List of wars involving Canada

This is a list of wars and armed conflicts in and involving Canada in chronological order, from the 11th century to the 21st century. It is divided into two main sections.

The first section outlines conflicts that happened in what is now Canada before its confederation in 1867. Hi like the Battle of Vinland, Beaver Wars, Acadian Civil War, and various Anglo-Dutch Wars, highlighting the belligerents involved and the outcomes.

The second section discusses wars involving Canada since its confederation in 1867. It lists conflicts such as the Fenian Raids, Red River Rebellion, Mahdist War, Canada in World War I and Canada in World War II, detailing the combatants, results, and casualties for each event. Ongoing conflicts and military operations, such as the military intervention against the Islamic State and involvement in maritime security operations in response to Houthi attacks are also covered.

See also: List of Canadian military operations and list of Canadian peacekeeping missions

List

Colonial conflicts (11th century – 1867)

The following were conflicts that occurred in present-day Canada from the 11th century CE to the mid-19th century, prior to Canadian Confederation. Belligerents in these conflicts typically involved colonies in Canada (e.g. New France, the Canadas), and/or First Nations groups residing in the region.

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
Battles of Vinland (approximately 1000 CE)	Vikings	Skræling	Skræling victory and Viking withdrawal [1]
American Indian Wars (1609–1890)	Colonists, Viceroyalty and Europeans : British Empire: Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain British America United Kingdom British North America Dominion of Canada First French Empire: Kingdom of France New France Spanish Empire: Kingdom of Spain Council of the Indies Viceroyalty of New Spain Dutch Empire: New Netherland   Russia Russian America United States Union Mexico Republic of Texas Confederate States Indigenous North Americans [note 1]	Indigenous North Americans : American Indians, including the tribes: Cherokee, Creek (Muscogee), Lakota, Miami, Shawnee, Seminole, Wampanoag, Northwestern Confederacy and Tecumseh's Confederacy Comanche Alaska Natives	Sovereignty of various combatants extended or lost Massive indigenous population decline Deportation and forced assimilation of indigenous tribes Many treaties, truces, and armistices made and broken by combatants Indian reservations established in the United States
Beaver Wars (1609–1701)	Iroquois League Mohawks Oneida Seneca Onondaga Cayuga Supported by:   England Dutch Republic	Wendat (Huron) Algonquin Susquehannock Erie Neutral Petun Odawa Ojibwe Wenro Mahican Innu Abenaki Supported by:   France	Indecisive Great Peace of Montreal Huron-Wendat Confederacy
Acadian Civil War (1635–1654)	St. John Administration Supported by: Massachusetts Bay Colony	Port Royal Administration Supported by: Catholic Church	Port Royal temporary victory La Tour expelled by d'Aulnay La Tour later marries d'Aulnay's widow Jeanne Motin & resumes Governorship
Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667)	Dutch Republic   Denmark–Norway   France	England   Scotland   Münster	See Aftermath Treaty of Breda Dutch Republic cedes New Amsterdam to England England cedes English Guiana, Fort Amsterdam, Ghana, and Run to the Dutch Republic
Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1674)	Dutch Republic	England   France	Treaty of Westminster
King William's War (1688–1697)	France New France Wabanakia Algonquin Kahnawake	England New England New York Iroquoia Mohicans	Peace of Ryswick Status quo ante bellum
Queen Anne's War (1702–1713)	France New France Spain loyal to Philip V New Spain Wabanaki Confederacy Caughnawaga Mohawk Choctaw Timucua Apalachee Natchez	England (before 1707) English America   Great Britain (after 1707) British America Muscogee (Creek) Chickasaw Yamasee Iroquois Confederacy	British-Allied victory Peace of Utrecht Treaty of Portsmouth France cedes to Britain the control of Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Saint Kitts
Dummer's War (1722–1725 [2] )	New England Mohawk	Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Pequawket Mi'kmaq Maliseet	Dummer's Treaty (preliminary 1725, final 1727)
King George's War (1744–1748)	France New France Wabanaki Confederacy	Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy	Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Status quo ante bellum
Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755)	France New France Acadian militia Wabanakia Mi'kmaq militia Maliseet militia	Great Britain British America	British victory
