Territorial evolution of Russia

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Territorial evolution of Russia from 1547 to 1725 Growth of Russia 1547-1725.png
Territorial evolution of Russia from 1547 to 1725

The borders of Russia changed through military conquests and by ideological and political unions from the 16th century.

Contents

Tsarist Russia

The formal end to Tatar rule over Russia was the defeat of the Tatars at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480. Ivan III (r.1462–1505) and Vasili III (r.1505–1533) had consolidated the centralized Russian state following the annexations of the Novgorod Republic in 1478, Tver in 1485, the Pskov Republic in 1510, Volokolamsk in 1513, Ryazan in 1521, and Novgorod-Seversk in 1522. [1]

After a period of political instability between 1598 and 1613, which became known as the Time of Troubles, the Romanovs came to power in 1613 and the expansion-colonization process of the tsardom continued. While Western Europe colonized the New World, the Tsardom of Russia expanded overland – principally to the east, north and south.

This continued for centuries; by the end of the 19th century, the Russian Empire reached from the Baltic Sea, to the Black Sea, to the Pacific Ocean, and for some time included colonies in the Americas (1732–1867) and an unofficial colony in Africa (1889) in present-day Djibouti [2] that lasted only a month.

Expansion into Asia

Russian expansion in Eurasia between 1533 and 1894 Russia 1533-1896.gif
Russian expansion in Eurasia between 1533 and 1894

The first stage from 1582 to 1650 resulted in North-East expansion from the Urals to the Pacific. Geographical expeditions mapped much of Siberia. The second stage from 1785 to 1830 looked South to the areas between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. The key areas were Armenia and Georgia, with some better penetration of the Ottoman Empire, and Persia. By 1829, Russia controlled all of the Caucasus as shown in the Treaty of Adrianople of 1829. The third era, 1850 to 1860, was a brief interlude jumping to the East Coast, annexing the region from the Amur River to Manchuria. The fourth era, 1865 to 1885 incorporated Turkestan, and the northern approaches to India, sparking British fears of a threat to India in the Great Game. [3] [4]

Historian Michael Khodarkovsky describes Tsarist Russia as a "hybrid empire" that combined elements of continental and colonial empires. [5] According to Kazakh scholar Kereihan Amanzholov, Russian colonialism had "no essential difference with the colonialist policies of Britain, France, and other European powers". [6] Qing China defeated Russia in the early Sino-Russian border conflicts, although the Russian Empire later acquired Russian Manchuria in the Amur Annexation. [7] During the Boxer Rebellion, the Russian Empire invaded Manchuria in 1900, and the Blagoveshchensk massacre occurred against Chinese residents on the Russian side of the border. [7] Russian Empire reached its maximum territory in Asia with the Russo-Japanese War, where after its defeat, Russia ceded Manchuria, southern Sakhalin, Russian Dalian, and Port Arthur to Japan with the Treaty of Portsmouth, though Russia kept the northern portion of the Chinese Eastern Railway.

Table of changes

Changes in territory to the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire, from 1547 to 1905, listed chronologically:

YearTsarTerritory takenTaken fromBackgroundMap
1552 Ivan the Terrible Khanate of Kazan Khanate of Kazan Russo-Kazan Wars KazanKhanate1500.png
1556 Ivan the Terrible Astrakhan Khanate Astrakhan Khanate Russian control of the Volga trade route Map of Russia - Astrakhan Oblast.svg
1562 Ivan the Terrible Nevel [8] Grand Duchy of Lithuania Livonian War
1563 Ivan the Terrible Polotsk [9] and Velizh Grand Duchy of Lithuania Livonian War
1566 Ivan the Terrible Usvyaty [10] Grand Duchy of Lithuania Livonian War
1580 Ivan the Terrible Loss of Usvyaty [10] Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Livonian War
1582 Ivan the Terrible Loss of Polotsk and Velizh [11] Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Livonian War
Truce of Jam Zapolski 1582.PNG
1585 Feodor I of Russia Sevsk Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
European Russia laea location map (Crimea disputed).svg
Red pog.svg
1598 Feodor I of Russia Khanate of Sibir Khanate of Sibir Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir Khanate of Sibir.png
1582 – 1778gradual Siberia Indigenous people Russian conquest of Siberia
North Asia (orthographic projection).svg
1617 Time of Troubles Loss of Ingria and Kexholm County Sweden Ingrian War
Sw BalticProv en.png
1618 Time of Troubles Loss of Severia, Smolensk region, Sebezh [12] and Nevel [11] Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Russo-Polish War (1609-1618)
Truce of Deulino 1618-1619.PNG
1634 Michael I of Russia Town of Serpeysk Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Smolensk War
VoivodatoDeSmolensk1635-es.svg
1644 Michael I of Russia Town of Trubchevsk [13] Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
European Russia laea location map (Crimea disputed).svg
Red pog.svg
1667 Alexis of Russia Smolensk, Left-bank Ukraine, Kiev (temporary), Zaporizhzhia (condominium with Poland) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) Truce of Andrusovo 1667.PNG
1681 Feodor III of Russia Qasim Khanate Qasim Khanate Death of Queen Fatima Soltan Map of Russia - Ryazan Oblast (2008-03).svg
1686 Peter the Great Gain of Kiev and Zaporizhzhia Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Union with Poland against Ottoman Empire (Great Turkish War) Irp1686.png
1700 Peter the Great Gain of Azov (temporary) Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1686-1700)

