4th BRICS summit

Last updated

4th BRICS Summit
चतुर्थ ब्रिक्स शिखर सम्मेलन
←  3rd 29 March 2012 5th  →
2012 BRICS logo.jpg
Official summit logo
Host country Flag of India.svg India
Venue(s)Taj Hotel
Cities New Delhi
ParticipantsFlag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Flag of India.svg  India
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa

The 2012 BRICS summit was the fourth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The summit was held at Taj Hotel [1] in New Delhi, India on 29 March 2012 [2] and began at 10:00 Indian Standard Time. [3] This is the first time that India has hosted a BRICS summit. [4] The theme of the summit was "BRICS Partnership for Global Stability, Security and Prosperity". [2]

Contents

Preparations

Preparations for the summit began with the announcement from the Ministry of External Affairs, India about a competition to choose the official logo for the meeting. The logo was expected to "bring out the essence of this grouping of countries, which has received unprecedented global attention in recent years and now occupies a prominent space in the global political and economic landscape." A specially-constituted jury announced the winning design on 10 February 2012 as the submission of Sonesh Jain, an architecture student of the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. The logo is a symbolic representation of a peacock with "colours suggesting resurgence and renewal". [5] Officials also commented that the BRICS logo drew inspiration from the lotus in addition to the peacock. [6]

The logo caused controversy regarding its similarity to that of the National Broadcasting Company. The Ministry of External Affairs said that there should have been a more careful selection process, but defended the logo by saying that there were more differences than similarities. [6] [7]

Security

The Taj Mahal Hotel, New Delhi, the location of the summit. Exterior view of Taj Mahal Hotel, New Delhi.jpg
The Taj Mahal Hotel, New Delhi, the location of the summit.

Hosting the summit involved elaborate security arrangements in the city. 2,000 police personnel and National Security Guard commandos were deployed throughout the city's arterial areas, with special emphasis on the summit venue. The venue's security involved a three-tier arrangement handled by the Delhi Police and the embassy officials of the visiting nations, and involved body checks and metal detectors. To ensure the security of the attending delegates, the floors above and below the rooms to be occupied were left vacant. [8] In addition, the entire hotel was occupied by the BRICS summit, and guests were re-directed to other hotels. Security personnel were posted even on the rooftops of the venue. [9]

Pre-summit events

During 4–6 March 2012, the Delhi-based public policy organisation Observer Research Foundation conducted the 4th BRICS Academic Forum, which involved the participation of approximately 60 scholars from all five states. The forum was held to generate ideas and proposals, which would be put forward to the attending state heads for further consideration. At the end of the forum, 18 recommendations were put forward for increasing the effectiveness of the group. [4] A BRICS business forum, organised by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Confederation of Indian Industry and Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, [10] took place the day before the leaders official summit. [11]

Participants

Hu arrived in New Delhi on 28 March 2012 [12] along with a delegation of senior ministers which included Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi, State Councillor Dai Bingguo as well as business executives. [13] Zuma's delegation included the Minister of Trade and Industry, Rob Davies and business executives. All five trade ministers were present as well. [11]

The heads of state/heads of government of the five countries participated in the summit.

Core BRICS members
Host state and leader are shown in bold text.
MemberRepresented byTitle
Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Dilma Rousseff President
Flag of Russia.svg Russia Dmitry Medvedev President
Flag of India.svg India Manmohan Singh Prime Minister
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Hu Jintao President
Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Jacob Zuma President

Common issues

Development bank

The BRICS leaders at the summit venue; (from left) Rousseff, Medvedev, Singh, Hu and Zuma Dmitry Medvedev BRICS summit 2012-15.jpeg
The BRICS leaders at the summit venue; (from left) Rousseff, Medvedev, Singh, Hu and Zuma

The main agenda for the summit was the creation of a new development bank. [14] The idea for setting up such a bank was put forward by India, [15] as a sign of firming the power of the group and increasing its influence in global decision-making; Sudhir Vyas, a senior Indian official, said that the idea for a BRICS bank had been "in the air for some time." [16] [17]

The aims of the bank would include: funding development and infrastructure projects in developing and least developed countries; [18] lending, in the long term, during global financial crises such as the Eurozone crisis; [19] and issuing convertible debt, which could be bought by the central banks of all the member states and hence act as a vessel for risk-sharing. [17]

