This is a list of wars involving the United Mexican States .
Mexico has been involved in numerous different military conflicts over the years, with most being civil/internal wars.
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spanish conquest of the Maya (1511–1697) | Late Postclassic Maya states |  Spanish Empire | Defeat |
| Spanish conquest of Tabasco (1518–1564) | Chontal Maya |  Spanish empire | Defeat |
| Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521) |  Aztec Empire | Spanish empire conquistadores | Defeat
|
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spanish conquest of the Tarascan empire (1522–1530) | Spain |  Purépecha Empire | Victory
|
| Spanish conquest of Chiapas (c. 1523 – c. 1695) | Spain | Zoque people Chiapaneca people, Independent Maya, including:
| Victory
|
| Spanish conquest of Guatemala (1524–1667) | Spain | Independent indigenous kingdoms and city-states, including the: | Victory
|
| Spanish conquest of El Salvador (1524–1539) | Spain | Indigenous peoples of El Salvador, including: | Victory |
| Spanish conquest of Honduras (1524– c. 1539) | Spain | Indigenous peoples of Honduras, including: | Victory |
| Expedition to Chesapeake Bay (1526) | Spain | Hostile Natives African rebels Spanish mutineers | Defeat
|
| Conquest of Yucatán (1527–1697) | Spain | Mayan tribes | Victory
|
| Narváez expedition (1527–1536) | Spain | Tocobaga | Inconclusive
|
| Yaqui Wars (1533–1929)
| New Spain  Mexico (since 1821)  United States (since 1896) |  Yaqui | Stalemate |
| Expedition of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (1535–1554) | New Spain | Pueblo | Stalemate
|
| Grijalva expedition to the Equatorial Pacific (1537–1542) | Spain | Hostile Indigenous peoples Spanish mutineers | Inconclusive due to the loss of the ship in New Guinea. |
| New Spain Exploration of North America (1539–1543) | New Spain Indian auxiliaries | Northern Utina | Defeat |
| Tiguex War (1540–1541)
| New Spain | Tiwa Indians | Victory |
| Mixtón war (1540–1542)
| New Spain | Caxcanes | Victory |
| Chichimeca war (1550–1590)
| New Spain Indian auxiliaries (Tlaxcalteca, Caxcan, Otomí, Mexica, Purépecha) | Chichimeca Confederation | Defeat |
| Guamares Rebellion (1563–1569) | New Spain | Guamares | Victory |
| Spanish assault on French Florida (1565) | Spanish Empire |  Kingdom of France | Victory |
| Spanish conquest of the Philippines (1565–1575) | Spanish Empire
| Rajahnate of Maynila | Victory
|
| Spanish expeditions to the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu (1567–1606) | Spanish Empire | Hostile inhabitants of Polynesia | Stalemate
|
| Philippine revolts against Spain (1567–1872)
| Spain |
| Victory
|
| Blockade of Cebu (1568) | Spain |  Portuguese Empire | Victory |
| Eighty Years' War, Thirty Years' War (1568-1648) | Spanish Empire Supported by: |  United Provinces Supported by: | Defeat
|
| Castilian War (1578) |  Spanish Empire
|  Bruneian Empire Supported by: | Status quo ante bellum
|
| 1582 Cagayan battles (1582) | Spain
|   Wokou (Japanese, Chinese, and Korean pirates) | Victory |
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
| Spanish Empire co-belligerent |  Kingdom of England co-belligerent | Indecisive, Status quo ante bellum
|
| Acoma War (1598–1599)
| New Spain | Acoma Pueblo | Victory |
| Spanish-Portuguese conflict on China (1598–1600) | Spanish Empire |  Portuguese Empire | Defeat
|
| Acaxee Rebellion (1601–1607)
| New Spain | Acaxee Indians | Victory |
| Tepehuán Revolt (1616–1620) | New Spain | Tepehuánes | Victory |
| Spanish conquest of Petén (c. 1618 – c. 1697) | New Spain | Independent Maya, including:
| Victory
|
| Sacalum Rebellion (1624) | New Spain | Maya rebel forces lidered by the Batab Ah Kin Pol | Victory |
| Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) | Spanish Empire
|  France
| Defeat |
| Apache Wars (c. 1641–1924) | New Spain (until 1821) Mexico (1821–1915) United States(1850–1924)  Confederate States (1861–1865) | Apache | Spanish/Mexican victory |
| Navajo Wars (c. 1641–1864)
| New Spain (until 1821) Mexico (1821–1848) United States(1850–1866) | Navajo | United States victory
|
| Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) | Spain |  Commonwealth of England | Defeat |
| Tehuantepec Rebellion (1660–1661) | New Spain | Zapotec peoples | Victory
|
| Piracy attacks on Lake Nicaragua (1665–1857) | New Spain  Nicaragua | West Indies Pirates | Stalemate
|
| Chepo expedition (1679–1681) | New Spain | English pirates | Defeat.
