Christian militias in Iraq and Syria

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An Assyrian Christian church in Alqosh Iraqvillagealqosh6.JPG
An Assyrian Christian church in Alqosh

A number of Christian militias in Iraq and Syria have been formed since the start of the Syrian Civil War and in the 2013-2017 War. The militias are composed of fighters mainly from the Assyrian but also include Arab and Armenian Christian communities in Syria, and Assyrians in Iraq have formed militias in the north to protect Assyrian communities, towns and villages in the Assyrian homeland and Nineveh Plains. [1] Some foreign Christian fighters from the Western world have also joined these militias. [2] [3]

Contents

After the spread of the conflicts, and the rise of the Islamist factions, many Christian civilians fled, in particular in fear of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), who have violently persecuted Christians in the areas that have come under their control. [4] Some of those that have stayed formed militias, largely to protect their own populations from ISIL and other hardline Sunni Islamist factions such as al-Qaeda's Nusra Front, Ahrar al-Sham, and Jund al-Aqsa. While initially forming to protect their own territory, some of the larger militias have gone on the offensive.

Before the war, as much as 10% of the population in Syria was Assyrian, Armenian, or Arab Christian, who made up one of the largest Christian minorities in the Middle East. In the early days of the civil war, some Christian communities were given arms by both the Syrian government and Kurdish groups, to defend themselves against sectarian Sunni Islamist Syrian rebels. The Syriac Military Council, a Syriac-Assyrian Christian militia allied with the Kurdish-majority People's Protection Units (YPG), is the largest Christian militia in the Syrian civil war. By comparison with some of the other armed groups in Syria, Christian militias are small, and dependent on the Syrian government or the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria. [5] Defence units set up under the auspices of the Syrian government are called Popular Committees, which have since been integrated into the National Defence Forces. [6]

Maronite Christians in Lebanon have also formed militias to fight against Islamic State incursions from Syria.

Syria

Syrian Democratic Forces

The following militias are part of the Syrian Democratic Forces of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.

Syriac Military Council

The Syriac Military Council (Syriac abbreviation: MFS) is largely composed of Assyrian and some Armenian Christians, with its headquarters in al-Malikiyah. Based in the Jazira Region, it is the main armed Christian militia in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria. [7] The group is allied with the mainly-Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) and has more than 2,000 members. In 2013, the militia confronted, with its allies, the al-Nusra Front in Tell Hamis, during the Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013), and finally regained the town during the Eastern al-Hasakah offensive in late February 2015. Later that year, the MSF defended the Christian villages of the Khabur valley from Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant attacks. They were also involved in the 2015 Al-Hasakah city offensive, successfully capturing the town from the Islamic State, in conjunction with the YPG. [7] [5] [8] The group is armed mainly with light and some medium weapons, and some armoured vehicles, and has appealed to the West for heavier weapons. The West presently only sends weapons to other rebel groups, but has so far not offered any aid, with the militia sourcing most of its low-level weapons locally. [7] [9] In October 2015, the Syriac Military Council was one of the founding components of the Syrian Democratic Forces.

Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces

The Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces is a small female-only subunit of the MFS, the formation of which was influenced by the Women's Protection Units. [10]

Martyr Nubar Ozanyan Brigade

On April 24, 2019, the "Martyr Nubar Ozanyan Brigade" was formed as an Armenian brigade of the Syrian Democratic Forces on the anniversary of the Armenian genocide in the Marziya Church in Tell Goran. [11] [12]

Khabour Guards

The Khabour Guards (Syriac : ܡܘܬܒܐ ܕܢܛܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܒܘܪ, romanized: Mawtḇā d-Nāṭorē d-Ḥābor; Arabic : مجلس حرس الخابور الآشوري) is an Assyrian Syrian militia created after the collapse of Syrian government control in the Assyrian-majority Khabur valley northwest of al-Hasakah Governorate. The militia is composed of locals and maintains checkpoints in several Assyrian villages, most notably Tel Tamer. Though officially neutral and nonpartisan, the Khabour Guards are de facto affiliated with the Assyrian Democratic Party [13] along with Nattoreh.

