This is an incomplete list of Kurdish uprisings. You can help by expanding it.
Date | Uprising | Location | Result |
---|---|---|---|
838–841 [1] | Kurdish Dasni tribe uprising against the Abbasids | Abbasid Caliphate | Suppressed |
955–1071 [2] [3] [4] | War against the Musafirid. | Rawadid dynasty | Victory |
1045 | Battle of Dvin | Shaddadids | Victory |
990–1085 | Kurdish uprising | The Marwanids | Victory, led to the birth of the Marwanids dynasty |
1506–1510 | Kurdish-Yazidi uprising against the Safavids [5] | Safavid Persia | Suppressed when the Yazidi leader, Shír Ṣárim, was defeated in battle. |
1609–1610 | Battle of Dimdim [6] | Safavid Persia | Suppressed |
1775 | Bajalan uprising [7] | Zand dynasty | Suppressed |
1806–1808 | Baban uprising [8] | Ottoman Empire | Suppressed |
1880–1881 | Revolt by Sheikh Ubeydullah of Nehri against the Qajars. [9] [10] | Qajar Persia & Ottoman Empire | Defeat |
late 1890s – 1900 | Shekifti rebellion [11] | Ottoman Empire | Suppressed |
Early March – 4 April 1914 | Bitlis uprising | Ottoman Empire | Suppressed |
1914 – 1917 | Kurdish rebellions during World War I | Ottoman Empire | Establishment of a quasi-independent Kurdish state until 1919 |
1919–1922 – First Mahmud Barzanji Revolt | First Mahmud Barzanji revolt | Kingdom of Iraq | Suppressed |
1918–1922 | First Simko Shikak revolt | Qajar Persia | Suppressed |
1918–2003 | Iraqi–Kurdish conflict | Iraq | Victory |
1918–present | Kurdish–Iranian conflict | Qajar Persia | Ongoing |
6 March – 17 June 1921 | Koçgiri rebellion | Turkey | Suppressed |
November 1922 – July 1924 | Second Mahmud Barzanji revolt | Kingdom of Iraq, Kingdom of Kurdistan | Creation of the Kingdom of Kurdistan [12] [13] |
August 1924 | Beytussebab rebellion | Turkey | Suppressed |
8 February – March 1925 | Sheikh Said rebellion [14] | Turkey | Suppressed |
1926 | Second Simko Shikak revolt | Pahlavi Persia | Suppressed, Simko Shikak flees to Mandatory Iraq |
October 1927 – September 17, 1930 | First, second and third Ararat rebellion [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] | Republic of Ararat, Republic of Turkey | Suppressed, Republic of Ararat disbanded. |
1931–1932 | Ahmed Barzani revolt | Kingdom of Iraq | Suppressed, low-level insurgency continues through 1933, another revolt by Barzanis erupts in 1943 |
1935 | Yazidi revolt of 1935 | Mandatory Iraq | Suppressed |
20 March – November, 1937 and 2 January – December, 1938 | Dersim rebellion | Republic of Turkey | Suppressed, see Dersim Massacre |
1941–1944 | Hama Rashid revolt | Pahlavi Iran | Suppressed, Hama Rashid driven into Iraq |
November 1945 – December 15, 1946 | Iran crisis of 1946 [20] | Pahlavi Iran, Republic of Mahabad | Creation of the Soviet-backed Republic of Mahabad, revolt later suppressed |
11 September 1961 – 1970 | First Iraqi–Kurdish War | Republic of Iraq | Stalemate, led to the Iraqi-Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970 |
1967 | 1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran | Pahlavi Iran | Suppressed |
April 1974 – 1975 | Second Iraqi–Kurdish War | Iraq | Suppressed, the Iraqi government re-establishes control over Kurdistan |
1976–1978 | PUK insurgency | Iraq | Indecisive, led to the Kurdish rebellion of 1983 |
1979 | 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran | Iran | Suppressed |
1983–1985 | Kurdish rebellion of 1983 | Iraq | Indecisive, led to the Al-Anfal Campaign |
15 August 1984 – present | Kurdish–Turkish conflict | Republic of Turkey | Ongoing [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] |
1986–1996 | KDPI insurgency | Government of Iran | Suppressed; KDPI announces unilateral cease-fire in 1996 |
1 March – 5 April 1991 | 1991 Iraqi uprisings | Ba'athist Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan | Victory; establishment of the Kurdish Autonomous Republic, also known as Iraqi Kurdistan |
March 2004 | 2004 Qamishli riots | Syria | Suppressed |
1 April 2004–present | Iran–PJAK conflict | Iran | Ongoing |
19 July 2012–present | Rojava conflict of the Syrian civil war | Syria | Kurdish fighters have taken control of 365 towns and villages in Syrian Kurdistan and 2 districts in Aleppo by September 2012. [28] |
24 July 2015 – present | Kurdish–Turkish conflict | Republic of Turkey | Ongoing |
19 April 2016 – present | Western Iran clashes | Iran | Ongoing |
24 August 2016 – present | Turkish military intervention in Syria | Syria | Ongoing |
15 – 27 October 2017 | 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict | Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan | Ceasefire, Iraqi Kurdistan loses territory, including Sinjar and Kirkuk |
Kurds or Kurdish people are an Iranic ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria. There are exclaves of Kurds in Central Anatolia, Khorasan, and the Caucasus, as well as significant Kurdish diaspora communities in the cities of western Turkey and Western Europe. The Kurdish population is estimated to be between 30 and 45 million.
