The history of Peru spans 10 millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development along the country's desert coastline and in the Andes mountains. Peru's coast was home to the Norte Chico civilization, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the six cradles of civilization in the world. When the Spanish arrived in the sixteenth century, Peru was the homeland of the highland Inca Empire, the largest and most advanced state in pre-Columbian America. After the conquest of the Incas, the Spanish Empire established a Viceroyalty with jurisdiction over most of its South American domains. Peru declared independence from Spain in 1821, but achieved independence only after the Battle of Ayacucho three years later.
Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre was a Peruvian politician, philosopher, and author who founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) political movement, the oldest currently existing political party in Peru by the name of the Peruvian Aprista Party (PAP).
Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez was a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru for two non-consecutive terms from 1985 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2011. He was the second leader of the Peruvian Aprista Party and to date the only party member ever to have served as President. Mentored by the founder of the APRA, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, he served in the Constituent Assembly of 1978–1979. Elected to the Peruvian Congress in 1980, he rose to the position of General Secretary of the APRA in 1982, and was subsequently elected to the presidency in 1985 in a landslide victory at the age of 35 years.
Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado was a Peruvian general who served as the 58th President of Peru after a successful coup d'état against Fernando Belaúnde's presidency in 1968. Under his presidency, nationalism, as well as left-leaning policies that addressed Indigenous Peruvians, such as nationalization or agrarian reform were adopted. These policies were reversed after another coup d'état in 1975 led by his Prime Minister, Francisco Morales-Bermúdez.
Manuel Carlos Prado y Ugarteche was a banker who served twice as President of Peru. Son of former president Mariano Ignacio Prado, he was born in Lima and served as the nation's 43rd and 46th President. His brother, Leoncio Prado Gutiérrez, was a military hero who died in 1883, six years before Manuel Prado was born.
The Independent Moralizing Front was a Peruvian political party. At the legislative elections, 8 April 2001, the party won 11.0% of the popular vote and 11 out of 120 seats in the Congress of the Republic. Its presidential candidate at the elections of the same day, Luis Fernando Olivera Vega, won 9.9% of the vote. It was allied with former Peruvian president Alejandro Toledo's party, Peru Possible.
The Revolutionary Left Movement was a Marxist–Leninist group founded in Peru in 1962 by Luis de la Puente Uceda and his group APRA Rebelde, a splinter group from the APRA which had rallied the government in the 1950s and 1960s. Inspired by the Cuban Revolution and close to a non-aligned position which opposed itself to the Communist Party of Peru, the Soviet Union and China, the group initiated guerrilla actions against the government in 1965. After its leader's death at the end of 1965, the MIR split into three different factions. One of them, the MIR-EM, merged with the Revolutionary Socialist Party (Marxist-Leninist) in 1982 to create the Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru (MRTA). The two others factions, MIR-VR and MIR-IV, joined the parliamentary left-wing coalition Izquierda Unida in the early 1980s.
The Christian People's Party is a center-right and conservative political party based on the principles of Christian democracy. It was founded in 1966 by a group of Peruvian Christian Democrat Party dissidents, led by Luis Bedoya Reyes.
Javier Maximiliano Alfredo Hipólito Valle Riestra González Olaechea or simply known as Javier Valle Riestra, is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. Known member of the Peruvian Aprista Party, has held several public offices, among them the most controversial being is the President of the Council of Ministers during the presidency of Alberto Fujimori in 1998. This premiership is known for being the only one led by a politician from the opposition in Peruvian history during the Fujimori regime to date.
Ricardo Letts Colmenares was a Peruvian politician, journalist and left-wing militant.
Santiago de Chuco is a city in Peru, capital of Santiago de Chuco Province, La Libertad Region.
The Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces was a military dictatorship that ruled Peru from 1968 to 1980 after a successful coup d'état by the Armed Forces of Peru.
Guillermo Carnero Hoke was a Peruvian writer, political revolutionary, and indigenous activist.
Anarchism in Peru emerged from the Peruvian trade union movement during the late 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century.
This article lists events from the year 1972 in Peru.
Let's Go Peru was a centre-left and social democratic Peruvian political party. Headquartered in Lima, the party mainly operated in the Callao.
Rafael Bernardo López Aliaga Cazorla is a Peruvian businessman and politician. A conservative figure in contemporary Peruvian politics, he is the leader of the right-wing Popular Renewal, the successor-party of the National Solidarity Party. He currently is the mayor-elect of Lima, for which he is expected to assume office in January 2023.
Popular Renewal is a Peruvian conservative political party. Founded in 2020, the party is the successor of the former National Solidarity Party founded and led by former Lima Mayor Luis Castañeda Lossio. Following its poor results at the 2020 snap parliamentary election, leader Rafael López Aliaga announced the party's re-foundation under the Popular Renewal.
General elections were held in Peru on 11 October 1936. In the presidential election, Luis A. Eguiguren of the Social Democratic Party appeared to be heading for victory, but outgoing president Óscar R. Benavides ordered the count to be stopped and the election results were subsequently annulled.
The 1962 Peruvian coup d'état was promoted by the then Chief of the Joint Command of the Peruvian Armed Forces, General Ricardo Pérez Godoy, against the outgoing government of Manuel Prado Ugarteche for alleged irregularities in the electoral process of that year.
