FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [55]
San(ta) ?FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [55]
San(ta) ?FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [55]
San(ta) ?FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [55]
San(ta) ?FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [55]
San(ta) ?FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [55]
San(ta) ?FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [55]
San JuanFloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco. [56]
San PabloFloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco. [56]
San NicolásFloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco. [56]
AyapascaFloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco. [56]
FloridaBy 1657It served Mission La Concepción de Ayubale. It is likely that Ayubale had more than one visita. [57]
FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Francisco de Oconi. [58]
FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale. [59]
FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale. [59]
FloridaBy 1657It served Mission Santa María de Bacuqua. [60]
San CosmeFloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Cosme y San Damián de Cupaica. [61]
FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Cosme y San Damián de Cupaica. [61]
FloridaBy 1657It served Mission San Cosme y San Damián de Cupaica. [61]
San PedroFloridaBy 1657 (?)It served Mission San Cosme y San Damián de Cupaica. [62]
YpajaFloridaBy 1697 (?)It may have been a visita. [63]
PiritiribaFloridaBy 1701It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was three leagues away from the mission. [64]

Mexico

The following are lists of visitas in Mexico, sorted by year of establishment.

Baja California

Spanish visitas in Baja California
NameImageLocationEstablishedNotesReference
Calamajué 30.96805, -116.09194 1766It served Misión San Francisco Borja. [65] [10]
San Juan de Dios 30.18266, -115.16791 1769It served Misión San Fernando Rey de España de Velicatá. [66] [10]
San Telmo 30.96805, -116.09194 1798It served Misión Santo Domingo de la Frontera. [10]
San Isidoro 30.76527, -115.54722 It served Misión San Pedro Mártir de Verona. [10]
Santa Ana 28.69027, -113.82055 It served Misión San Francisco Borja de Adac. [10]

Baja California Sur

Spanish visitas in Baja California Sur
NameImageLocationEstablishedNotesReference
San Juan Bautista Londó 26.22521, -111.47354 1699It served Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó. [10]
Angel de la Guarda 23.89111, -110.17083 1721It served Misión de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de La Paz Airapí. [10]
La Pasión 24.88777, -111.02871 1741It served Mission San Luis Gonzaga. [67] [68] [10]
La Presentación 25.72893, -111.54366 1769It served Misión San Francisco Javier de Viggé-Biaundó [10]
San Pablo (y/o Los Dolores de Arriba) 27.70184, -113.14484 It served Misión Nuestra Señora de los Dolores del Sur Chillá. [10]
San Jacinto 23.24277, -110.07722 It served Misión Santa Rosa de las Palmas. [10]

Sonora

Spanish visitas in Sonora
NameImageLocationEstablishedNotesReference
Concepción CurimpoAfter 1614It served Mission Natividad Navojoa. [69]
Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de TepahuiAfter 1614It served Mission San Andrés Conicari. [70]
San Ignacio de TesiaAround 1614It served Mission Santa Catarina de Camoa. [70]
Espíritu Santo CócoritBefore 1617Established as a mission some time before 1617. After 1617, it served Mission Santa Rosa de Bácum. [71]
Trinidad Potam1617It served Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Rahum. [72]
San Francisco Xavier de Cumuripa1619It originally served Mission San Francisco de Borja de Tecoripa. Later it became a headquarters mission with two visitas. [71]
San Francisco Buenavista1619It served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Cumuripa. In 1765, a presidio was built here, as well as a new church whose construction started in 1772. The visita is now underwater. [73]
San José de Pimas1620It originally served Mission San Francisco de Borja de Tecoripa. It became a headquarters mission in 1771. [74]
San Ignacio de Suaqui1620It served Mission San Francisco de Borja de Tecoripa. [75]
San Joaquin y Santa Ana de Nuri1622It served Mission Santa Maria de Movas. [76]
San Ignacio Bacanora1627It originally served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Arivechi, but by 1793, it served Mission Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de Sahuaripa. [77]
Santa Rosalía de Onapa1627It served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Arivechi. It eventually became a mission with two/three visitas. [76]
Pondia1627It served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Arivechi. [74]
San Francisco de Soyopa 1628It served Mission San Ignacio (de Loyola) de Ónavas. The visita is also known as San Joseph de Soyopa [75]
Santa María del Populo de Tónichi 1629It served Mission San Ignacio (de Loyola) de Ónavas. The visita is also known as Nuestra Señora del Populo de Tonintzi [78]
Nuestra Senora Asuncion Alamos1629It served Mission San José de Mátape. [77]
Santa Cruz de Nácori1629It served Mission San José de Mátape. [76]
Santa Rosalia1637It served Mission San Miguel de Ures. [72]
Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de Baviácora 1638It was originally founded as a head mission, with a visita at San Pedro Aconchi. Later, it became a visita of Aconchi. [73]
Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Nacámeri 1638It served Mission San Miguel de Ures, Mission Nuestra Señora del Populo del Seri, and Mission Nuestra Señora de la Ascención de Opodepe, in chronological order. [76]
San Pedro Aconchi 1639It was initially founded as a visita of Mission Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de Baviácora. Over time, that mission became its visita. [79]
San Lorenzo de Güepac a1639Also known as San Lorenzo de Huépac, it had a visita at Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Banámichi. Later, it became a visita of Banámichi. [69]
Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Beramitzi 30.00765, -110.21768 1639Also known as Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Banámichi. It originally served Mission San Lorenzo de Güepaca.

