| Peruvian Civil War of 1865 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Government of Peru | Revolutionaries | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Juan Antonio Pezet | Mariano Ignacio Prado Pedro Diez Canseco José Balta | ||||||
The Peruvian Civil War of 1865 was the fourth internal conflict in 19th century Peru.
On 14 April 1864, a Spanish fleet had seized the lightly defended Chincha Islands, the main source for Peruvian guano resources. Peruvian President Juan Antonio Pezet refused to go to war with Spain and sent General Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco to negotiate with the Spanish commander José Manuel Pareja. The resulting Vivanco-Pareja Treaty, favorable to Spain, was signed on 27 January 1865 on board the frigate Villa de Madrid. Popular opinion in Peru considered the treaty a humiliation and the Peruvian Congress refused to ratify it.
A general uprising followed on 28 February, led by Colonel Mariano Ignacio Prado, who took up arms against the Pezet government. He called his forces the "Restoration Army", a movement that would restore national pride.
Prado marched towards Cuzco and Ayacucho in order to control all of southern Peru, thus preparing for the capture of the capital, Lima. Simultaneously, in Chiclayo in Northern Peru, Colonel José Balta also revolted, and marched with his troops towards Lima.
At the end of September of that same year, the two revolutionary armies of Balta and Prado, totaling 10,000 men, met in Chincha Alta south of Lima. Under the command of General Pedro Diez Canseco, the Restoration forces began to enter the capital in the early hours of 6 November, outwitting the government troops who were guarding the outskirts of the city. They entered the city through the Puerta de Juan Simón, which was forced open after only slight resistance. The populace joined the Revolutionaries and the Government Palace was attacked. After six hours of fighting, the resistance in the Palace was defeated, and it was looted and set on fire. In the following night, the Fort of Santa Catalina, where Pezet's Minister of Government, Evaristo Gómez Sánchez y Benavides had taken cover, fell after fierce resistance. That same day, the Revolutionaries also entered Callao.
Pezet, who was on the outskirts of Lima at the head of his troops, upon seeing the capital fall and contrary to the wishes of his generals, did not want to cause more bloodshed and renounced power on 8 November. Immediately afterwards, he took refuge along with his main collaborators on the British corvette Shear Water. Accused by the winning side of being a traitor and a thief, he embarked for Europe.
With the Restauration revolution triumphant, General Pedro Diez Canseco assumed power, but quickly lost his popularity, as he did not adopt the quick and drastic decisions that the citizens demanded regarding the problem with Spain. Diez Canseco maintained that it was Congress that should decide the declaration of war. He apparently wanted to gain time waiting for the arrival of the new warships acquired in Europe. Given his lack of thoroughness, the army chiefs deposed Diez Canseco on 25 November 1865 and proclaimed Colonel Mariano Ignacio Prado Dictator.
Prado declared war on Spain on 14 January 1866 and allied Peru with Chile, a country that was already at war against the Spanish fleet. This South American alliance was later extended to Bolivia and Ecuador. The conflict ended after the Battle of Callao, with the withdrawal of the Spanish fleet on 2 May 1866. This event was celebrated by the four allied Republics as a triumph that sealed their independence.
Andrés Avelino Cáceres Dorregaray served as the President of Peru two times during the 19th century, from 1886 to 1890 as the 27th President of Peru, and again from 1894 to 1895 as the 30th President of Peru. In Peru, he is considered a national hero for leading the resistance to Chilean occupation during the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), where he fought as a General in the Peruvian Army.
Mariano Ignacio Prado Ochoa was a Peruvian army general who served as the 17th and 21st President of Peru.
José Balta y Montero was a Peruvian soldier and politician who served as the 19th President of Peru from 1868 to 1872. He was the son of John Balta Bru and Agustina Montero Casafranca.
Juan Antonio Pezet Rodríguez Piedra was a Peruvian military officer and politician who served in the positions of Secretary of War, First Vice President and the 16th President of Peru throughout his life. As President, his moderate and cautious attitude towards the occupation of the Chincha Islands by a Spanish Fleet in 1864 was used as an excuse to launch a military uprising that drove him out of power.
The Battle of Callao occurred on May 2, 1866, between a Spanish fleet under the command of Admiral Casto Méndez Núñez and the fortified battery emplacements of the Peruvian port city of Callao during the Chincha Islands War. The Spanish fleet bombarded the port of Callao, and eventually withdrew without any notable damage to the city structures, according to the Peruvian and American sources; or after having silenced almost all the guns of the coastal defenses, according to the Spanish accounts and French observers. This proved to be the final battle of the war between Spanish and Peruvian forces.