(During the Great Turkish War)

European Russia laea location map (Crimea disputed).svg
Red pog.svg
1711 Peter the Great Loss of Azov Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1710-1711)
1721 Peter the Great Livonia, Estonia, Ingria, and Karelia Sweden Great Northern War NystatIngria.png
1739 Anna of Russia Regain of Azov Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1735-1739)
1743 Elizabeth of Russia South-western Karelia Sweden Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) Altfinnland.png
1758 Elizabeth of Russia Sambia, Lithuania Minor, Natangia [14] Kingdom of Prussia Seven Years' War
1762 Peter III Loss of Sambia, Lithuania Minor, Natangia [15] Kingdom of Prussia Miracle of the House of Brandenburg
1771 Catherine the Great Kalmyk Khanate Kalmyk Khanate exodus of the Kalmyks to Dzungaria Mongolia XVII.png
1772 Catherine the Great Inflanty Voivodeship and parts of historic White Ruthenia (modern eastern Belarus, and Nevel, [16] Rudnya, Sebezh, Shumyachi, Usvyaty, Velizh [17] ) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth First Partition of Poland Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1773-1789.PNG
1774 Catherine the Great Southern Bug and Karbadino Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca.svg
1783 Catherine the Great Crimean Khanate Ottoman Empire Annexation of the vassal state
1792 Catherine the Great Yedisan Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) Map of Ukraine political Edisan.png
1793 Catherine the Great Right-bank Ukraine, most of Podolia, eastern Volhynia and Belarus Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Second Partition of Poland Second Partition of Poland 1793.PNG
1795 Catherine the Great Courland, Semigalia, Samogitia, Kaunas, Vilnius, western Polesie and Volhynia Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Third Partition of Poland Rzeczpospolita Rozbiory 3.png
1799 Paul I of Russia Alaska Indigenous people Russian America 1860-russian-america.jpg
1801 Alexander I of Russia Eastern Georgia Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Annexation of Georgia Khartli-Kakheti.svg
1807 Alexander I of Russia Białystok Kingdom of Prussia Napoleonic Wars
Rzeczpospolitapodrozb.png
1809 Alexander I of Russia Tarnopol Austrian Empire War of the Fifth Coalition
Grand Duchy of Finland Sweden Finnish War The Finnish war map5.svg
1810 Alexander I of Russia Western Georgia Kingdom of Imereti Annexation of Georgia
1812 Alexander I of Russia Bessarabia (Moldova) Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) Southeast Europe 1812 map en.PNG
1813 Alexander I of Russia Duchy of Warsaw (Under occupation) France Napoleonic Wars Duchy of Warsaw 1809-1815.PNG
1813 Alexander I of Russia Georgia, Dagestan, parts of northern Azerbaijan, and parts of northern Armenia Sublime State of Persia Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) Gulistan-Treaty.jpg
1815 Alexander I of Russia Congress Poland Duchy of Warsaw Napoleonic Wars
KingdomofPoland1815 hu.svg
Loss of Tarnopol Austrian Empire
1828 Nicholas I of Russia Iğdır Province, rest of northern Azerbaijan, and Armenia Sublime State of Persia Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Map Iran 1900-en.png
1829 Nicholas l of Russia Danube Delta, Anapa, Novorossiysk, Poti, Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829)
Treaty of Andrinople 1829.png
1856 Alexander II of Russia Loss of Danube Delta and Southern Bessarabia Principality of Moldavia (Ottoman Empire) Crimean War
Cahul Ismail si Bolgrad.PNG
1858 Alexander II of Russia North of the Amur River Qing Empire (China) Second Opium War MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R BOUNDARY Ct002999.jpg
1859 Alexander II of Russia Caucasian Imamate Caucasian Imamate Caucasian War
Caucasian Imamate map.png
1860 Alexander II of Russia East of the Ussuri River Qing Empire (China) Second Opium War MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R BOUNDARY Ct002999.jpg
1730–1863gradual Kazakhstan Lesser Horde, Middle Horde, Great Horde Incorporation of the Kazakh Khanate Russia 1533-1896.gif
1864 Alexander II of Russia Circassia Circassians Caucasian War
Circassian Independence Majlis.png
1866 Alexander II of Russia Uzbekistan Emirate of Bukhara Russian conquest of Bukhara Buhara.PNG
1867 Alexander II of Russia Loss of Alaska United States of America Alaska Purchase 1860-russian-america.jpg
1873 Alexander II of Russia North Turkmenistan Khanate of Khiva Khivan campaign of 1873 Khiva.PNG
1875 Alexander II of Russia Sakhalin Empire of Japan border settlement with Japan Kurilen und Sachalin 1875-1945.svg
1876 Alexander II of Russia Kyrgyzstan and West Tajikistan Khanate of Kokand Annexation of the vassal state Kokand.PNG
1878 Alexander II of Russia Regain of Southern Bessarabia Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Cahul Ismail si Bolgrad.PNG
Kars Oblast and Batum Oblast The Russo-Turkish War in Caucasia, 1877.gif
1885 Alexander III of Russia South Turkmenistan Turkmens Turkmen campaign
Relief Map of Turkmenistan.png
Red pog.svg
Ashgabat
Solid blue.svg
Krasno
vodsk
Solid blue.svg
Chik
ishlyar
Red pog.svg
Merv
Red pog.svg
Pandjeh
Legenda miejsce bitwy.svg
Geok Tepe
Red pog.svg
Bami
Red pog.svg
Kazil-
Arvat
Red pog.svg
Chat
Red pog.svg
Dot-yellow.svg
Bukhara
Dot-yellow.svg
Khiva
Turkmen campaign of 1880–85
* Blue=Russian fort; Yellow=Khanate of Khiva.
1895 Alexander III of Russia East Tajikistan sparsely populatedExploration of the Pamir plateau Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in Tajikistan.svg
1905 Nicholas II of Russia Loss of South Sakhalin Empire of Japan Russo-Japanese War Sakhalinska olb1914.png

