The history of Peru spans 15 millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development along the country's desert coastline and in the Andes mountains. Peru's coast was home to the Norte Chico civilization, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the six cradles of civilization in the world. When the Spanish arrived in the sixteenth century, Peru was the homeland of the highland Inca Empire, the largest and most advanced state in pre-Columbian America. After the conquest of the Incas, the Spanish Empire established a Viceroyalty with jurisdiction over most of its South American domains. Peru declared independence from Spain in 1821, but achieved independence only after the Battle of Ayacucho three years later.
Andrés Avelino Cáceres Dorregaray served as the President of Peru two times during the 19th century, from 1886 to 1890 as the 27th President of Peru, and again from 1894 to 1895 as the 30th President of Peru. In Peru, he is considered a national hero for leading the resistance to Chilean occupation during the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), where he fought as a General in the Peruvian Army.
José Nicolás Baltasar Fernández de Piérola y Villena was a Peruvian politician and Minister of Finance who served as the 23rd and 31st President of the Republic of Peru, from 1879 to 1881 and 1895 to 1899.
José Balta y Montero was a Peruvian soldier and politician who served as the 19th President of Peru from 1868 to 1872. He was the son of John Balta Bru and Agustina Montero Casafranca.
Eduardo López de Romaña y Alvizuri served as the 32nd President of Peru from September 1899 to September 1903.
The Peruvian Army is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with safeguarding the independence, sovereignty and integrity of national territory on land through military force. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations. It celebrates the anniversary of the Battle of Ayacucho (1824) on December 9.
The Peruvian War of Independence was a series of military conflicts in Peru from 1809 to 1826 that resulted in the country's independence from the Spanish Empire. Part of the broader Spanish American wars of independence, it led to the dissolution of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru.
After the naval campaign of the War of the Pacific was resolved, the Chilean terrestrial invasion began.
The Cuzco Rebellion of 1814 was an episode of the Peruvian War of Independence led by the Angulo brothers and Mateo Pumacahua that took place in much of the province of Cuzco, including Huamanga, Arequipa and Puno, as well as part of the province of Charcas. The uprising involved the proclamation of the autonomy and self-government of Cuzco from the Viceroyalty of Peru, governed by Viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa. The junta was modelled and intended to follow the steps of the Junta of Buenos Aires.
The Peruvian Civil War of 1894–1895 was an internal conflict in Peru that lasted from October 1894 to March 1895, and was sparked by the election of Andrés Avelino Cáceres to the presidency of Peru, which was opposed by Nicolás de Piérola and his armed forces.
The Federal State of Loreto was an unrecognised self-proclaimed federated state within Peru, that was proclaimed on 2 May 1896 during the Loretan Insurrection. It was formed from the Department of Loreto and existed as de facto autonomous region of the county. It was dissolved on 10 July 1896, after the rebellion was crushed by Peruvian forces. The state was proclaimed in order to gain more autonomy for the region as well as to reform Peru into a federal state. Its capital was Iquitos.
The Jungle Nation, also known as the Jungle Republic, was an unrecognised state, that existed between 1899 and 1900, in the modern territory of Peru, within the departments of Loreto, San Martín, and Ucayali. It was proclaimed on 22 May 1899, by colonel Emilio Vizcarra, who then acquired the title of the Supreme Leader. The state was formed from the territory of Department of Loreto, Peru. It was reincorporated into Peru in 1900, shortly after the death of Vizcarra on 27 February 1900.
The Federal State of Loreto was an unrecognised self-proclaimed federated state within Peru that was proclaimed during an insurrection in 1921 headed by Peruvian captain Guillermo Cervantes. It was formed from the Department of Loreto and existed as de facto autonomous region of the country. It was dissolved in 1922, after the rebellion was crushed by Peruvian forces. The state was one of many attempts proclaimed in order to gain more autonomy for the region as well as reform Peru into a federal state. Its capital was Iquitos.
Guillermo Cervantes Vásquez was a Peruvian captain and leader of the Peruvian army. He formed the group of Veterans of Caquetá that fought in the 1911 La Pedrera Conflict against Colombia, but is better remembered for his insurrection in 1921 where he proclaimed the Third Federal State of Loreto, one of many attempts to transform Peru into a federal state.
The Colombian–Peruvian territorial dispute was a territorial dispute between Colombia and Peru, which, until 1916, also included Ecuador. The dispute had its origins on each country's interpretation of what Real Cedulas Spain used to precisely define its possessions in the Americas. After independence, all of Spain's former territories signed and agreed to proclaim their limits in the basis of the principle of uti possidetis juris, which regarded the Spanish borders of 1810 as the borders of the new republics. However, conflicting claims and disagreements between the newly formed countries eventually escalated to the point of armed conflicts on several occasions.
Teodomiro A. Gutiérrez Cuevas, also known by his pseudonym Rumi Maqui, was a Peruvian Army Major and Indigenous leader who led a rebellion in Puno in 1915. After his imprisonment, he escaped his prison in Arequipa in January 1917.
Panama–Peru relations are the bilateral relations between Panama and Peru. Both countries are members of the Organization of American States, the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement.
The Governorate of Quijos, also known unofficially as the Province of the Quijos prior to 1577, was one of the provinces established at the eastern part of the Real Audiencia of Quito during in 1559, varying between the Viceroyalties of Peru and New Granada until its ultimate reincorporation to Peru through the real cédula of July 15, 1802, as part of the General Command of Maynas.
The Department of Arequipa was a department of South Peru, a constituent country of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, which existed from 1836 to 1839. Created alongside the confederate state, its capital was Arequipa.
Peru 