Sixty Years' War (1754–1815)	1754–1763 Kingdom of France   New France 1763–1766 Warriors from numerous American Indian tribes 1775–1782   Great Britain Loyalists 1785–1795 Northwestern Confederacy Province of Quebec (until 1791) Lower Canada (1791–1795) 1812–1815   United Kingdom Upper Canada Lower Canada Tecumseh's Confederacy Six Nations	1754–1763   Great Britain British America Various Native tribes 1775–1782 United States   Spain 1785–1795 United States Chickasaw Choctaw 1812–1815 United States Choctaw Cherokee Chickasaw Seneca	Forced displacement and assimilation of Native nations
French and Indian War (1754–1763)	France New France Louisiana Canada Pro-French Native Americans	Great Britain British America New England Colonies Province of New Hampshire Province of Massachusetts Bay Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Connecticut Colony Middle Colonies Province of New York Province of New Jersey Province of Pennsylvania Delaware Colony Southern Colonies Province of Maryland Colony of Virginia Province of North Carolina Province of South Carolina Province of Georgia Pro-British Native Americans	British victory France cedes New France east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain, retaining Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and transfers Louisiana to Spain.
Seven Years' War (1756–1763)	France Holy Roman Empire [a]   Russia [b]   Spain [c] Sweden Bengal and others...	Great Britain   Prussia Portugal [c]   Russia [d] and others...	Anglo-Prussian coalition victory [4] France cedes its North American possessions east of the Mississippi River, along with the colonies of Canada, St Vincent, Tobago, Dominica, Grenada, and Northern Circars to Britain France cedes Louisiana and its North American territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain Spain cedes Florida to Britain, in exchange for the return of Havana and Manila
Pontiac's War (1763–1766)	British Empire	Native American Coalition [5] [6] Odawa Anishinaabek Potawatomi Anishinaabek Ojibwe Anishinaabek Mingo people Seneca people Wyandot people Miami people Kickapoo people Illinois people Quapaw people Historically known as Arkansas [7]	Military stalemate, with negotiated policy concessions in favor of the Native American side Portage around Niagara Falls ceded by Senecas to the British
American Revolutionary War (1775–1783 [e] )	Great Britain Loyalists Quebec Nova Scotia West Florida East Florida Hanover Combatants Hesse [f] Brunswick [g] German mercenaries/auxiliaries [12] [h] Hesse-Kassel Hesse-Hanau Waldeck Brunswick Ansbach Anhalt-Zerbst   Hanover Native Americans [14] Onondaga Mohawk Cayuga Seneca Mi'kmaq [i] Cherokee Odawa Muscogee Susquehannock Shawnee	Patriots:   Thirteen Colonies (1775) United Colonies (1775–1776) United States (from 1776) [j] [k]   France Spain   Dutch Republic Combatants Br. Canadien, Cong. rgts. [l] Br. Canadien mil., Fr. led [m] Native Americans [14] Oneida Tuscarora Catawba Lenape Chickasaw Choctaw Mohican Mi'kmaq [n] Abenaki Cheraw Pedee Lumbee [18]	American and allied victory Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. Great Britain would not recognize American independence until signing the Treaty of Paris. Peace of Paris End of the First British Empire [19] Great Britain cedes generally, all mainland territories east of the Mississippi River, south of the Great Lakes, and north of the Floridas to the United States. Great Britain cedes Tobago and Senegal to France. Great Britain cedes Minorca, West Florida, and East Florida to Spain.}}
War of 1812 (1812–1815)	United Kingdom Tecumseh's confederacy Red Sticks Menominee Six Nations of the Grand River West Florida (1813-1814)	United States Cherokee Chickasaw Choctaw Lower Creek Tuscarora	Inconclusive [o] Anglo-American status quo ante bellum West Florida remained under Spanish control, although its position was weakened Mobile comes under American control Tecumseh's confederacy dissolved
Pemmican War (1812–1821)	North West Company	Hudson's Bay Company Red River Colony	NWC and HBC merge
Rebellions of 1837–1838 (1837–1838)	Lower Canada Château Clique Upper Canada Family Compact	Patriotes Republic of Lower Canada Reform movement Republic of Canada Hunters' Lodges	Government victory Patriote rebellion crushed by loyalist forces; Republic of Canada dismantled Defeat of Hunters' Lodges Unification of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada
Pig War (1859)	United Kingdom Colony of Vancouver Island	United States Washington Territory	Inconclusive A bloodless war (1859) — San Juan Islands awarded to the United States following third-party arbitration by the German Empire (1871).