Economic experts[ which? ] predicted several beneficent effects of such a bank. Such a bank would allow successful implementation of regional development projects, with increased efficiency and transparency. [17] Brazilian Trade Minister Fernando Pimentel said that the bank "would be a very powerful financial tool to improve trade opportunities, and may be a major step to support the EU to overcome its financial crisis." [11]

In the Delhi Declaration at the end of the summit, the BRICS announced the setting up of the bank, described as a "BRICS-led South-South development bank." The finance ministers of the member states were directed to conduct feasibility studies of the initiative and to submit their reports at the next BRICS summit. [20] Pimentel said that the proposed bank was not meant as a sign of abandonment of existing global financial institutions, but that it was a response to current economic necessities. Vyas commented that the BRICS would determine the capital structure and that the initiative would take some time to get started. [21]

Other issues

Zuma's office said that South Africa would seek to advance African interests in seeking support for infrastructure projects and industrialisation initiatives, as well as call for reform in multilateral institutions. [11]

Conclusions

Multilateral financial institutions

All five countries called for an urgent need to implement the 2010 Governance and Quota Reform before the 2012 International Monetary Fund – World Bank Annual Meeting. The countries also want the comprehensive review of the quota formula to reflect economic weights and enhance the voice and representation of emerging market and developing countries by January 2013. [22] [23] [24]

All five countries also called for candidatures from developing world for the position of the President of the World Bank reiterating that the heads of IMF and the World Bank should be selected through an open and merit-based process. [22] [23] [24] The call came weeks before the World Bank's presidential election which would, for the first time, feature non-United States candidates. China's Hu said: "We are committed to stepping up exchanges with other countries on global economic governance reforms and increasing representation of developing countries." Manmohan Singh added that "while some progress has been made in international financial institutions, there is lack of movement on the political side. BRICS should speak with one voice on important issues such as the reform of the UN Security Council." [20]

Trade and currency

To promote trade in local currencies, the BRICS countries signed the Master Agreement on Extending Credit Facility in Local Currency and the Multilateral Letter of Credit Confirmation Facility Agreement to replace the United States dollar as the main unit of trade between them. [25] The trade ministers also said that tightening intra-BRICS trade would help as an antidote to the European sovereign debt crisis. [11] The trade ministers also called for collective action to fight the European and United States economic downturns. At the BRICS Business Forum, India's Commerce and Industry Minister Anand Sharma said that the "adversity of financial crisis is being faced by all. There is a need to work together to overcome this problem." His Chinese counterpart Chen Deming added that both economic problems were affecting all states and decreased Chinese exports: "I am sure they will recover. There is a need to prevent the EU crisis quickly before it gets worse. There has been a decline in demand in the European markets. Despite this we have to sustain a high level of growth." Russian Minister for Economic Development and Trade Elvira Nabioullina added that "the world has to stop accumulating risks. There is a need to work closer." [10]

In order to bring the economies of BRICS closer, all members agreed to launch a benchmark equity index derivative allowing investors in one BRICS country to bet on the performance of stock markets in the other four members without currency risk. The indices will be cross-listed in BRICS' flagship stock exchanges from 30 March. [26]

Foreign policy issues

All five countries called for the international community to continue development projects in Afghanistan for 10 years after the ISAF withdraws most of its combat troops by the end of 2014.

They also condemned the Western world's pressure tactics on Iran to make other countries adhere to their restrictions on trade ties [27] and said dialogue alone could resolve the nuclear issues. The group added that the 2011-2012 Syrian uprising could also only be resolved through dialogue. They warned against any military intervention in Syria by the West or by Israel in Iran. [28] They added that a war with Iran would have "disastrous consequences." [29] China's Trade Minister Chen Deming said that the "rise [in the price] of crude oil has impacted all countries. The Iran issue has become an issue for all. We need to continue with normal relations with Iran, but, at the same time, we respect UN resolution. We hope that unilateral movement by one country will not affect other countries." [10]