Nattoreh

The Assyrian People's Guard – Nattoreh (Syriac : ܢܛܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܬܠ ܬܡܪ ܐܫܘܪܝܐ, romanized: Naṭore d'Tel Tamer Ashoraye; Arabic : اللجنه الشعبيه للحرس الأشوري) is an Assyrian Syrian militia based in the Khabur valley town of Tell Tamer northwest of Al-Hasakah, an area with a large Assyrian population. The militia is composed of local Assyrians and is along with the Khabour Guards affiliated with the Assyrian Democratic Party. [14] [15] [16]

Sutoro

Sutoro which is also known as the Syriac Security Office or the Sutoro Police, is an ethnic Assyrian, Syriac-Christian police force in Jazira Canton of the Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava in Syria, where it works in concert with the general Kurdish Asayish police force of the canton with the mission to police ethnic Assyrian areas and neighbourhoods. It is based around the city of Qamishli and has around 1,200 fighters, and arms checkpoints in Assyrian populated parts of cities, together with Assyrian towns and villages such as Tell Tamer. [17]

Government

The following militias are part of the military of Syria, under the government of Syria.

Gozarto Protection Force

This is a largely Syriac-Assyrian militia based in Qamishli, in Syria's north-east. It is allied with the Syrian government, and fights in conjunction with the Syrian Army. It has been active in the defense of the majority Christian town of Sadad from Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. [18] The militia has 500 fighters.

Guardians of the Dawn

The Guardians of the Dawn are a coalition of Syrian Christian pro-government militias from southern Syria. [19]

Sootoro

The Sootoro is another Assyrian militia based only in the city of Qamishli, in North Eastern Syria. It is aligned with the Syrian regime, and has clashed not only with ISIL, but with the YPG and Sutoro, which it accuses of trying to appropriate Assyrian lands. [20]

Iraq

Nineveh Plain Protection Units

The Nineveh Plain Protection Units (Classical Syriac : ܚܕܝ̈ܘܬ ܣܬܪܐ ܕܫܛܚܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐḤḏāywāṯ Settārā da-Šṭāḥā d-Nīnwē) or NPU is an Assyrian military organization that was formed late in 2014, largely but not exclusively by Assyrians in Iraq to defend themselves against Islamic State. [21] The Nineveh Plains is a region where Assyrians in Iraq have traditionally been concentrated. [22] The Assyrian Security force Nineveh Plain Protection Units currently run the security in many Towns and Villages in the Nineveh Plains

The Assyrian Policy Institute reports that the NPU has 2,000 men registered to be trained awaiting approval and funding from the Federal government of Iraq and that they currently have 600 active soldiers deployed and running the security in towns such as Bakhdida, Karamlesh and partly in Bartella where the security is contested by PMF Brigade 30 or known as the Shabak Militia with the support of the Badr Organization leaving the NPU outnumbered. [23]

The Nineveh Plain Guard Forces (NPGF)

The Nineveh Plain Guard Forces also known as Christian Peshmerga is composed of former members of the Church Guards that were forced to disband and disarm in 2014 as Kurdish officials began confiscating weapons that belonged to local Assyrians prior to the ISIS invasion that left the Assyrians defenceless.

It's estimated that they currently have 1,500 Assyrian soldiers under Peshmerga command [24]

Dwekh Nawsha

Dwekh Nawsha is an Assyrian Christian militia defending the Christian cities in the Nineveh province of Iraq. [25] A number of foreign Western Christian fighters have joined the militia in order aid in the effort. [2]

A report by the Assyrian Policy Institute released in June 2020 claimed that Dwekh Nawsha was eventually disbanded and that all of its social media accounts have been deleted. [26]

Nineveh Plain Forces

The Nineveh Plain Forces (Syriac : ܚܝ̈ܠܘܬܐ ܕܕܫܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ, romanized: Ḥaylawotho d'Deshto d'Ninwe) or NPF is a military organization that was formed on 6 January 2015 by indigenous Assyrian Christians in Iraq, in cooperation with Peshmerga, [27] to defend against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. [28]

A 2020 Report by the Assyrian Policy Institute claimed that the NPF was disbanded in 2017 following the unsuccessful Kurdistan Region independence referendum. [29]

Babylon Brigade

The Babylon Brigade is a nominally Christian militia that was formed as part of Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces by Rayan al-Kildani, a Chaldean Catholic Assyrian with close ties to the Badr Organization. [30] It has been criticized as "pseudo-Christian" for being led by a Christian but having a mostly Shia and Shabak composition, and for attempting to take over areas controlled by the NPU. [31] [32]

Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam

Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam (Arabic : كتائب روح الله عيسى بن مريم; lit. The Brigade of the Spirit of God Jesus Son of Mary ) is a militia composed of Assyrian Christians trained and supplied by an Iraqi Shi'ite militia as a subgroup of the Kata'ib al-Imam Ali in the fight against ISIL.

