Treaty of friendship

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A treaty of friendship, also known as a friendship treaty, is a common generic name for any treaty establishing close ties between countries. Friendship treaties have been used for agreements about use and development of resources, territorial integrity, access to harbours, trading lanes and fisheries, and promises of cooperation. Whilst not common, there are some treaties agreeing to some forms of military alliance which have use friendship terminology in their titles, [1] as well as some non-aggression pacts. Additionally, friendship treaties have also signalled an independent relationship with emerging states. [2]

Contents

History

Ancient Greeks distinguished between three different types of friendships between two polities: Philiai, symmachia, and epimachia. Both symmachia and epimachia were types of alliances, with the former committing States to support each other in battle and the latter requiring parties to assist each other if one suffered an invasion. Philiai, then, made the important distinction of denoting friendship between polities but did not give the treaty partners the status of allies. Romans had a similar word amicitia, which was a state of diplomatic relations which could coexist with an alliance, or exist without it. The Romans employed a practice of establishing peace and friendship with polities on its peripheries, though in practice these relationships were usually built on unequal treaties, requiring the neighbour to support Rome militarily, though not necessarily the reverse. [1]

In most cases, the friendship treaties are not based on equal partnership. This is particularly the case in treaties between aboriginal nations and the colonizers, both in America and in the Pacific, throughout the Colonial era. These treaties, often written primarily in the language of the coloniser, manipulated the terminology of friendship by the larger powers in order to create an environment of trust, primarily for the benefit of themselves. While promising protection in return for these benefits, the treaties are more subtle ways of accessing resources for commercial exploitation of smaller nations. [1]

Since the early 2000s, friendship in international relations has been under closer analysis. Whilst friendship terminology had always been used in discourse and diplomacy, the analysis of friendship in international relations had been dismissed as merely being synonymous with good relations. In 2007, Felix Berenskoetter called for the inclusion of friendship analysis into international relations and since then a modest body of literature around the concept has been formed. [3] [4]

Terminology

In the Soviet Union, Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance or Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимопомощи) was a standard Russian language reference to various treaties both internally, between the Soviet Republics, and externally, with countries considered friendly. This terminology is still in use for some post-Soviet states. The terminology was used in many so-called "friendship treaties" the Soviet Union made, but also was used in the Warsaw Pact. [5]

In the United States, these types of treaties are commonly a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation. More than a hundred "Treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation" have been signed since independence. Since 1946, these treaties have dealt with commercial matters concerned with the protection of persons, natural and juridical, and of the property and interests of such persons. They define the treatment each country owes the nationals of the other; their rights to engage in business and other activities within the boundaries of the former; and the respect due them, their property and their enterprises. [5]