It eventually became a head mission, with the mission it used to serve (Guepaca) as its visita.

 [79]
Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Opodepe1644Originally served Mission Los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe. In 1762, it became a mission, with Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Nacameri as its visita. [74]
San Luis Gonzága de Bacadéhuachi 1645It served Mission Nuestra Señora de Nácori Chico. Eventually, it became a mission with two visitas (one of them being San Ignacio Mochapa). [77]
Santo Tomás de Serva1645It served Mission Nuestra Señora de Nácori Chico. [75]
San Ignacio Mochapa1645It served Mission San Luis Gonzága de Bacadéhuachi [80]
San Miguel de Bavispe1645It served Mission Santa María de Baserac. It may have become a head mission. [73]
San Juan Evangelista de Huachinera1645Originally served Mission Santa María de Baserac. It became a mission by 1688 and had one visita. [69]
San Ignacio de Oputo1645It served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Guásavas. [74]
Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Cumpas1645It originally served Mission San Miguel Arcángel de Oposura, then served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Guásavas. [71]
San Ignacio de Sinoquipe 1646It served Mission Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Beramitzi. The church was being restored during 1955 and 1956. [75]
San Miguel Tuape1647It served Mission Los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe.
San Miguel Bacoachi 1648It served Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arizpe. [77]
San José de Chinapa 1648It served Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arizpe. Briefly an independent mission. [71]
Santa Rosa de Tebadéguachi1653It served Mission (Nuestro Padre) San Ignacio de Cuquiarachi.
Guadalupe de T(e)uricachi1653It served Mission (Nuestro Padre) San Ignacio de Cuquiarachi. [78]
San Francisco Xavier de Rebeico1673It served Mission San José de Mátape. [72]
San Ildefonso de Yécora 1673It originally served Mission Santa Rosalia de Onapa. Later it had a visita at San Francisco Xavier de Maicoba. [81]
San Francisco Xavier de Maicoba1676It served Mission San Ildefonso de Yécora. [80]
San José de Imuris 1687It served Mission (Nuestro Padre) de San Ignacio de Cabórica. [80]
San Juan de Bisani(n)gLikely 1690'sIt served Mission La Purísima Concepción de Nuestra Señora de Caborca. On Valentine's Day, 1694, it became a mission, and was named San Valentin del Bizani. However, it stayed as a visita for most of its life after. [82] [83]
Santa María Magdalena 30.6302, -110.9734 1690It served Mission (Nuestro Padre) de San Ignacio de Cabórica. It may have had a visita at one point. [80] [84] [85]
San Antonio (Paduano) de(l) Oquitoa
Oquitoa.jpg
30.74371, -111.73494 1690Founded by Father Eusebio Kino as a visita to Mission San Pedro y San Pablo del Tubutama. In 1756 it was a visita of Mission Santa Teresa de Atil. [74] [86]
Santa Teresa de Atil1692It served Mission San Pedro y San Pablo del Tubutama.
San Diego del Pitiquito
Mision de San Diego de Pitiquito noche.jpg
30.67504, -112.05761 1694It served Mission La Purísima Concepción de Nuestra Señora de Caborca. [74] [87]
San Lázaro 1695It served Mission Santa María Suamca. [88] [72]
San Luis Baconacos1697At various times, it served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi.

Originally, Father Eusebio Kino founded a ranch here, and by 1706 its church was built.