|
| Pueblo Revolt (1680)
| New Spain | Puebloans | Defeat
|
| War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1712) |  Spain loyal to Philip
Indian Allies: co-belligerent: |  Holy Roman Empire :
Indian Allies: co-belligerent: | Political victory for Spain loyal to Philip Military victory for Spain loyal to Charles
|
| Comanche Wars (1706–1875)
| New Spain (until 1820)  Mexico (since 1821)  Republic of Texas (since 1836)  Choctaw Republic [4]  United States (since 1845) | Comanche Other Indigenous nations | Defeat |
| Pablo Presbere's insurrection (1709–1710)
| New Spain | Talamanca | Victory |
| Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712 (1712)
| New Spain | Maya communities | Victory |
| War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) | Spain |  Great Britain | Defeat
Savoy and Austria swap Sicily for Habsburgs and Sardinia for Savoy. |
| Aguayo expedition to Texas (1720–1722) | New Spain | New France | Victory
|
| Pericúes Rebellion (1734–1737) | New Spain | Pericúes | Stalemate
|
| Pima Revolt (1751)
| New Spain | Pima Indians | Victory |
| Seven Years' War (1756–1763) | Spanish Empire
| Great Britain | Defeat
|
| Cisteil Rebellion (1761) | New Spain | Maya rebel forces lidered by Jacinto Canek | Victory
|
| Louisiana Rebellion of 1768 (1768) | New Spain | Louisiana Creole people | Victory |
| American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) |  United States  Dutch Republic  Mysore | Great Britain | Victory
|
| Cherokee–American wars [2nd phase post-revolution] (1783–1795)
| Spanish Empire Co-belligerent: | United States | Spanish withdrawal due to Coalition Wars. Defeat of Cherokees |
| Nootka Crisis (1789–1790) | Spanish Empire | Great Britain Nuu-chah-nulth people  Russian Empire United States | Defeat |
| Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) | 1791–1793 1793–1798 1798–1801 1802–1804 | 1791–1793 1793–1798 1798–1801 | Defeat |
| French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) |  French Republic
| Great Britain
United States(Quasi-War) (until 1800) | Inconclussive |
| Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) |
|  French Empire (from 1804)French clients: | Victory
|
| Anglo-American war (1812–1814) | |  United States Indian allies | Inconclusive
|
| Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition (1812) |  Viceroyalty of New Spain | Victory | |
| Seminole Wars (1817–18) | Seminole New Spain | United States | Defeat
|
| Totonicapán Uprising of 1820 (1820) | New Spain |  K'iche of Totonicapán | Victory |
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Casualties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821) |  Mexico Mexican InsurgentsEuropean Volunteers  Mexican Ex-Royalists Army of the Three Guarantees | Spain Spanish Royalists Mexican Royalists | Victory
| +500,000 |
| Long Expedition (1819) | Mexico Army of the Three Guarantees |  Texan Filibusters | Victory
| ~5 (1821 expedition) |
| Texas–Indian Wars (1820–1875) | Mexico Spain  United States Texas Choctaw Republic [9] | Comanche and various Native American tribes | Victory | 1,394 |
| Spanish Attempts to Reconquer Mexico (1821–1829) | Mexican Empire (1821–1822) Mexico | Spain | Victory
| 135 |
| Comanche–Mexico Wars (1821–1870) | Mexican Empire (1821–1822) Mexico | Comanche Kiowa | Defeat
| ~6,000 |
| Apache–Mexico Wars (1821–1915) Part of the Mexican Indian Wars and the American Indian Wars |  Crown of Castile (1600s–1716)
| Apache | Victory
| |
| Yaqui Wars (1821–1929) Part of the Mexican Indian Wars | Spain (1533–1821)
|  Yaqui | Victory
| |
| Mexican Indian Wars (1821–1933) | Crown of Castile (1519–1716) Tlaxcalans and other Native Indian allies of Spain (1519–1821) Spain (1716–1823) Mexico (1821–1933)  Guatemala (1823–1933) Honduras (1823–1933) El Salvador (1823–1933)
| Various Native Mexicans | Victory | |
| Mexico | | Imperialist victory | ||
| Mexico Guatemala |  El Salvador | Victory El Salvador is annexed to Mexico | ||
| Casa Mata Plan Revolution (1822–1823) | Republicans United Kingdom  Gran Colombia | Imperialists Spain | Republican Victory | |
| Rebellion of Oaxaca (1823) | Mexican Provisional Government |  Oaxaca | Provisional Government Victory | |
| Rebellion of Guadalajara (1823) | Mexican Provisional Government |  Jalisco | Provisional Government Victory
| |
| Rebellion of Puebla (1823) | Mexican Provisional Government |  Puebla | Provisional Government Victory | |
| Revolt of Querétaro (1823) | Mexican Provisional Government |  Querétaro | Provisional Government Victory | |
| Fredonian Rebellion (1826–1827) | Mexico Comanche tribes (peace treaty) |  Texan Rebels Comanche tribes (initial plotting support) | Victory
| |
| Conservative Coup (1829–1831) | Conservatives | Liberals | Conservative Victory
| |
| Zacatecas Rebellion (1835) | Centralists |  Zacatecan Rebels | Centralist Victory
| |
| Texas Revolution (1835–1836) | Mexico | Texas | Defeat