List of friendship treaties

List of Friendship Treaties
SignatoriesTreatyDate Signed
Mosquito Nation
Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg Great Britain
Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 16 March 1740
Royal Standard of the King of France.svg France
Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg United States
Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France) 6 February 1778
Flag of Morocco (1666-1915).svg Morocco
Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg United States
Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship 28 June 1786
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of the United States (1795-1818).svg United States
Treaty of Tripoli (Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary)4 November 1796
Flag of Johor (1855-1865).svg Johor
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Singapore Treaty of Friendship and Alliance [6] 6 February 1819
Flag of Johor (1855-1865).svg Johor
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Crawfurd Treaty (Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore) [7] [8] 2 August 1824
Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Argentina and the United Kingdom 1825
Flag of Hawaii (1896).svg Hawaii
Flag of the United States (1848-1851).svg United States
Hawaii-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation 1849
Old Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei
Flag of the United States (1848-1851).svg United States
Brunei–United States Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation 23 June 1850
Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty 14 October 1854
Flag of Serbia (1835-1882).svg Serbia
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Anglo–Serbian Treaty of Friendship and Commerce [9] 7 February 1870
Flag of Korea (1882-1910).svg Korea
Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg United States
United States–Korea Treaty of 1882 1882
Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil
Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan [10] 1895
Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Treaty of Friendship between Tonga and the United Kingdom.1900
Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia
Flag of Chile.svg Chile
Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904) 20 October 1904
Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg Mongolia
Flag of Tibet.svg Tibet
Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet 11 January 1913
Flag of Persia (1910-1925).svg Persia
Flag RSFSR 1918.svg Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship 26 February 1921
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey
Flag RSFSR 1918.svg Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Treaty of Moscow (1921) [note 1] 16 March 1921
Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg Germany
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg United States
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America 8 December 1923
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Kingdom of Italy
Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg Ethiopian Empire
Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928 (Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of Friendship and Arbitration)2 August 1928
Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal
Flag of Spain (1938-1945).svg Spain
Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression 17 March 1939
Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Nazi Germany
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Soviet Union
German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation 23 August 1939
Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Nazi Germany
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey
German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship 18 June 1941
Flag of Ecuador (1900-2009).svg Ecuador
Flag of Peru.svg Peru
Rio Protocol aka Protocol of Friendship and Peace29 January 1942
Flag of the Republic of China.svg China
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Soviet Union
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 14 August 1945
Flag of the Republic of China.svg China
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg United States
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China 4 November 1946
Flag of Finland.svg Finland
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Soviet Union
Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 8 April 1948
Flag of India.svg India
Flag of Bhutan (1949-1956).svg Bhutan
1949 Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship 9 August 1949
Flag of India.svg India
Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal
1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship 31 July 1950
Flag of Greece.svg Greece
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia
Balkan Pact (1953) 28 February 1953
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg United States
DAFT (Dutch-American Friendship Treaty)27 March 1956
Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia
Flag of Malaya (1950-1963).svg Malaya
Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia [11] 17 April 1959
Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
The DPRK-Soviet Union Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance [12] 6 July 1961
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea
Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty 11 July 1961
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand
Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa
Treaty of Friendship 1 August 1962
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of Germany.svg West Germany
Élysée Treaty aka Treaty of Friendship22 January 1963
Flag of India.svg India
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation August 1971
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh
Flag of India.svg India
Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace 19 March 1972
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia
Flag of Japan.svg Japan
Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation 16 June 1976
Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal
Flag of Spain (1977-1981).svg Spain
Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Portugal 2 November 1977
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Flag of Japan.svg Japan
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China 12 August 1978
Flag of Afghanistan (1978).svg Afghanistan
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
Soviet-Afghan Treaty of Friendship [13] 12 December 1978
Flag of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.svg Cambodia
Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam
Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation [14] 1979
Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati
Flag of the United States.svg United States
Treaty of Tarawa aka Treaty of Friendship Between the United States of America and the Republic of Kiribati20 September 1979
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea
Flag of Spain.svg Spain
Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Equatorial Guinea of 1980 23 October 1980
Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina
Flag of Chile.svg Chile
Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina 29 November 1984
Flag of Finland.svg Finland
Flag of Russia (1991-1993).svg Russia
Neighborhood agreement (Naapuruussopimus  [ fi ]) on Friendship, Basics of relationships, Territorial integrity and Cooperation [15] 20 January 1992
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan
Flag of Russia (1991-1993).svg Russia
Kazakh-Russian Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance [16] 25 May 1992
Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan
Flag of Russia.svg Russia
Russia-Tajikistan Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance [17] 25 May 1993
Flag of Russia.svg Russia
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty 31 May 1997
Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea
Flag of Russia.svg Russia
North Korea-Russia Treaty of 2000  [ ja ]9 February 2000
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Flag of Russia.svg Russia
2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship 16 July 2001
Flag of Italy.svg Italy
Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg Libya
2008 Treaty of Benghazi [18] 30 August 2008
  1. The preamble of the treaty stating that it is a "Treaty of Friendship and Brotherhood"

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Devere, Heather; Mark, Simon; Verbitsky, Jane (2011-12-01). "The Language of Friendship in International Treaties". International Politics. 48. doi:10.1057/ip.2010.34.
  2. Devere, Heather (2014). "Friendship in International Treaties". Friendship and International Relations. pp. 182–198. doi:10.1057/9781137396341_10. ISBN   978-1-349-48459-1.
  3. "Friendship and Positive Peace: Conceptualising Friendship in Politics and International Relations (in Politics and Governance)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
  4. Berenskoetter, Felix (2007-09-01). "Friends, There Are No Friends? An Intimate Reframing of the International". Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 35 (3): 647–676. doi:10.1177/03058298070350031501. ISSN   0305-8298.
  5. 1 2 Walker, Herman. "Modern treaties of friendship, commerce and navigation". Minnesota Law Review.
  6. "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance". www.roots.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  7. "1824 Treaty of Friendship and Alliance | Infopedia". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  8. "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore (1824)". Jus Mundi. 1824-08-02.
  9. Karlicic, Miljkan (2021). "An Overview of The History of Serbian-British Relations" (PDF). p. 46. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  10. Ninomiya, Masato O centenário do Tratado de Amizade, Comércio e Navegação entre Brasil e Japão November 18, 2011
  11. Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia.
  12. Studies), Marie DuMond (Center for Strategic and International. "1961 Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Between..." www.documentcloud.org. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  13. Whitney, Craig R. (1978-12-06). "20-Year Treaty Moves Afghans Closer to Soviet". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  14. Pobzeb Vang, Five Principles of Chinese Foreign Policies
  15. Lukacs, John (1992). "Finland Vindicated" . Foreign Affairs . 71 (4): 50–63. doi:10.2307/20045309. JSTOR   20045309.
  16. "Russia-Kazakhstan | Russia-Kazakhstan relations | The Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Kazakhstan". www.rfembassy.kz. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  17. "Relations of Tajikistan with Russia | Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan". mfa.tj. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  18. Ronzitti, Natalino. "The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya: New Prospects for Cooperation in the Mediterranean?" (PDF). www.gla.ac.uk. Bulletin of Italian Politics Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009, 125-133.