Canada (1867–present)

The following table lists conflicts involving Canada since confederation in 1867. Since that time there have been 26 conflicts with 2 of them currently ongoing:

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result	Killed	Wounded
Fenian raids (1866–1871)	Canada [p]	Fenian Brotherhood	Victory Fenians cease raids	22	32
Red River Rebellion (1869-1870)	Canada	Métis	Victory The Wolseley Expedition takes control of Fort Garry (modern day Winnipeg) Louis Riel flees to the United States	1	Unknown
Wolseley Expedition (1870)	Canada	Métis	Victory Red River Rebellion defeated The legislature passes the Manitoba Act in 1870 Red River Colony enters Canada as the province of Manitoba	None	None
Mahdist War (1881–1899)	United Kingdom Canada Egypt	Sudan	Victory Sudan becomes the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, a condominium of the British Empire	16 [20]	Unknown
North-West Rebellion (1885)	Canada	Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (Métis) Cree–Assiniboine	Victory Completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway Trial of Louis Riel	50 [21]	103
Second Boer War (1899–1902)	United Kingdom Canada Australia New Zealand India Ceylon Cape Colony Natal Colony Rhodesia	Orange Free State South African Republic	Victory British sovereignty over the Orange Free State and the Transvaal in accordance with the Treaty of Vereeniging	267 [22]	>250 [23]
First World War (1914–1918)	France   United Kingdom Russia   United States China   Italy   Japan Canada Newfoundland Australia New Zealand   India   South Africa   Serbia   Montenegro   Romania   Belgium   Greece   Portugal   Brazil	Germany   Austria-Hungary   Ottoman Empire   Bulgaria	Victory End of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations	66,944 [24]	~172,000 [25]
Russian Civil War (1918–1920)	White Movement France   United Kingdom United States China   Italy   Japan Canada Australia India South Africa   Serbia   Romania   Greece Czechoslovakia Poland Estonia	Russian SFSR Far Eastern Republic Latvian SSR Ukrainian SSR Commune of Estonia Mongolian Communists	Inconclusive/Other Result Victory for the Bolshevik Red Army in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, South Caucasus, Central Asia, Tuva, and Mongolia; incorporation of those territories into the Russian SFSR and Soviet Union Allied forces withdrawal from Russia Bolshevik victory over White Army The Soviet Union becomes the new Russian power Russian famine of 1921–1922 Victory for pro-independence and anti communist movements in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland; expulsion of Bolshevik forces from those territories	14	24
Second World War (1939–1945)	Soviet Union United States United Kingdom China France Poland Canada Australia New Zealand   India   South Africa   Yugoslavia   Greece Denmark Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg   Czechoslovakia Brazil Mexico   Ethiopia	Germany   Japan   Italy   Hungary   Romania   Bulgaria   Croatia Slovakia   Finland Vichy France   Thailand   Manchukuo   Mengjiang	Victory Collapse of the Third Reich Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War Beginning of the Atomic Age	~45,300 [26]	~55,000
Korean War (1950–1953)	South Korea United Nations United States United Kingdom Australia   Belgium Canada   France Philippines   Colombia   Ethiopia   Greece   Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand   South Africa   Thailand   Turkey	North Korea China Soviet Union	Ceasefire Ceasefire armistice North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled UN invasion of North Korea repelled Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled Korean Demilitarized Zone established Little territorial change at the 38th parallel border	516 [27]	1,042
Congo Crisis (1960–1963)	Congo-Léopoldville UNOC	Katanga South Kasai	Victory	Unknown	Unknown
Insurgency in Quebec (1962–1973)	Canada	Front de libération du Québec	Victory FLQ guerrillas are disbanded in 1973, after collapse in 1971.	Unknown	Unknown
Oka Crisis (1990)	Canada	Mohawk Warrior Society	Victory End of Mohawk blockade Federal government purchased the Pines from Municipality of Oka to prevent further development	1 [28]	30 [29]
Persian Gulf War (1990–1991)	Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia France Canada Egypt Syria Qatar United Arab Emirates Oman Bangladesh	Iraq	Victory Removal of Iraqi invasion force from Kuwait Imposition of sanctions against Iraq	None	None
Somali Civil War (1992–1995)	United States United Kingdom Spain Saudi Arabia Malaysia Pakistan Italy India Greece Germany France Canada Botswana Belgium Australia New Zealand	Somali National Alliance	Victory UN humanitarian mandate fulfilled, saving around 100,000 lives Somalia Affair Dissolution of Canadian Airborne Regiment The Somali Civil War is ongoing	1	None
Bosnian War (1992–1995)	Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia NATO Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States	Republika Srpska	Victory Dayton Accords Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the Dayton Accords Deployment of NATO-led IFOR to oversee the peace agreement Massive civilian casualties for the Bosniak ethnic group	23 [30]	unknown