| |
| First Franco–Mexican War (1838–1839) also known as the Pastry War |  Mexico | France United Kingdom | Defeat
| |
| Federalist Revolt (Tabasco) (1839–1840) | Mexico  Tabasco centralists | Tabasco federalists Texas  Republic of Yucatán | Defeat | |
| Rebellion of the Republic of the Rio Grande (1840) | Mexico |  Republic of the Rio Grande | Victory
| |
| Texan Santa Fe Expedition (1841–1842) | Mexico | Texas | Victory | |
| Occupation of Soconusco | Mexico |  Guatemala | Victory
| |
| Invasion of Yucatán (1842) | Mexico | Republic of Yucatán | Defeat | |
| Mexicans Invasions of 1842 (1842) | Mexico | Texas | Defeat
| |
| Capture of Monterey (1842) | Mexico |  United States | Status quo ante bellum
| |
| Mier Expedition (1842–1843) | Mexico | Texas | Victory
| |
| Texan raids on New Mexico (1843) | Mexico | Texas | Victory
| |
| Mexican–American War (1846–1848) | Mexico |  United States  California Texas | Defeat
| |
| Caste War of Yucatán (1847–1901) | Mexico Yucatán Guatemala United Kingdom  British Honduras | Maya | Victory
| |
| Rousset's Expeditions (1853-1854) | Mexico |  Filibusters | Victory
| |
| Expedition of William Walker to Baja California and Sonora (1853-1854) | Mexico |  Republic of Sonora  Republic of Baja California | Victory
| |
| Revolution of Ayutla (1854–1855) | Liberals | Conservatives | Liberal Victory
| |
| Reform War (1857–1861) | Liberals | Conservatives | Liberal Victory
| |
| Cortina Troubles (1859–1861) | Mexico  United States Confederate States | Cortinista Militia | Victory
| |
| Second Franco–Mexican War (1861–1867) | Mexico | French Empire  Mexican Empire  Austrian Empire  Belgium Spain United Kingdom  Egypt Eyalet  Polish Revolutionaries | Victory
| |
| Victorio's War (1879–1881) |  United States Mexico | Apache | Victory
| |
| Barrios' War of Reunification (1885) |  El Salvador Mexico  Costa Rica Nicaragua |  Guatemala  Honduras | Victory
| |
| Garza Revolution (1891–1893) |  Mexico  United States | Garzistas | Victory
| |
| Mexican annexation of Clipperton Island (1897) | Mexico | France | Victory
| |
| Second Totoposte War (1903) | El Salvador Mexico Guatemalan Exiles | Guatemala | Stalemate | |
| Third Totoposte War (1906) | El Salvador Mexico Guatemalan Exiles | Guatemala | Stalemate | |
| Acayucan Rebellion (1906) | Mexican Government |  Liberal Party of Mexico | Government Victory | |
| Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) | Counter-Revolutionaries
| Revolutionaries
| Revolutionary Victory
| |
| Border War (1910–1919) | Mexico  Germany |  United States | Status quo ante bellum
| |
| Magonista Rebellion (1911) | Mexico | Liberal Party of Mexico | Victory
| |
| Antichina Campaign (1911–1934) | Mexican Government |  Asiatic migrants | Stalemate
| |
| Delahuertista Rebellion (1923–1924) | Mexican Government | Delahuertistas | Government Victory | |
| Cristero War (1926–1929) | Mexican Government |  Cristeros National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty Knights of Columbus | Government Ceasefire
| |
| Escobar Rebellion (1929) | Mexican Government | Escobar Rebels | Government Victory
| |
| Saturnino Cedillo Rebellion (1938) | Mexican Government Supported by: | Cedillistas
| Government Victory
| |
| World War II (1942–1945) | United States  Soviet Union United Kingdom  China France  Poland  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  India  South Africa  Yugoslavia  Greece  Denmark  Norway  Netherlands Belgium  Luxembourg  Czechoslovakia  Brazil  Mexico  Panama  Costa Rica  El Salvador Guatemala  Honduras  Nicaragua  Dominican Republic  Cuba  Chile  Bolivia  Colombia  Ecuador  Paraguay  Peru  Venezuela  Uruguay  Argentina |  Germany  Japan  Italy  Hungary  Romania  Bulgaria  Croatia  Slovakia  Finland  Thailand  Manchukuo  Mengjiang | Victory
| |
| Mexico–Guatemala Conflict (1958–1959) | Mexico | Guatemala | Ceasefire
| |
| Dirty War (1968–1982) | Mexico | Left-wing groups:
| Victory
| |
| Zapatista Uprising (1994) | Mexico |  EZLN | Ceasefire
| |
| Mexican Drug War (2006–present) | Mexico | Mexican Drug Cartels | Ongoing
|
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions. The wars originated in political forces arising from the French Revolution (1789–1799) and from the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) and produced a period of French domination over Continental Europe. The wars are categorised as seven conflicts, five named after the coalitions that fought Napoleon, plus two named for their respective theatres: the War of the Third Coalition, War of the Fourth Coalition, War of the Fifth Coalition, War of the Sixth Coalition, War of the Seventh Coalition, the Peninsular War, and the French invasion of Russia.