Russian SFSR and Soviet Union

After the October Revolution of November 1917, Poland and Finland became independent from Russia and remained so thereafter. The Russian Empire ceased to exist, and the Russian SFSR, 1917–1991, was established on much of its territory. Its area of effective direct control varied greatly during the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1922. Eventually the revolutionary Bolshevik government regained control of most of the former Eurasian lands of the Russian Empire, and in 1922 joined the Russian SFSR to Belarus, Transcaucasia, and Ukraine as the four constituent republics of a new state, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which lasted until December 1991.

Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923) Map Europe 1923-en.svg
Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923)

Territories of the former Russian Empire that permanently or temporarily became independent:

In 1919, northern Mhlyn, Novozybkiv, Starodub, and Surazh counties (povits) of Ukraine's Chernihiv Governorate were transferred from the Ukrainian SSR to the new Gomel Governorate of the Russian republic. [18] In February 1924, Tahanrih and Shakhtinsky counties (okruhas) were transferred from the Donetsk Governorate of Ukraine to Russia's North Caucasus krai. [19] [20]

By the end of World War II the Soviet Union had annexed:

USSR Republics numbered by alphabet 1 Armenia, 2 Azerbaijan, 3 Belarus, 4 Estonia, 5 Georgia, 6 Kazakhstan, 7 Kyrgyzstan, 8 Latvia, 9 Lithuania, 10 Moldova, 11 Russia, 12 Tajikistan, 13 Turkmenistan, 14 Ukraine, 15 Uzbekistan USSR Republics numbered by alphabet.svg
USSR Republics numbered by alphabet 1 Armenia, 2 Azerbaijan, 3 Belarus, 4 Estonia, 5 Georgia, 6 Kazakhstan, 7 Kyrgyzstan, 8 Latvia, 9 Lithuania, 10 Moldova, 11 Russia, 12 Tajikistan, 13 Turkmenistan, 14 Ukraine, 15 Uzbekistan

Of these, Pechenga, Salla, Tuva, Kaliningrad Oblast, the Kurils, and Sakhalin were added to the territory of the RSFSR.