Bilateral initiatives

India and China launched the "India-China Friendship and Cooperation" year in the summit. Chinese President Hu Jintao that it was China's "unswerving policy" to develop bilateral ties as he put forward a five-point proposal in an effort to improve strategic ties between the two states. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said of Hu's reaction that he thought "there is a great cooperation potential and prospect of development for China-India relations. China hopes to work with India to seize development opportunities, step up development, jointly respond to challenges and make greater contribution to peace and prosperity of Asia and beyond." Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh responded by saying that "India hopes to maintain high-level exchange of visits with China, deepen strategic mutual trust, expand win-win cooperation and hope to make strategic economic dialogue between the two countries a success." [30]

Both states agreed to initiate dialogue over issues in West Asia, Central Asia and Africa as confidence building measures towards enhancement of political interaction. They also discussed border disputes with a conclusion to maintain the status quo peace and stability. On the economic front, Hu stated that he would work towards facilitating Indian exports to China; Singh called for Chinese investments in the Indian manufacturing and infrastructure sectors. [31]

Controversies

Protests

On 26 March, a Tibetan activist named Jamphel Yeshi set himself on fire at a rally in Delhi and subsequently died of his burns two days later. Yeshi was given a "martyr's funeral" by several Tibetan exile organisations; [32] a rally was held in Dharamshala in his memory. [33] On 28 March, protesters attempted to storm into the hotel where Hu was staying, prompting an increase in security for the officials. Around ten Tibetan activists unfurled a Tibetan flag near the hotel, and attempted to march towards the summit venue but were detained by the police. [34] Protesters were also present at the United Nations office where the Tibetan Youth Congress submitted memorandums to the embassies of the participating states. Similar protests were also held at Khan Market and the Jantar Mantar, prompting a heavy police presence in such areas. [35] Police camps were set up in certain colonies of Tibetan refugees in Delhi. [36] Almost 300 protesters were arrested for breaking laws during their anti-China protests. [37]

China responded strongly to the protests, and accused the exiles of pushing "extreme and radical views by glorifying and instigating extreme behavior." Chinese spokesperson Luo Zhaohui termed the protests as "political" and "inconsistent with the teachings of Buddhism." Luo expressed regret over the loss of life and praised the Indian government's efforts to "[ensure] the safe and smooth holding" of the summit. [38] [39] The state-run China Tibet Online made a number of statements against the Dalai Lama, claiming that he was "controlled by USA" and that his relatives worked for the Central Intelligence Agency. It pointed out "similarities" between the Dalai Lama's activities and the "uncontrolled and cruel Nazis" during World War II. It also claimed that he wanted Tibet to become his "property" and Tibetans his "slaves", by dividing China and "restoring Tibetan serfdom." [40] The report was subsequently relayed by Xinhua . The Simon Wiesenthal Center criticised the comparison, calling it a "double slander", on the premise that the Dalai Lama's tactics are antithetical to the actions of the Nazi regime. [41] The government of India perceived the disruptions as a loss of face [42] and acted to detain protesters, cordon off areas with Tibetan populations, and provide police escorts. [35] However, despite warnings, the Tibetan Youth Congress announced that they would continue to protest in the city. [43] During the Rajya Sabha 's Zero Hour, the Bharatiya Janata Party's Balbir Punj condemned the arrests of protesters, labeling it a "violation of people's fundamental rights". [36]

The day before the summit, the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration called on the other BRICS members to discuss the issue at the summit as they felt that the situation in Tibet continued to deteriorate amidst China's use of "brutal methods" against peaceful protests. [44]

Traffic

A day prior to the summit, traffic restrictions were imposed in Sardar Patel Marg so as to allow proper movement of the visiting dignitaries. Such restrictions were expected to affect traffic at major city roads, India Gate and Rajiv Chowk. However, despite an earlier announcement stating that restrictions would be imposed in the evening, the restrictions were placed by the afternoon. As a result, commuters were left stranded due to traffic blocks. Despite advisories from the police, there was confusion on the roads. [45] Some people reported that they were held up at the roads for several hours. The blocked roads were also used by commuters travelling from satellite towns into Delhi, thus forcing the people to find alternate options for traveling. The Delhi Police's advice of avoiding the blocked routes and finding alternate routes was met with criticism as such measures would add considerably to commuting time. Commuter displeasure was also expressed on social networking sites like Facebook. The traffic conditions in the city made many commuters use the Delhi Metro to reach their destinations. [46]

