China,officially the People's Republic of China (PRC),has full diplomatic relations with 180 out of the other 192 United Nations member states,Cook Islands,Niue and the State of Palestine. China has had the most diplomatic missions of any state.
The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence are the Chinese government's foreign relations principles first mentioned in the 1954 Sino-Indian Agreement. Also known as Panchsheel,these principles were subsequently adopted in a number of resolutions and statements,including the preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China.
Relations between the Soviet Unionand Japan between the Communist takeover in 1917 and the collapse of Communism in 1991 tended to be hostile. Japan had sent troops to counter the Bolshevik presence in Russia's Far East during the Russian Civil War,and both countries had been in opposite camps during World War II and the Cold War. In addition,territorial conflicts over the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin were a constant source of tension. These,with a number of smaller conflicts,prevented both countries from signing a peace treaty after World War II,and even today matters remain unresolved.
Relations between the Russian Federation and Japan are the continuation of the relationship of Japan with the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991,and with the Russian Empire from 1855 to 1917. Historically,the two countries had cordial relations until a clash of territorial ambitions in the Manchuria region of northeastern China led to the Russo–Japanese War in 1904,ending in a Japanese victory which contributed to the weakening of the monarchy in Russia. Japan would later intervene in the Russian Civil War from 1918 until 1922,sending troops to the Russian Far East and Siberia. That was followed by border conflicts between the new Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan throughout the 1930s. The two countries signed a nonaggression pact in 1941,although the Soviet government declared war on Japan anyway in August 1945,invading the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo as well as seizing the Kuril chain of islands just north of Japan. The two countries ended their formal state of war with the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956,but as of 2022 have not resolved this territorial dispute over ownership of the Kurils. Due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,relations became very tense after Japan imposed sanctions against Russia. Russia placed Japan on a list of "unfriendly countries",along with Taiwan,South Korea,Singapore,the United States,European Union members,NATO members,Canada,Australia,New Zealand,Norway,Switzerland,Micronesia and Ukraine.
The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship,Alliance and Mutual Assistance,or Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance for short,was a bilateral treaty of alliance,collective security,aid and cooperation concluded between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on February 14,1950. It superseded the previous Sino-Soviet treaty signed by the Kuomintang government.
The 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement was a treaty signed between China and the Soviet Union on May 16,1991. It set up demarcation work to resolve most of the border disputes between the two states. Initially signed by China and the Soviet Union,the terms of the agreement were resumed by Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The treaty resulted in some minor territorial changes along the border.
Prior to the 17th century,China and Russia were on opposite ends of Siberia,which was populated by independent nomads. By about 1640 Russian settlers had traversed most of Siberia and founded settlements in the Amur River basin. From 1652 to 1689,China's armies drove the Russian settlers out,but after 1689,China and Russia made peace and established trade agreements.
Sino-Soviet relations,or China–Soviet Union relations,refers to the diplomatic relationship between China and the various forms of Soviet Power which emerged from the Russian Revolution of 1917 to 1991,when the Soviet Union ceased to exist.
Russia's energy policy is presented in the government's Energy Strategy document,first approved in 2000,which sets out the government's policy to 2020. The Energy Strategy outlines several key priorities:increased energy efficiency,reducing the impact on the environment,sustainable development,energy development and technological development,as well as improved effectiveness and competitiveness. Russia's greenhouse gas emissions are large because of its energy policy. Russia is rich in natural energy resources and is one of the world's energy superpowers. Russia is the world's leading net energy exporter,and was a major supplier to the European Union until the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Russia has signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. Numerous scholars posit that Russia uses its energy exports as a foreign policy instrument towards other countries.
Energy securityis the association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption. Access to cheaper energy has become essential to the functioning of modern economies. However,the uneven distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities. International energy relations have contributed to the globalization of the world leading to energy security and energy vulnerability at the same time.
North Korea–Russia relations are the bilateral relations between Russia and North Korea. The Soviet Union was the first to recognize North Korea on October 12,1948,shortly after the proclamation,as the sole legitimate authority in all of Korea. The Soviet Union supported North Korea during the Korean War. North Korea was founded as part of the Communist bloc,and received major Soviet military and political support. The comprehensive personality cult around North Korea's ruling family was heavily influenced by Stalinism. China and the Soviet Union competed for influence in North Korea during the Sino-Soviet split in the 1960s,as North Korea tried to maintain good relations with both countries.
The Arab League or League of Arab States was founded by Egypt in 1945,has 22 members and seven observer members so far:Armenia,Brazil,Chad,Eritrea,Greece,Republic of India,Venezuela.
China–Japan relations or Sino-Japanese relations are the bilateral relations between China and Japan. The countries are geographically separated by the East China Sea. Japan has been strongly influenced throughout its history by China,especially by the East and Southeast through the gradual process of Sinicization with its language,architecture,culture,cuisine,religion,philosophy,and law. When Japan was forced to open trade relations with the West after the Perry Expedition in the mid-19th century,Japan plunged itself through an active process of Westernization during the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and began viewing China under the Qing dynasty as an antiquated civilization unable to defend itself against foreign forces—in part due to the First and Second Opium Wars along with the Eight-Nation Alliance's involvement in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion. Japan eventually took advantage of such weaknesses by invading China,including the First Sino-Japanese War and the Second Sino-Japanese War.
The Indo–Soviet Treaty of Peace,Friendship and Cooperation was a treaty signed between India and the Soviet Union in August 1971 that specified mutual strategic cooperation. This was a significant deviation from India's previous position of non-alignment during the Cold War and was a factor in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war.
The impact of the petroleum industry has been increasing globally as China ranks seventh for oil production and second in crude oil consumption in the world. China imported a record 6.7 million barrels a day (b/d) of oil in 2015 and was forecast "to overtake the U.S. as the world’s biggest crude importer in 2016".
Mongolia–Russia relations have been traditionally strong since the Communist era,when the Soviet Union supported the Mongolian People's Republic. Mongolia and Russia remain allies in the post-communist era. Russia has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar and two consulates general. Mongolia has an embassy in Moscow,three consulates general,and a branch in Yekaterinburg. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
China–Myanmar relations are the international relations between the People's Republic of China and Myanmar. China and Myanmar have active bilateral relations with each other. The relation is often described as a pauk-phaw relationship,based a Burmese term for kinsfolk that implicates special asymmetric obligations between the two countries.
Diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and China were established in the 18th century,when Afghanistan was ruled by Ahmad Shah Durrani and China by Qianlong. But trade relations between these nations date back to at least the Han dynasty with the profitable Silk Road. Presently,both countries have embassies in Beijing and Kabul respectively,and the two countries share a 92 km (57 mi) border.
China and Russia established diplomatic relations after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
In political science,triangular diplomacy is a foreign policy of the United States,developed during the Vietnam War (1955–1975) by Henry Kissinger,as a means to manage relations between the contesting communist powers,the Soviet Union and China. Connecting heavily with the correlating policy of linkage,the policy was intended to exploit the ongoing rivalry between the two Communist powers,as a means to strengthen American hegemony and diplomatic interest.
