The Ghurid invasion of Bengal commonly known as Bakhtiyar Khalji's conquest of Bengal in 1202 or 1204/5[a] was a military campaign of Ghurid dynasty led by Muhammad Bhakhtiyar Khalji against the Sena dynasty. Bakhtiyar Khalji emerged victorious in his campaign at Sena capital Nabadwip.[12][13][14] He established his kingdom at Lakhnawati which included a small part of Varendra.[15] Following their defeat, Lakshmana Sena, the eighty years old ruler of the Sena dynasty, retreated to the southeastern region of Bengal.[16][12][11]
Bakhtiyar Khalji, after the successful annexation of Bihar to the Ghurid dynasty, learned about the Sena Dynasty and its illustrious ruler, Lakshmana Sena. Despite Sena's advanced age and reputation, Khalji was determined to extend his conquests further into Bengal. Upon hearing of Khalji's intent to invade Bengal, many Brahmins and traders decided to leave the Sena capital in search of safer locations. However, in a display of resilience, Lakshmana Sena chose to remain in Nadiya, ready to defend his realm.[17][18]
The siege
Bakhtiyar, leading his forces from Bihar, strategically positioned the majority of his army within a forest near the city of Nadia[b] (in Rajshahi). It was said that he advanced so rapidly that only 18 horsemen from his army could keep up. Posing as horse traders, the small horde entered the city unchallenged and cautiously towards the palace. Upon reaching the palace, Bakhtiyar initiated an attack on the guards, causing a significant commotion. Then Lakshmana Sena was taking his mid day meal.[22][23] He took the emperor and his army by shock. Before Lakshmana Sena could react Bakhtiyar entered the palace killed some of the guards causing Lakshmana Sena to flee with his retainers to east Bengal leaving his wives and servants on the hand of Bakhtiyar's army.[24][25] As Bakhtiyar took the possession of the city, his men seized several horses and elephants along with enormous wealth. In the meantime, the main army had entered Bengal. However, Bakhtiyar didn't subjugate the whole of Bengal.[26] He then moved on to Lakhnauti, which he planned to make his capital.[17][14][27]
Aftermath
Bakhtiyar Khilji left Nadia in ruins and established his capital at Lakhnauti.[23] Lakshmana Sena continued to rule in Eastern Bengal approximately for three or four years after the raid on Nadia and died some time after 1205 A.D.[22][28] According to the historical work Tabaqat-i Nasiri, Bang (Vanga or Eastern and Southern Bengal) was ruled by the descendants of Lakshmana Sena at least up to 1245 A.D. or 1260 A.D.[22][29]
In the year 1204-5 (601 A.H.), Bakhtiyar Khalji struck a gold coin in the name of his overlord in Delhi, sultan Muhammad of Ghor, with one side depicting a cavalryman charging at full gallop and holding a mace in hand. The coin bears the conquest of Gaur. In 1205, Bakhtiyar Khalji was killed by one of his nobles, Ali Mardan Khalji.[17][30] During the reign of Ali Mardan Khalji, who declared his independence from Delhi Sultanate, silver coins were struck, commemorating the conquest of Bengal in Ramzan 600 A.H. (May 1204 A.D.)[31]
Coin issued by Bakhtiyar Khalji reads "Gauda vijaye", "On the conquest of Gaur" inscribed in Sanskrit.
Further reading
The detailed account of this conquest or the expedition of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji to Nadia is given in Tabaqat-i Nasiri, a historical work, authored by Maulana Minahj-ud-din Abu Umar-i-Usman who held various high offices under the Sultans of Delhi. In 639 A.H. (1243 A.D.) he was appointed chief Qazi of the Delhi Sultanate and of the capital. Next year he proceeded to Lakhnauti and stayed for two years there to get the information about the history of Bengal narrated by him.[33]
↑ Nadiya, a city that is now identified with the village of Naoda, a village several miles northeast of Rohanpur railway station in western Rajshahi District (and not to be confused with the city of Nadia in West Bengal)[19][20][21]
↑ Hasan 2007, p.10 "When the Turks attacked in 1204, Lakshmansena, along with his courtiers and several Brahmans, fled to the east, and Bakhtiyar established his kingdom of Lakhnawti, which in the early thirteenth century consisted only of a small area in Varendra"
↑ Siddiq 2015, p.35 "It was on 19 Ramaḍān 601 (10 May 1205) that Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār, an adventurer from the Turkish Khaljī tribe of mountainous central Afghanistan (known as Khaljistān), defeated Lakhśmana Sena, a Hindu king of the powerful Sena dynasty of Bengal, with just a handful of soldiers and swept over almost the whole terrain of Rāra and Barindra in an amazingly short time"
↑ Hasan 2007, p.10 "When the Turks attacked in 1204, Lakshmansena, along with his courtiers and several Brahmans, fled to the east, and Bakhtiyar established his kingdom of Lakhnawti, which in the early thirteenth century consisted only of a small area in Varendra"
↑ Mahajan 2007, p.72 "Before the Raja could ascertain what had occurred Ikhtiyar-ud-din rushed into the palace and put a number of men before the sword. The Raja fled bare-footed by the back door of the palace and his whole treasure and all his wives, maid-servants attendants and women fell into the hands of the invader"
↑ Mahajan 2007, p.72 "Lakshman Sena took shelter in Eastern Bengal where he continued to rule for some time. No attempt was made by Ikhtiyar-ud-din to conquer the whole of Bengal "
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