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Assyrians in Syria</span> Ethnic group

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Hasakah</span> City in al-Hasakah, Syria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nineveh Plains</span> Region in Iraq

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syriac Military Council</span> Assyrian/Syriac military organisation in Syria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sutoro</span> Military unit

The Syriac Security Office, commonly known as the Sutoro or the Sutoro Police, is a Assyrian Christian police force in Jazira Region of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria in Syria, where it works in concert with the general Asayish police force of the canton with the mission to police ethnic Assyrian areas and neighbourhoods. Its establishment is associated with the Syriac Union Party (SUP).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sootoro</span> Assyrian/Syriac military organisation in Syria

The Gozarto Protection Forces and Sootoro, united as one organisation, are a regional militia based in Qamishli, Al-Hasakah Governorate, Syria, composed of members of the local ethnic Assyrian and some Armenian communities, founded after the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War that began in 2011. Sootoro claims to be affiliated with the Civil Peace Committee for Syriac Orthodox. The Qamishli Sootoro is aligned with the Ba'athist government of Bashar Assad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asayish (North and East Syria)</span> Police force in North-East Syria

The Internal Security Forces, also known as the Asayish in the Jazira, Euphrates, and Afrin Regions, is the internal security and police force in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria. Formed in the early stages of the Syrian Civil War, it had initially been established to police areas controlled by the Kurdish Supreme Committee. In October 2013, the Asayish claimed to have 4,000 members; by 2017, the number had reportedly risen to over 15,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nineveh Plain Protection Units</span> Assyrian militia in Iraq

The Nineveh Plain Protection Units or NPU is an Assyrian paramilitary organization that was formed in late 2014, largely but not exclusively by Assyrians in Iraq to defend themselves against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The Nineveh Plains is a region where Assyrians originate from and have lived there for thousands of years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khabur Guards</span> Assyrian militia in Syria

The Khabour Guards is an Assyrian militia in Syria created after the collapse of Syrian government control in the Assyrian-majority Khabur valley in the northwest of al-Hasakah Governorate. The militia is composed of local Assyrians and maintains checkpoints in several Assyrian settlements, most notably Tell Tamer. It was initially established as an independent force, but is now affiliated with the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces. Though officially neutral and nonpartisan, the Khabour Guards are de facto affiliated with the Assyrian Democratic Party along with Nattoreh, and as a part of the Syriac-Assyrian Military Council of the Syrian Democratic Forces, they are affiliated with the Syriac Union Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shabak Brigade</span> Shiite Muslim Shabak militia in the Nineveh Plains

The Shabak Brigade, also known as the Shabak Militia or Liwa al-Shabak is an Iraqi armed group that was formed in 2014. The group was initially formed with around 1,500 militiamen in order to regain control of the Nineveh Plains from the Islamic State (ISIS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian Democratic Forces</span> Alliance in the Syrian Civil War

The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) is a Kurdish-led coalition formed by ethnic militias and rebel groups, and serves as the official military wing of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES). The SDF is allied to and supplied by the United States–led CJTF–OIR international alliance. Founded in 10 October 2015, the SDF claims that its mission is fighting to create a secular, democratic and federalized Syria. The SDF is opposed by Turkey, who claims the group has direct links to the PKK, which it recognizes as a terrorist group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dawronoye</span> Secular, leftist, national liberation movement among the Assyrian people

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nineveh Plain Forces</span> Iraqi Christian anti-ISIS militia (2015–2017)

The Nineveh Plain Forces or NPF was a military organization that was formed on 6 January 2015 by the indigenous Christian Assyrian people in Iraq, in cooperation with Peshmerga, to defend against Islamic State. The Nineveh Plains is a region at the heart of the Assyrian homeland. The militia is affiliated with the Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party and the Beth Nahrain Patriotic Union (HBA), the latter being part of the secular Dawronoye movement. It participated in the Battle of Mosul (2016–2017).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Assyrian Democratic Party</span> Political party in Syria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nattoreh</span> Assyrian militia

The Assyrian People's Guard – Nattoreh is an Assyrian militia of the Syrian Democratic Forces. It is based in the Khabur valley town of Tell Tamer northwest of Al-Hasakah, an area with a large Assyrian population, in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria. The militia is composed of local Assyrians and, along with the Khabour Guards, is affiliated with the Assyrian Democratic Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2014)</span> Syrian military campaign

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This is the order of battle for the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, codenamed "Operation Peace Spring" by Turkey. The pro-Turkish forces, including the Syrian National Army, are opposed by the armed forces of the NES, including the Syrian Democratic Forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Assyrian Policy Institute</span> Assyrian advocacy group