 [73]
Santa María de Bugota/Santa María de Suamca1698It served Mission Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera. Founded by Father Eusebio Kino. He said the first mass there in 1698, but the actual church was built in 1706. [89]
San Ambrosio del Busanic y Tucubavia1698It served Mission Santa Gertrudis del Sáric. [89]
San Bernardo de AquimuriBetween 1700-1701Founded by Father Eusebio Kino. It served Mission Santa Gertrudis del Sáric. By 1706, a church was built here, and stood till at least 1772. [77]
San Ildefonso de OstimuriIt served Mission Santa Rosalia de Onapa. [74]

See also

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Santa Elena, a Spanish settlement on what is now Parris Island, South Carolina, was the capital of Spanish Florida from 1566 to 1587. It was established under Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, the first governor of Spanish Florida. There had been a number of earlier attempts to establish colonies in the area by both the Spanish and the French, who had been inspired by the earlier accounts by Chicora and Hernando de Soto of rich territories in the interior. Menéndez's Santa Elena settlement was intended as the new capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida, shifting the focus of Spanish colonial efforts north from St. Augustine, which had been established in 1565 to oust the French from their colony of Fort Caroline. Santa Elena was ultimately built at the site of the abandoned French outpost of Charlesfort, founded in 1562 by Jean Ribault.

Sáric is a small town in Sáric Municipality, located in the extreme north of the Mexican state of Sonora. In 2010, it had a population of 892.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atil, Sonora</span> Place in Sonora, Mexico

Atil is a small town in Atil Municipality in the northwest of the Mexican state of Sonora. The total area is 400.43 km² and the population of the municipality was 734 in 2005, of whom 699 lived in the municipal seat (2000). Neighboring municipalities are Tubutama, Trincheras, Oquitoa, and Altar.

Bacanora is a small town in Bacanora Municipality in the east of the Mexican state of Sonora. It is located at the geographical coordinates of 28°59′N109°24′W.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacoachi</span>

Bacoachi is a small town in Bacoachi Municipality in the north of the Mexican state of Sonora. The area of the municipality is 487 square miles (1,260.65 km2) and the population was 1,456 in 2005, with 924 inhabitants residing in the municipal seat. The elevation of the municipal seat is 4,429 feet above sea level.

Mission San Pedro de Mocama was a Spanish colonial Franciscan mission on Cumberland Island, on the coast of the present-day U.S. state of Georgia, from the late 16th century through the mid-17th century. It was built to serve the Tacatacuru, a Mocama Timucua people.

San Buenaventura de Potano was a Spanish mission near Orange Lake in southern Alachua County or northern Marion County, Florida, located on the site where the town of Potano had been located when it was visited by Hernando de Soto in 1539. The Richardson/UF Village Site (8AL100), in southern Alachua County, has been proposed as the location of the town and mission.

The Amacanos were a native American people who lived in the vicinity of Apalachee Province in Spanish Florida during the 17th century. They are believed to have been related to, and spoken the same language as, the Chacato, Chine, Pacara and Pensacola peoples. The Amacano were served, together with other peoples, by a series of Spanish missions during the last quarter of the 17th century.

The Chine people were a group of Native American people living in Apalachee Province in Spanish Florida from the early 1670s until the end of the 17th century. They are believed to have spoken the same language as the Chatot, Amacano, Pacara, and Pensacola people, and have been described as a band of the Chatot people. They were served by a series of Spanish missions in the last quarter of the 17th century.

San Lázaro was a Spanish mission in the Sonoran desert.

San Estanislao del Ootcam was a Spanish mission in the Sonoran desert, founded at a site originally called Gubo Verde. Its location is now lost.

San Ambrosio del Búsanic y Tucubavia was a Spanish mission in the Sonoran desert.