Reactions

Mark Toner, a spokesman for the United States Department of State, said that it had "reviewed the leaders' Delhi declaration and believe that their efforts to engage in global multilateral institutions productively can only strengthen the international system", adding that its efforts to support the global economy and development in Afghanistan were welcomed. However, in regards to Iran, he said that U.S. President Barack Obama "has said that no option has been taken off the table, he's also been very clear that there's still... time for a diplomatic solution." [29]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">China–India relations</span> Bilateral relations

China and India have historically maintained peaceful relations for thousands of years of recorded history, but the harmony of their relationship has varied in modern times, after the Chinese Communist Party's victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, and especially post the Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China. The two nations have sought economic cooperation with each other, while frequent border disputes and economic nationalism in both countries are major points of contention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">G20</span> Forum of 19 countries along with EU and AU

The G20 or Group of 20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 sovereign countries, the European Union (EU), and the African Union (AU). It works to address major issues related to the global economy, such as international financial stability, climate change mitigation and sustainable development, through annual meetings of Heads of State and Heads of Government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</span> International cooperation organisation

The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation of seven South Asian and Southeast Asian nations, housing 1.73 billion people and having a combined gross domestic product of US$5.2 trillion (2023). The BIMSTEC member states – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand – are among the countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBSA Dialogue Forum</span> Commonly known as IBSA, a three-country alignment

The IBSA Dialogue Forum is an international tripartite grouping for promoting international cooperation among these countries. It represents three important poles for galvanizing South–South cooperation and greater understanding between three important continents of the developing world namely, Africa, Asia, and South America. The forum provides the three countries with a platform to engage in discussions for cooperation in the field of agriculture, trade, culture, and defence among others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Tibetan unrest</span> Political violence in Tibet

The 2008 Tibetan unrest, also referred to as the 2008 Tibetan uprising in Tibetan media, was a series of protests and demonstrations over the Chinese government's treatment and persecution of Tibetans. Protests in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, by monks and nuns on 10 March have been viewed as the start of the demonstrations. Numerous protests and demonstrations were held to commemorate the 49th anniversary of the 1959 Tibetan Uprising Day, when the 14th Dalai Lama escaped from Tibet. The protests and demonstrations spread spontaneously to a number of monasteries and throughout the Tibetan plateau, including into counties located outside the designated Tibet Autonomous Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">14th Dalai Lama</span> Spiritual leader of Tibet since 1940

The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, full spiritual name: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, also known as Tenzin Gyatso; né Lhamo Thondup; is the incumbent Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism. Before 1959, he served as both the resident spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet, and subsequently established and led the Tibetan government in exile represented by the Central Tibetan Administration in Dharamsala, India. The adherents of Tibetan Buddhism consider the Dalai Lama a living Bodhisattva, specifically an emanation of Avalokiteśvara or Chenrezig, the Bodhisattva of Compassion, a belief central to the Tibetan Buddhist tradition and the institution of the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama, whose name means Ocean of Wisdom, is known to Tibetans as Gyalwa Rinpoche, The Precious Jewel-like Buddha-Master, Kundun, The Presence, and Yizhin Norbu, The Wish-Fulfilling Gem. His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him His Holiness the Dalai Lama, the style employed on his website. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, formally headed by the Ganden Tripa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1st BRIC summit</span> 2009 international summit in Yekaterinburg, Russia

The inaugural BRIC summit took place in Yekaterinburg, Russia on June 16, 2009. The four heads of government from the BRIC countries attended.

The 2008 Tibetan unrest was a series of protests and demonstrations met by excessive force, focused on the persecution of Tibetans, in the buildup to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. There was a mixture of outrage and understanding from leading figures abroad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2nd BRIC summit</span> 2010 international summit in Brasília, Brazil

The 2010 BRIC summit took place in Brasília, Brazil on April 15, 2010. This was the second BRIC summit after Yekaterinburg in 2009. The meeting took place between the four heads of government from the BRIC states following bilateral meetings in the prior days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">China–South Africa relations</span> Bilateral relations

People's Republic of China – South Africa relations refer to the current and historical relationship between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of South Africa (RSA).