The Chincha Islands War, also known as Spanish–South American War, was a series of coastal and naval battles between Spain and its former colonies of Peru, Chile, Ecuador, and Bolivia from 1865 to 1879. The conflict began with Spain's seizure of the guano-rich Chincha Islands in one of a series of attempts by Spain, under Isabella II, to reassert its influence over its former South American colonies. The war saw the use of ironclads, including the Spanish ship Numancia, the first ironclad to circumnavigate the world.
Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco Iturralde was a Peruvian politician and military leader who served as the President of Peru from 1843 to 1844. He was born in Lima, Peru. He led part of the Peruvian forces in the campaign against the reunification of Peru-Bolivian Confederacy.
Francisco Diez Canseco Corbacho served as Interim President of Peru for a brief period during 1872. He was the brother of General Pedro Diez Canseco.
Vice Admiral José Manuel de Pareja y Septien was a Spanish naval officer, who commanded the Spanish forces during the Chincha Islands War (1864-1866).
Tomás Francisco Gutiérrez Chávez was a Peruvian Colonel who, along with his brothers, led a coup against President José Balta Montero and served as the Supreme Leader of Peru for four days in July 1872. From July 22, 1872 to July 26, 1872, Gutiérrez was the de facto leader of Peru and the self-proclaimed "Supreme Leader of the Republic" after a coup d'état. He was overthrown just four days after his proclamation and lynched. Peru later regained some political stability with the election of Manuel Pardo, although this stability was short-lived as a foreign threat began to arise in Chile.
The Guano Era refers to a period of stability and prosperity in Peru during the mid-19th century. It was sustained on the substantial revenues generated by the export of guano and the strong leadership of president Ramón Castilla. The starting date for the guano era is commonly considered to be 1845, the year in which Castilla started his first administration. It ended shortly after the war between Spain and Peru in 1866.
BAP Apurímac was the second steam frigate of the Peruvian Navy, built in England in 1855 along with the steam schooners Loa and Tumbes as a part of a major build-up of the Navy during the government of President José Rufino Echenique. A veteran of two wars and many internal conflicts, due to her age, she served as training ship in Callao port from 1873 until January 17, 1881, when she was scuttled along with the rest of the Peruvian Navy to prevent capture by Chilean troops who had occupied the port after the defeat of the Peruvian Army in the battles of San Juan and Miraflores.
The Vivanco–Pareja Treaty was a treaty between Peru and Spain, signifying cooperation between the two nations during the Chincha Islands War. It was signed on January 27, 1865, on board the frigate Villa de Madrid, by Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco and José Manuel Pareja.
Pedro Bustamante y García was a Peruvian Brigadier General of the War of the Pacific. He served as the Minister of War and Navy throughout various presidencies during the 1860s and 1870s. He was also known as the main commander during the Siege of Arequipa where he defeated the Conservative forces of Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco.
The Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858, also known as the Arequipa Revolution of 1856, was one of the largest and most violent in Peru. It was the third internal conflict in 19th century Peru. It was fought between the Liberals and the Conservatives. It followed the Peruvian Liberal Revolution of 1854. 3,000 people were killed on both sides.
The Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844 was the second internal conflict in 19th century Peru. It was fought between the government forces of Vivanco and Echenique against the revolutionaries led by Domingo Nieto and Ramon Castilla. A battle was fought at Pachia in Tacna on August 29, 1843. A clash occurred at San Antonio, Moquegua on October 27, 1843. Domingo Nieto died on February 17, 1844. From June 17 to June 29, 1844, fighting occurred in the capital Lima between the government and supporters of Domingo Elías. A final clash occurred at Carmen Alto on July 22, 1844.
The Peruvian Civil War of 1867 was the fifth internal conflict in 19th century Peru. It was caused by the adoption of a new constitution to replace the previous one adopted in 1860.
José Gabriel Gálvez Egúsquiza was a Peruvian lawyer, professor and liberal politician. During the presidential government of Mariano Ignacio Prado he was Secretary—i.e. Minister—of War and Navy (1865). He was killed in action during the Battle of Callao, where he died fighting the Spanish squadron, thus becoming a symbol of the independence of America.
Manuel José Ferreyros y Senra was a Peruvian naval officer and politician. Ferreyros was a friend and comrade-in-arms of Miguel Grau, Aurelio García and Lizardo Montero, all of whom were known as the Four Aces of the Peruvian Navy. Unlike his comrades-in-arms, Ferreyros did not participate in the War of the Pacific, as he died prematurely, three years before the conflict broke out. His younger brother, Captain Carlos Ferreyros, fought in the war, commanding the Pilcomayo gunboat.
Evaristo Gómez Sánchez y Benavides was a Peruvian politician, lawyer and diplomat. He served as Minister of Government, Police, and Public Works.
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