Turbot War (1995–1995)	Canada United Kingdom Ireland	Spain European Union	Victory	None	1
Operation Medak Pocket (September 9–17, 1993)	Canada France Republic of Serbian Krajina	Croatia	Canadian strategic victory Croatian forces recover Divoselo and Čitluk (in total 48 km2) Croatian withdrawal UN secures Medak Pocket Canada holds out against an army three times its size without suffering casualties.	None	4
Kosovo War (1998–1999)	UÇK (KLA) AFRK (FARK) Albania Croatia NATO Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States	FR Yugoslavia	Victory Kumanovo Treaty Yugoslav security forces pull out of Kosovo KLA veterans join the UÇPMB, starting the Preševo insurgency	None	None
International Force for East Timor (1999–2000)	Australia New Zealand Bangladesh Brazil Canada Denmark France Germany Ireland Italy Jordan Kenya Malaysia Norway Philippines Portugal Singapore South Korea Thailand United States	Pro-Indonesian militia	Victory Defeat of pro-Indonesian militia Stability in East Timor Arrival of UN peacekeepers	None	None
War in Afghanistan (2001–2014)	Afghanistan United States United Kingdom Germany Italy France Canada Australia New Zealand Georgia Poland Romania Turkey ISAF Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark El Salvador Estonia Finland Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Jordan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Mongolia Montenegro Netherlands Norway Portugal Republic of Macedonia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Korea Spain Sweden   Switzerland Tonga Ukraine United Arab Emirates Northern Alliance	Taliban al-Qaeda Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan HI-Gulbuddin Hezb-e Islami Khalis Haqqani network Lashkar-e-Taiba Jaish-e-Mohammed East Turkestan Islamic Movement Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Islamic Emirate of Waziristan Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi Islamic Jihad Union Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan	Withdrawal/Allied defeat Fall of the Taliban government in Afghanistan Destruction of al-Qaeda camps Over two thirds of al-Qaeda's leadership demolished Occupation of Afghanistan Establishment of a new Afghan government Killing of Osama bin Laden Withdrawal of allied forces, including Canada in 2014. Taliban victory in Afghanistan in the year 2021 after an effective resurgence [31] Fall of the Afghan National Army (ANA), [32] which was previously trained by Canadian soldiers [33] Taliban control of US weapons and equipment following the rapid withdrawal of allied forces [34]	166 [35] [36]	2,071 [37]
First Libyan Civil War (2011)	NTC Qatar NATO Belgium Bulgaria Canada Denmark France Greece Italy Netherlands Norway Romania Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Sweden Jordan United Arab Emirates	Libya	Victory Overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi in Libya Death of Muammar Gaddafi Dissolution of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya	None	None
Iraqi Civil War (2013–2017)	Iraq [38] Assyrian Forces (Iraqi command) Iraqi Turkmen Front Iraqi Communist Party Iran Hezbollah Syria [39] Iraqi Kurdistan [38] Assyrian Forces (Kurdish command) Sinjar Alliance PKK [40] Rojava [40] CJTF–OIR United States United Kingdom Canada [41] [42] Australia [43] France Italy Netherlands Finland [44] Denmark [45]	Islamic State Naqshbandi Army (2013–15)	Victory Iraqi territorial integrity preserved ISIL expelled from all strongholds by 11 November 2017 [46] [47] Iraq declares the defeat of ISIL on 9 December 2017 after securing the western desert with neighbouring Syria [48] End of open conflict and return of relative stability to Iraq following the end of the war [49]	1	Unknown
Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2014–present)	United States United Kingdom Australia Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Turkey	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant	Ongoing Airstrikes on ISIL and al-Qaeda affiliates positions in Iraq and Syria Multinational humanitarian effort Arming and support for local ground forces 2 American journalists, 2 British humanitarian workers, and 1 French tourist executed [50] [51] [52] As of February 2016, Canada has discontinued bombing ISIS positions [53] but still has special operations units in Iraq [54]	2	At Least 3
Red Sea crisis (2023–present)	Israel Prosperity Guardian:   United States   United Kingdom   Australia   Bahrain   Canada   Denmark   New Zealand   Norway   Seychelles   Singapore   Sri Lanka [55]  Aspides:   European Union   Belgium   Estonia   Finland   France   Germany   Greece   Italy   Latvia   Netherlands   Sweden Independent Patrols:   China [56]   Egypt   India   Pakistan   Saudi Arabia	Houthi Yemen [q]   Houthis Axis of Resistance   Iran [r]   Hezbollah Islamic Resistance in Iraq [57]	Ongoing Bankruptcy of the Port of Eilat [58] Disruption of international maritime trade and supply chain Beginning of Operation Sankalp on 14 December 2023 Beginning of Operation Prosperity Guardian on 18 December 2023 Missile strikes against Houthi-controlled territory started in January 2024 Beginning of Operation Aspides on 19 February 2024 Intensification of US airstrikes in March 2025 Ceasefire between the US and Houthis [59]	Unknown	Unknown