The 2011 BRICS summit took place in Sanya on the island of Hainan, China, on 14 April 2011. This was the third BRICS summit since 2009 and the first to formally include South Africa after its accession to the group in December 2010. The meeting took place among the five heads of state/heads of government from the BRICS states following bilateral meetings in the prior days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950</span>

Protests and uprisings against the government of the People's Republic of China have occurred in Tibet since 1950, and include the 1959 uprising, the 2008 uprising, and the subsequent self-immolation protests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BRICS</span> Intergovernmental organization of emerging countries

BRICS is an intergovernmental organization comprising nine countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates. BRICS was originally identified to highlight investment opportunities. The grouping evolved into a geopolitical bloc, with their governments meeting annually at formal summits and coordinating multilateral policies since 2009. Relations among BRICS are conducted mainly based on non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">5th BRICS summit</span> 2013 international summit in Durban, South Africa

The 2013 BRICS summit was the fifth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the head of states or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The summit was held in Durban, South Africa in 2013. This completed the first round of BRICS summits.

The 2012 SCO summit was the 12th annual summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Development Bank</span> Multilateral development bank of the BRICS states

The New Development Bank (NDB), formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, is a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states. According to the Agreement on the NDB, "the Bank shall support public or private projects through loans, guarantees, equity participation and other financial instruments." Moreover, the NDB "shall cooperate with international organizations and other financial entities, and provide technical assistance for projects to be supported by the Bank."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">6th BRICS summit</span> 2014 international summit in Brazil

The 6th BRICS summit was the sixth annual diplomatic meeting of the BRICS, a grouping of major emerging economies that includes Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It was hosted by Brazil, as the first host country of the current five-year summit cycle; the host city was Fortaleza. Though Brazil had previously hosted a four-member BRIC summit in April 2010, 2014 marked its first full BRICS summit; the 2010 summit in Brasília did not officially include South Africa, who were only invited as guests as a prelude to their gaining full membership in December 2010. Argentine President Cristina Kirchner was a special guest of the summit, and the BRICS leaders met with their UNASUR counterparts shortly after. The 6th BRICS summit resulted in the official inauguration of the New Development Bank, a multilateral development bank intended as an alternative to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government</span> Foreign policy of India since 2014

The foreign policy of the Modi government, also referred to as the Modi doctrine is associated with the policy initiatives made towards other states by the current government of India after Narendra Modi assumed the office of prime minister on May 26, 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">8th BRICS summit</span> 2016 international summit in Goa, India

The 2016 BRICS summit was the eighth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of country or heads of government of the five member countries Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The summit was held from 15 to 16 October 2016 at the Taj Exotica hotel in Benaulim, Goa, India. India holds the chair of the BRICS from February 2016 to December 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">India–Tibet relations</span> Relations between Tibet and India

Tibet–India relations are said to have begun during the spread of Buddhism to Tibet from India during the 6th century AD. In 1959, the Dalai Lama fled to India after the failed 1959 Tibetan uprising. Since then, Tibetans-in-exile have been given asylum in India, with the Indian government accommodating them into 45 residential settlements across 10 states in the country, creating the Tibetan diaspora. From around 150,000 Tibetan refugees in 2011, the number fell to 85,000 in 2018, according to government data. Many Tibetans are now leaving India to go back to Tibet and other countries such as United States or Germany. The Government of India, soon after India's independence in 1947, treated Tibet as a de facto independent country. However, more recently India's policy on Tibet has been mindful of Chinese sensibilities, and has recognized Tibet as a part of China.