Frederick Augustus I was a member of the House of Wettin who reigned as the last Elector of Saxony from 1763 to 1806 and as the first King of Saxony from 1806 to 1827. He was also Duke of Warsaw from 1807 to 1815, a short-lived disputed Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1812, and a legitimate candidate to the Polish throne.
Eugène Rose de Beauharnais was a French nobleman, statesman, and military commander who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. Through the second marriage of his mother, Joséphine de Beauharnais, he was the stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte. Under the French Empire he also became Napoleon's adopted son. He was Viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy under his stepfather, from 1805 to 1814, and commanded the Army of Italy during the Napoleonic Wars. Historians consider him one of Napoleon's most able relatives.
The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the Directory. The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état, overthrowing the Directory, establishing the French Consulate, and ends during the Hundred Days and his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. The Congress of Vienna soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days. Napoleon brought political stability to a land torn by revolution and war. He made peace with the Roman Catholic Church and reversed the most radical religious policies of the Convention. In 1804 Napoleon promulgated the Civil Code, a revised body of civil law, which also helped stabilize French society. The Civil Code affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men and established a merit-based society in which individuals advanced in education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social standing. The Civil Code confirmed many of the moderate revolutionary policies of the National Assembly but retracted measures passed by the more radical Convention. The code restored patriarchal authority in the family, for example, by making women and children subservient to male heads of households.
The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a multinational European great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, it was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom, while geographically, it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the First French Empire.
In the War of the Sixth Coalition, sometimes known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation, a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, Great Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Sardinia, and a number of German States defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba. After the disastrous French invasion of Russia of 1812 in which they had been forced to support France, Prussia and Austria joined Russia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Portugal, and the rebels in Spain who were already at war with France.
The Confederated States of the Rhine, simply known as the Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation, was a confederation of German client states established at the behest of Napoleon some months after he defeated Austria and Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz. Its creation brought about the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire shortly afterward. The Confederation of the Rhine lasted for only seven years, from 1806 to 1813, dissolving after Napoleon's defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition.
These are lists of battles of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815).
Karl Philipp, Fürst zu Schwarzenberg was an Austrian Generalissimo and former Field Marshal. He first entered military service in 1788 and fought against the Turks. During the French Revolutionary War, he fought on the allied side against France and in that period rose through the ranks of the Imperial Army. During the Napoleonic Wars, he fought in the Battle of Wagram (1809), which the Austrians lost decisively against Napoleon. He had to fight for Napoleon in the Battle of Gorodechno (1812) against the Russians and won. During the War of the Sixth Coalition, he was in command of the allied army that decisively defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Leipzig (1813). He participated in the Battle of Paris (1814), which forced Napoleon to abdicate.
The First French Empire or French Empire and also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 4 April 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815, when Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena.
The German campaign was fought in 1813. Members of the Sixth Coalition, including the German states of Austria and Prussia, plus Russia and Sweden, fought a series of battles in Germany against the French Emperor Napoleon, his marshals, and the armies of the Confederation of the Rhine – an alliance of most of the other German states –, which ended the domination of the First French Empire.