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References

  1. ↑ George, Susannah (10 November 2014). "Lebanese Christians Gun Up Against ISIS". The Daily Beast.
  2. 1 2 Behn, Sharon (31 March 2016). "US Military Veterans Join Christian Militia in Anti-IS Fight". VOA . Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  3. ↑ "Sajid Javid should not be allowed to criminalise the British heroes of Rojava | Observer letters". TheGuardian.com . 25 May 2019.
  4. ↑ "Islamic State 'abducts dozens of Christians in Syria'". BBC News. 2015-02-24. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  5. 1 2 "Kurds and Christians Fight Back against ISIS in Syria". National Review. 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  6. ↑ Lund, Aron (2013-08-27). "The Non-State Militant Landscape in Syria". CTC Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2017-10-09. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
  7. 1 2 3 Global Post "Christian militia fights its own battle against jihadists Syria" http://www.globalpost.com/article/6404438/2015/02/27/christian-militia-fights-its-own-battle-against-jihadists-syria
  8. ↑ "Syrien: Christen lassen sich von IS nicht vertreiben - WELT". DIE WELT.
  9. ↑ "Christian Militias Fighting Against Islamic State In Syria". Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
  10. ↑ Bishop, Rachel. "female-fighters-form-fierce-Christian Militia" The Mirror 13 Dec 2015 https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/female-fighters-form-fierce-christian-7004827
  11. ↑ ANF (24 April 2019). "Nubar Ozanyan Armenian Brigade declared". ANF News. Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  12. ↑ "Armenians form brigade in Northern and Eastern Syria". ANF News. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  13. ↑ Rashid (2018), p. 37.
  14. ↑ Rashid (2018), p. 36.
  15. ↑ "اللجنه الشعبيه للحرس الأشوري - Nattoreh". www.facebook.com.
  16. ↑ "Assyrians seek self-management in Hasaka over deal with PYD". Zaman al-Wasl. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  17. ↑ "Christian militia in Syria defends ancient settlements against Isis". the Guardian. 2015-03-03. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  18. ↑ "Russia transporting militia groups fighting Islamic State to frontlines in Syria". www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  19. ↑ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (14 December 2016). "Usud Al-Cherubim: A Pro-Assad Christian Militia". Syria Comment. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  20. ↑ Al Tamimi, Aymenn J (24 March 2014). "Assad regime lacks the total support of Syria's Christians". The National. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  21. ↑ John Burger for Aletia. December 4, 2014 Christians in Iraq Forming Militia to Defend, and Possibly Retake, Ancestral Lands
  22. ↑ Steven Nelson for U.S. News & World Report. Feb. 6, 2015 Iraqi Assyrian Christians Form Anti-ISIS Militia, and You Can Legally Chip In
  23. ↑ Hanna, Reine (June 1, 2020). "Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain" (PDF). Assyrian Policy Institute.
  24. ↑ Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain
  25. ↑ "Westerners join Iraqi Christian militia to 'crusade'". World Bulletin. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  26. ↑ Hanna, Reine (June 1, 2020). "Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain" (PDF). Assyrian Policy Institute. p. 39. Retrieved August 2, 2020. The force was ultimately disbanded, and official social media accounts for the Dwekh Nawsha have since been disabled. The force was disbanded soon after.
  27. ↑ "Inside the Christian Militias Defending the Nineveh Plains". Warisboring. 7 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 September 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  28. ↑ "The establishment of Nineveh Plain Forces – NPF". Syriac International News Agency. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  29. ↑ Hanna, Reine (June 1, 2020). "Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain" (PDF). Assyrian Policy Institute. p. 38. Retrieved August 2, 2020. The NPF's stated goals were similar to those of the Nineveh Plains Protection Units; the key difference being that the NPF and the BNDP advocated for a Nineveh Plain Governorate administered by the KRG. BNDP leader Romeo Hakkari has been a vocal proponent for Kurdish independence. But following the failed referendum the NPF was stripped of its security responsibilities. The last official update on its social media accounts is dated September 2, 2017. The force was disbanded soon after.
  30. ↑ "A Mostly Non-Christian Militia Won 2 Of Iraqi Christians' Parliamentary Seats". HuffPost. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 30 Aug 2019.
  31. ↑ "Nineveh Plain Protection Units (Iraq)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  32. ↑ "Nineveh Plains Christians Defend Against the Babiliyoun Militia | The Washington Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 2024-10-12.

Works cited

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