The history of Peru spans 15 millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development along the country's desert coastline and in the Andes mountains. Peru's coast was home to the Norte Chico civilization, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the six cradles of civilization in the world. When the Spanish arrived in the sixteenth century, Peru was the homeland of the highland Inca Empire, the largest and most advanced state in pre-Columbian America. After the conquest of the Incas, the Spanish Empire established a Viceroyalty with jurisdiction over most of its South American domains. Peru declared independence from Spain in 1821, but achieved independence only after the Battle of Ayacucho three years later.
Leticia is the southernmost city in the Republic of Colombia, capital of the department of Amazonas, Colombia's southernmost town and one of the major ports on the Amazon River. It has an elevation of 96 meters (315') above sea level and an average temperature of 27 °C (80.6 °F). Leticia has long been Colombia's shipping point for tropical fish for the aquarium trade. Leticia has a population of 33,503 located on the left bank of the Amazon River at the point where the borders of Colombia, Brazil and Peru meet in an area called Tres Fronteras.
Óscar Raymundo Benavides Larrea was a Peruvian field marshal, diplomat, and politician who served as the 38th and 42nd (1933–1939) President of Peru, with his latter term being a period of authoritarian fascism.
Iquitos is the capital city of Peru's Maynas Province and Loreto Region. It is the largest metropolis in the Peruvian Amazon, east of the Andes, as well as the ninth-most populous city in Peru. Iquitos is the largest city in the world that cannot be reached by road that is not on an island; it is only accessible by river and air.
Loreto is Peru's northernmost department and region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is by far the nation's largest department, slightly larger than Japan; it is also one of the most sparsely populated regions due to its remote location in the Amazon Rainforest. Its capital is Iquitos.
Sarameriza is a small fluvial port in the department of Loreto. Its place is strategic since it is immediately after the Pongo de Manseriche and therefore it is the first navigable point on the Marañón River on the way to the Amazon River and therefore the city of Iquitos and the border with Brazil. It is located at: 4°33'58.34"S, 77°25'0.98"W, according to Google Earth.
The Colombia–Peru War, also called the Leticia War, was a short-lived armed conflict between Colombia and Peru over territory in the Amazon rainforest that lasted from September 1, 1932, to May 24, 1933. In the end, an agreement was reached to divide the disputed area between both countries.
Peruvian Amazonia, informally known locally as the Peruvian jungle or just the jungle, is the area of the Amazon rainforest in Peru, east of the Andes and Peru's borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, and Bolivia. This region comprises 60% of the country and is marked by a large degree of biodiversity. Peru has the second-largest portion of the Amazon rainforest after the Brazilian Amazon.
Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve is a protected area in Peru located southwest of Iquitos in the region of Loreto. It was established in 2004 to protect the diverse forest types in the area, especially the rainforests on white sandy soil and watercourses which provide drinking water to the city of Iquitos.
Julio César Arana del Águila, was a Peruvian entrepreneur and politician who committed crimes against humanity such as slavery, torture and genocide.
The cinema of Iquitos, also known as Amazonian cinema, is an important film development and one of the historic pioneering event of cinema of Peru. Due to the rubber boom and the arrival of foreigners, film interest began in the early 20th century, along with the evolution of cinema of the United States in Hollywood. Cinema in Iquitos had no established date of origin. The first film, however, was made in 1900. The first films were shown in the Casa de Fierro with an Edison machine, which reproduced the images using a carbide lamp and the constant movement of the operator. Iquitos is mentioned as a metonym of cinema in the Peruvian Amazon.
Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Regional Conservation Area is a protected area located south east of Iquitos, extending over the Peruvian department of Loreto, provinces of Maynas, Ramón Castilla and Requena. It was established by the Peruvian Ministry of Environment on May 15, 2009. The reserve is managed and funded by the Regional Government of Loreto.
The Federal State of Loreto was an unrecognised self-proclaimed federated state within Peru, that was proclaimed on 2 May 1896 during the Loretan Insurrection. It was formed from the Department of Loreto and existed as de facto autonomous region of the county. It was dissolved on 10 July 1896, after the rebellion was crushed by Peruvian forces. The state was proclaimed in order to gain more autonomy for the region as well as to reform Peru into a federal state. Its capital was Iquitos.
Loretan Insurrection of 1896 was a rebellion of the population of the Department of Loreto against the government of Peru, fought from 2 May 1896 to 10 July 1896. During the insurrection, the population demanded federalization of Peru, and the reformation of Loreto into the autonomous state, which lead to self-proclamation of Federal State of Loreto, de facto autonomous region within Peru. On 10 July 1896, the rebellion was defeated by the government forces and the Federal State was disestablished.
The Colombianization of Leticia, Putumayo and Caquetá is the name used to designate a process of transculturation or acculturation of the areas recognized under the sovereignty of Colombia, with the purpose of transplanting Colombian cultural traditions, in replacement of those cultivated in Peru.
The Jungle Nation, also known as the Jungle Republic, was an unrecognised state, that existed between 1899 and 1900, in the modern territory of Peru, within the departments of Loreto, San Martín, and Ucayali. It was proclaimed on 22 May 1899, by colonel Emilio Vizcarra, who then acquired the title of the Supreme Leader. The state was formed from the territory of Department of Loreto, Peru. It was reincorporated into Peru in 1900, shortly after the death of Vizcarra on 27 February 1900.
Guillermo Cervantes Vásquez was a Peruvian captain and leader of the Peruvian army. He formed the group of Veterans of Caquetá that fought in the 1911 La Pedrera Conflict against Colombia, but is better remembered for his insurrection in 1921 where he proclaimed the Third Federal State of Loreto, one of many attempts to transform Peru into a federal state.
The Colombian–Peruvian territorial dispute was a territorial dispute between Colombia and Peru, which, until 1916, also included Ecuador. The dispute had its origins on each country's interpretation of what Real Cedulas Spain used to precisely define its possessions in the Americas. After independence, all of Spain's former territories signed and agreed to proclaim their limits in the basis of the principle of uti possidetis juris, which regarded the Spanish borders of 1810 as the borders of the new republics. However, conflicting claims and disagreements between the newly formed countries eventually escalated to the point of armed conflicts on several occasions.
Pijuayal is a town in Pebas District, Mariscal Ramón Castilla Province, Loreto, Peru.
Liberal was a screw steamship commissioned by J.C Arana y Hermanos and built in 1904. Liberal transported rubber for Julio César Arana's enterprise, which became the Peruvian Amazon Company in 1907. The ship had a prominent role in the Peruvian Amazon Company's excursions against the Colombian settlements of La Union and La Reserva at the beginning of 1908. Liberal was mortgaged to Eleanora Zumaeta de Arana on May 5, 1911, prior to the liquidation of the Peruvian Amazon Company.