Jean Marie Antoine Philippe de Collaert led the Dutch-Belgian cavalry division at the Battle of Waterloo. He became an officer in the Habsburg Austrian cavalry in 1778 and later served in the Dutch Republic army until 1786. After the armies of the First French Republic overran the Dutch Republic in 1795, Collaert became a lieutenant colonel of hussars in the new army of the Batavian Republic, a French satellite state. He fought with distinction at the Battle of Castricum in 1799 and was badly wounded fighting the Austrians in 1800. He was promoted colonel in 1803. Under the Kingdom of Holland he became a major general in 1806 and colonel-general of the King's Bodyguard in 1808.
Étienne Pierre Sylvestre Ricard was a prominent French division commander during the 1814 Campaign in Northeast France. In 1791 he joined an infantry regiment and spent several years in Corsica. Transferred to the Army of Italy in 1799, he became an aide-de-camp to Louis-Gabriel Suchet. He fought at Pozzolo in 1800. He became aide-de-camp to Marshal Nicolas Soult in 1805 and was at Austerlitz and Jena where his actions earned a promotion to general of brigade. From 1808 he functioned as Soult's chief of staff during the Peninsular War, serving at Corunna, Braga, First and Second Porto. During this time he sent a letter to Soult's generals asking them if the marshal should assume royal powers in Northern Portugal. When he found out, Napoleon was furious and he sidelined Ricard for two years.
The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, sometimes called the Great French War, were a series of conflicts between the French and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France – later the First French Empire – and its allies between 1792 and 1815:
Henri François Marie Charpentier became a French chief of staff during the French Revolutionary Wars and a division commander during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1791 he joined a volunteer battalion and later became a staff officer. He served as Jacques Desjardin's chief of staff when that general served as commander of the right wing of the Army of the North during the battles of Grandreng, Erquelinnes and Gosselies in 1794. Next year he was Jacques Maurice Hatry's chief of staff during the Siege of Luxembourg. He was promoted to general of brigade and fought at the Trebbia and Novi in 1799 and fought at Montebello and Marengo in 1800. Napoleon appointed him general of division in 1804.
François Pierre Joseph, baron Amey became a French division commander during the Napoleonic Wars. He enlisted in the French Royal Army in 1783 and joined a volunteer battalion in 1792. He won promotion to general of brigade in 1793 during the War in the Vendée. He held a command during the period of the infernal columns and his career became obscure until 1799 when he supported Napoleon's coup. He went on the Saint-Domingue expedition in 1802–1803 and later filled posts in the interior. In 1806–1807 he led a brigade at Jena, Golymin and Eylau where he was wounded.
Charles Claude Jacquinot commanded a French cavalry division at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. He joined a volunteer battalion in 1791 and transferred to a light cavalry regiment as a junior officer in 1793. He earned promotion to squadron commander and was acting commander of his regiment at Hohenlinden in 1800. After serving in a staff position at Austerlitz in 1805, he led a light cavalry regiment at Jena in 1806. Promoted to general of brigade he led his horsemen at Abensberg, Raab and Wagram in 1809. During the French invasion of Russia he fought at Ostrovno, Smolensk and Borodino in 1812. During the 1813 German Campaign he led a cavalry brigade at Dennewitz and Leipzig. After being appointed general of division he fought at Second Bar-sur-Aube and Saint-Dizier in 1814. During the Hundred Days he rallied to Napoleon and led a light cavalry division in the Waterloo campaign. After 15 years of inactivity, he was restored to favor in the 1830s. Thereafter he held a number of commands and was appointed to the Chamber of Peers. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 20.
General of Division Baron Pierre Decouz became a French division commander during the later Napoleonic Wars. He was born in the Kingdom of Sardinia but after the region was annexed to France, he joined a volunteer battalion in 1793. He fought in Italy during the War of the First Coalition. He participated in the French campaign in Egypt and Syria, fighting at the Pyramids, Acre and Abukir. After distinguishing himself at Austerlitz in 1805, he was promoted to command an infantry regiment. In 1806–1807 he led his regiment at Auerstädt, Pultusk and Eylau. In 1809 he fought at Eckmühl, Ratisbon and Wagram, winning promotion to general of brigade. After leading an Imperial Guard brigade at Lützen and Bautzen in 1813, he was promoted general of division. He commanded a Young Guard division at Dresden and Leipzig. Still leading a Young Guard division, he was fatally wounded at the Battle of Brienne and died three weeks later. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 17.