See also

• List of Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay
• List of Canadian military operations
• List of Canadian peacekeeping missions
• List of massacres in Canada

Notes

1. While Prussia itself was part of the Empire and many HRE states remained neutral, the Imperial Diet formally declared action against Prussia, so it was an Imperial action rather than being conducted solely in the name of Austrian interests. See below.
2. Until 1762
3. From 1762 ^[3]
4. From Feb until June 1762 ^[3]
5. A cease-fire in North America was proclaimed by Congress ^[8] on April 11, 1783, under a cease-fire agreement between Great Britain and France on January 20, 1783. The final peace treaty was signed on September 3, 1783, and ratified on January 14, 1784, in the US, with final ratification exchanged in Europe on May 12, 1784. Hostilities in India continued until July 1783.
6. Sixty-five percent of Britain's German auxiliaries employed in North America were from Hesse-Kassel (16,000) and Hesse-Hanau (2,422), flying this same flag. ^[9]
7. Twenty percent of Britain's German auxiliaries employed in North America were from Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (5,723), ^[10] flying this flag. ^[11]
8. The British hired over 30,000 professional soldiers from various German states who served in North America from 1775 to 1782. ^[13] Commentators and historians often refer to them as mercenaries or auxiliaries, terms that are sometimes used interchangeably. ^[12]
9. (from 1779)
10. Including the United Colonies period from 1776 to 1781 and the Confederation period from 1781 to 1783.
11. The states involved in the Revolutionary War included New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
12. Two independent "COR" Regiments, the Congress's Own Regiments, were recruited among British Canadiens. The 1st Canadian Regiment formed by James Livingston of Chambly, Quebec; ^[15] and the 2nd Canadian Regiment formed by Moses Hazen of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec. ^[16]
13. Augustin de La Balme independently marched on Detroit under a French flag with British Canadien militia recruited from western Quebec (Illinois County, Virginia) at the county seat of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. ^[17]
14. (until 1779)
15. see Results of the War of 1812
16. Raids conducted in 1866 occurred in the Province of Canada, and the colony of New Brunswick, prior to Canadian confederation
17. Political legitimacy of all Houthi-led government bodies has been rejected by the United Nations, rival Yemeni factions, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the United States.
18. Multiple sources indicate that the Iranian government has deployed military personnel to Houthi-controlled Yemen who are actively involved in attacks on commercial shipping.

1. Various rival Native American tribes fought against each other, while making alliances with different White European colonial factions.

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