In late 1945, Soviet Russia annexed the northern border strip of the Masurian District (current southern border strip of Kaliningrad Oblast) with the towns of Gierdawy (now Zheleznodorozhny) and Iławka (now Bagrationovsk) from Poland and expelled the already formed local Polish administration. [21]

The Chinese Eastern Railway, formerly a tsarist concession, was taken again by the Soviet Union after the 1929 Sino-Soviet conflict, [22] the railway was returned in 1952. [23]

Meanwhile, territories were removed from the Russian SFSR, including Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in 1924, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in 1936, and Karelo-Finland from 1945 to 1956. The Crimean oblast and city of Sevastopol were transferred to Ukraine on 19 February 1954 (later annexed by the Russian Federation in 2014).

There were numerous minor border changes between Soviet republics as well.

After World War II, the Soviet Union set up seven satellite states, in which local politics, military, and foreign and domestic policies were dominated by the Soviet Union: [24]

Russian Federation

Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union Cold War border changes.png
Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union
Map showing the annexed Ukrainian oblasts per Russian claims in yellow, with a red line marking the area of actual control by Russia on 30 September 2022. Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine.svg
Map showing the annexed Ukrainian oblasts per Russian claims in yellow, with a red line marking the area of actual control by Russia on 30 September 2022.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union has led to the creation of independent post-Soviet states, with the Russian SFSR declaring its independence in December 1991 and changing its name to the Russian Federation.

The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria was a secessionist government of the Chechen Republic during 1991–2000. After Russian defeat at the Battle of Grozny, the First Chechen War ended with Russia recognizing the new Ichkerian government of president Maskhadov in January 1997 and signing a peace treaty in May. But Russia invaded again in 1999, restoring a Chechen Republic and the Ichkeria government was exiled in 2000.

The Russian Federation has been involved in territorial disputes with several its neighbours, including with Japan over the Kuril Islands, with Latvia over the Pytalovsky Raion (settled in 1997), with China over parts of Tarabarov Island and Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (settled in 2001), with its coastal neighbours over Caspian Sea boundaries, and with Estonia over the adjoining border. Russia also had disputes with Ukraine over the status of the federal city of Sevastopol, but agreed it belonged to Ukraine in the 1997 Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty, and over the uninhabited Tuzla Island, but gave up this claim in the 2003 Treaty on the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait.

The Russian Federation has also used its armed forces, armed formations, and material support to help establish the disputed breakaway states of Transnistria in Moldova after the Transnistria War, and South Ossetia and Abkhazia, after the 2008 war in Georgia. In 2008, shortly after announcing the recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev laid out a foreign policy challenging the US-dominated "single-pole" world order and claiming a privileged sphere of influence in the near abroad around the Russian Federation and farther abroad. [25] [26] Following these conflicts, both Transnistria and South Ossetia have made proposals for joining Russia.

In 2014, when after months of protests in Ukraine, pro-Russian Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych was deposed in the Revolution of Dignity, Russian troops occupied Ukraine's Crimean peninsula, and after a hasty referendum the Kremlin annexed Crimea and Sevastopol. The annexation was not recognized by Ukraine or most other members of the international community. A few weeks later, an armed conflict broke out the Donbas region of Ukraine, in which the Kremlin denies an active role, but is widely considered to be fuelled by soldiers, militants, weapons, and ammunition from the Russian Federation.

On February 21, 2022, the Russian president Putin signed a decree recognizing the independence of two Donbas republics in Ukraine, and invaded the region. Two days later, Russian troops openly invaded Ukrainian-held territory of Ukraine, a move widely seen as an attempt to conduct regime change and occupy much or all of Ukraine. After failing to seize Ukraine's capital Kyiv for over a month, the Russian defence minister stated that the main goal of the war was the "liberation of the Donbas", [27] but later a Russian general stated that it was to seize eastern and southern Ukraine right through to Transnistria, a breakaway territory in Moldova. [28] [29]

On 30 September 2022, Putin announced in a speech [30] that Russia was to annex four partially occupied regions of Ukraine: Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts. [31] However, Russia's annexation of these territories was widely condemned by the international community, [32] and Russia does not control the full territory of any of the four annexed regions, and its government was unable to describe the new international "borders". [33]

See also

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Further reading

Atlases