References

  1. ↑ "Note for Media Personnel not Based in India" (PDF). BRICS India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  2. 1 2 Bureau, Zeebiz (29 March 2012). "BRICS summit in Delhi begins today". Press Trust of India. Zee News. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  3. ↑ "The Fourth BRICS Summit Kicks off Hu Jintao Delivers an Important Speech". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  4. 1 2 Aurobinda Mahapatra, Debidatta (11 March 2012). "Expectations from the New Delhi BRICS Summit". Russia and India Report. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  5. ↑ "Winner of BRICS Logo Design Competition". Ministry of External Affairs, India. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  6. 1 2 Mohan, Archis (11 March 2012). "Brics logo caught in 'copycat' debate". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  7. ↑ "New Logo for the Delhi BRICS Summit May Look Familiar". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  8. ↑ "Security Arrangements Beefed up for BRICS Summit in Delhi". Press Trust of India. News Reporter.in. 27 March 2012. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  9. ↑ Phadnis, Ashwin (29 March 2012). "Security staff take control of BRICS meet venue". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  10. 1 2 3 Business / Economy : BRICS for collective action to deal with EU debt crisis. The Hindu (28 March 2012). Retrieved on 30 March 2012.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Sathekge, Bernard (29 March 2012). "Zuma at Brics summit". The New Age. AFP. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  12. ↑ "Hu arrives in India, to meet Manmohan". Indo-Asian News Service. The Pioneer. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  13. ↑ "Jintao reaches India to participate BRICS summit". NI Wire. News Track India. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  14. ↑ "Brics summit of emerging nations to explore bank plan". BBC. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  15. ↑ "BRICS Summit 2012: A long Journey to cover; Overview, Outcomes and Expectations". The World Reporter. 31 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  16. ↑ Baruah, Amit (29 March 2012). "Can Brics rival the G7?". BBC. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  17. 1 2 3 Kenn Klomegah, Kester (23 March 2012). "BRICS bank could change the money game". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  18. ↑ "BRICS summit focuses on new development bank". The Economic Times. India. AFP. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  19. ↑ "BRICS summit in Delhi : Your 10-fact cheatsheet". Correspondent. NDTV. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  20. 1 2 BRICS to set up joint bank, call for dialogue on Iran & Syria – The Times of India. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (29 March 2012). Retrieved on 30 March 2012.
  21. ↑ "BRICS summit to explore creation of bank". Agencies. Al Jazeera. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  22. 1 2 "BRICS flay West over IMF reform, monetary policy". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  23. 1 2 "BRICS 2012 summit declaration". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  24. 1 2 "Fourth BRICS Summit Declaration: 2012 New Delhi". Ministry of External Affairs (India) . Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  25. ↑ "BRICS nations sign pacts to promote trade in local currency". The Indian Express. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  26. ↑ "Top ten highlights of the Fourth BRICS 2012 Summit". NDTV. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  27. ↑ "2012 BRICS focusses on economic, development issues". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  28. ↑ BRICS summit defends dialogue for Syria, Iran Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Ndtv.com (29 March 2012). Retrieved on 30 March 2012.
  29. 1 2 US cautiously welcomes BRICS summit – The Economic Times. Economictimes.indiatimes.com (30 March 2012). Retrieved on 30 March 2012.
  30. ↑ "China wants to deepen strategic cooperation with India: Hu". Press Trust of India. The Pioneer. 30 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  31. ↑ "India, China agree to expand interaction". www.livemint.com.
  32. ↑ Kumar, Naresh (30 March 2012). "Martyr's funeral for Tibetan protester". Hindustan Times. Dharamsala. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  33. ↑ VN Sreeja (29 March 2012). "BRICS Summit 2012: Tibetan Anti-China Protesters Clash With Police". International Business Times. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  34. ↑ "Protesters Unfurl Tibetan Flag Near BRICS Summit Venue". Press Trust of India. Outlook India. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  35. 1 2 Correspondent (28 March 2012). "Chinese President's visit to Delhi provokes Tibetan protests". NDTV. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.{{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  36. 1 2 "BJP Terms Arrest of Tibetans As Shame for Democracy". Press Trust of India. Outlook India. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  37. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (29 March 2012). "Tibetan's Self-Immolation Casts Shadow over BRICS Summit". Global Spin. Time . Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  38. ↑ "China 'regrets' loss of innocent Tibetan lives". The Times of India . New Delhi. Times News Network. 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  39. ↑ "China appreciates India to quell Tibetan protests". New Delhi: Zee News. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  40. ↑ "Chinese website: Dalai Lama has 'Nazi' policies". The Times of India . 24 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.[ dead link ]
  41. ↑ "China's outrageous comparison of the Dalai Lama to Nazis". Jewish Journal. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  42. ↑ Roy, Sandip (29 March 2012). "Losing face: India's Tibetan problem". First Post. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  43. ↑ Advani, Smriti (29 March 2012). "BRICS summit: Tight security in Delhi as Tibetan protestors detained". CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  44. ↑ "TPE asks Chinese President to withdraw troops from Tibet". Press Trust of India. CNN-IBN. 28 March 2012. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  45. ↑ "Arrival of dignitaries for BRICS Summit leads to traffic chaos". Press Trust of India. CNN-IBN. 28 March 2012. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  46. ↑ "BRICS summit breaks patience of Delhi commuters". First Post. Indo-Asian News Service. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.