References

  1. ↑ "California Mission Life". Factcards.califa.org. Retrieved 2015-06-12.
  2. 1 2 "Mission Trail Today – Mission Asistencias and Estancias". U.S. Mission Trail. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  3. ↑ Worth, John E. (1998). Timucua Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida. Volume 1: Assimilation. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 35. ISBN   0-8130-1575-8.
  4. 1 2 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 453–456. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615. JSTOR   1006866.
  5. 1 2 "The Missions of New Mexico Since 1776 (Pojoaque)". npshistory.com. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  6. 1 2 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 165–183. ISSN   0004-1408.
  7. ↑ "Juan Crisóstomo Gil de Bernabé – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-17.
  8. ↑ Burckhalter, David, Sedgwick, Mina, and Fontana, Bernard L. (2013), Baja California Missions, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, p. 17; Bolton, 1936
  9. ↑ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 3: Mission Visitas". Viva Baja. 2022. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Part 3: Mission Visitas – Viva Baja" . Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  11. 1 2 Mattison, Ray (1946). "Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona" (PDF). New Mexico Historical Review. 21 (4): 275.
  12. 1 2 3 "San Xavier del Bac – Tumacácori National Historical Park". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
  13. ↑ "San Ignacio de Sonoitac – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-22.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Association (TSHA), Texas State Historical. "The Spanish Missions in Texas". Texas Almanac. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  15. ↑ Parks, California State. "California State Parks". CA State Parks. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
  16. ↑ Parks, California State. "California State Parks". CA State Parks. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
  17. ↑ "Two-Year Race Ends at Mission Dig: Archaeologists Beat the Freeway Bulldozers". The Los Angeles Times. 1966-05-02. p. 35. Retrieved 2025-01-18.
  18. 1 2 3 Mattison, Ray (1946). "Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona" (PDF). New Mexico Historical Review. 21 (4): 275 – via NPS History.
  19. 1 2 Seymour, Deni J. (2012). "Santa Cruz River : The Origin of a Place Name". The Journal of Arizona History. 53 (1): 81–88. ISSN   0021-9053. JSTOR   41697406.
  20. 1 2 Sánchez, Joseph P.; White, John Howard. Sánchez-Clark, Angélica (ed.). "Coronado National Memorial Historical Research Project Research Topics" (PDF).
  21. 1 2 Seymour, Deni (2003). "Sobaipuri-Pima Occupation in the Upper San Pedro Valley: San Pablo de Quiburi". New Mexico Historical Review. 78 (2).
  22. ↑ Santa Ana de Quiburi Mission (Ruins), Fairbank (historical), Cochise County, AZ , retrieved 2025-01-11
  23. ↑ "San José de Tumacácori –Tumacácori National Historical Park". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  24. ↑ Stoner, Victor R. (1937). "Original Sites of the Spanish Missions of the Santa Cruz Valley". Kiva. 2 (7/8): 25–32. ISSN   0023-1940.
  25. ↑ "History". Visit Arivaca. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  26. ↑ Santa Gertrudes de Arivaca, Arivaca, Pima County, AZ , retrieved 2025-01-11
  27. ↑ "San Ignacio de Sonoitac – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
  28. ↑ "Mission San Cayetano de Calabazas - Spanish Missions/Misiones Españolas (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
  29. ↑ Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Cayetano de Calabazas - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  30. ↑ "San Buenaventura de Cochiti – English – Spanish Missions/Misiones Españolas (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  31. ↑ "Gran Quivira (San Buenaventura de las Humanas and San Isidro) – Spanish Missions/Misiones Españolas (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-12-24.
  32. ↑ Bletzer, Michael P. (April 2020). "A Furtive Mission in Los Piros: Notes on the Archaeology of San Luis Obispo de Sevilleta". Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico. 46: 25–40. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  33. ↑ "Santa Clara Mission Church – Spanish Missions/Misiones Españolas (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  34. 1 2 3 4 "Texas Missions" (PDF).
  35. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 432. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615. JSTOR   1006866.
  36. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 456–457. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615.
  37. ↑ Jeffries, Richard W.; Moore, Christopher (2009). In Search of Mission San Joseph de Sapala: Mission Period Archaeological Research on Sapelo Island, Georgia 2003-2007. pp. 52–53.
  38. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 435. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615.
  39. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 453. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615. JSTOR   1006866.
  40. ↑ "(PDF) Distribution of Contact and Mission Period Sites in the Mocama Province". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2024-11-02. Retrieved 2025-01-28.
  41. ↑ "(PDF) Mocama Life at Santa Cruz de Guadalquini: Persistence and Accommodation under the Mission Bell". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2025-01-28.
  42. ↑ "Florida Sites". Historical Archaeology. Retrieved 2025-01-29.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 454. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615. JSTOR   1006866.
  44. 1 2 3 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 455. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615. JSTOR   1006866.
  45. 1 2 3 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 456. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615. JSTOR   1006866.
  46. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 448. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615.
  47. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 451. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615. JSTOR   1006866.
  48. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 458. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615.
  49. ↑ "CMAP - Fox Pond". cmap.floridamuseum.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  50. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 458. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615. JSTOR   1006866.
  51. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 468. doi:10.2307/1006866. JSTOR   1006866issn=0003-1615.
  52. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 471. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615.
  53. ↑ "Borderland Conferences". Aucilla Research Institute. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  54. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 473. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615.
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  56. 1 2 3 4 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 477. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615.
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  58. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 478. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615.
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  60. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 482. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN   0003-1615.
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  82. ↑ "Ruins of the San Valentin del Bizani Kino Mission". Explore Sonora. 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  83. ↑ "Nuestra Señora del Pópulo del Bisanig –Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  84. ↑ "Santa María Magdalena – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  85. ↑ Ives, Ronald L. (1948). "The Sonoran Census of 1730". Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 59 (4): 319–339. ISSN   0002-7790. JSTOR   44210049.
  86. ↑ "San Antonio Paduano del Oquitoa – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  87. ↑ "San Diego del Pitiquito – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  88. ↑ "Santa María Suamca – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  89. 1 2 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 172. ISSN   0004-1408. JSTOR   40167019.
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