The Kurdistan Workers' Party or PKK is a Kurdish militant political organization and armed guerrilla movement which historically operated throughout Kurdistan but is now primarily based in the mountainous Kurdish-majority regions of southeastern Turkey and northern Iraq. Since 1984, the PKK has been involved in asymmetric warfare in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict. Although the PKK initially sought an independent Kurdish state, in the 1990s its goals changed to seeking autonomy and increased political and cultural rights for Kurds within Turkey.
Abdullah Öcalan, also known as Apo, is a political prisoner and founding member of the militant Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).
The Kurds are an Iranian ethnic group in the Middle East. They have historically inhabited the mountainous areas to the south of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, a geographical area collectively referred to as Kurdistan. Most Kurds speak Northern Kurdish Kurmanji Kurdish (Kurmanji) and Central Kurdish (Sorani).
The history of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) began in 1974 as a Marxist–Leninist organization under the leadership of Abdullah Öcalan. In 1978 the organization adopted the name "Kurdistan Workers Party" and waged its low-level Urban War in Turkish Kurdistan between 1978 and 1980. The PKK restructured itself and moved the organization structure to Syria between 1980 and 1984, after the 1980 Turkish coup d'état. The Kurdish-Turkish conflict began in earnest in 1984. The rural-based insurgency lasted between 1984 and 1992. The PKK shifted its activities to include urban attacks against Turkish military bases between 1993–1995 and later 1996–1999. Öcalan was captured in Kenya in early 1999. After a "self declared peace initiative of 1999", hostilities resumed in February 2004. 2013 saw another ceasefire, but the conflict resumed again in 2015 and has continued since.
Armenian–Kurdish relations covers the historical relations between the Kurds and the Armenians.
Kurds have had a long history of discrimination perpetrated against them by the Turkish government. Massacres have periodically occurred against the Kurds since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Among the most significant is the massacre that happened during the Dersim rebellion, when 13,160 civilians were killed by the Turkish Army and 11,818 people were sent into exile. According to McDowall, 40,000 people were killed. The Zilan massacre of 1930 was a massacre of Kurdish residents of Turkey during the Ararat rebellion, in which 5,000 to 47,000 were killed.
Kurdish nationalist uprisings have periodically occurred in Turkey, beginning with the Turkish War of Independence and the consequent transition from the Ottoman Empire to the modern Turkish state and continuing to the present day with the current PKK–Turkey conflict.
October 1992 Turkish attack on Hakurk Camp was a cross-border operation by the Turkish Armed Forces into northern Iraq between 12 October and 1 November 1992, that was conducted during the October 1992 Turkish incursion into Northern Iraq, against the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) which is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by a number of states and organizations, including the United States, NATO and the EU. More than 70,000 people have been killed in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict since 1984.
Ahmet Türk is a Turkish politician of Kurdish origin from the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP). He has been a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for several terms and was elected twice as the Mayor of Mardin. He was born into a family of Kurdish clan and tribal chiefs in southeastern Turkey.
Osman Öcalan was a Kurdish militant and ex-commander of the Kurdistan Workers' Party.
This is the timeline of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict. The Kurdish insurgency is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and various Kurdish insurgent groups, which have demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan, or to have autonomy and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds in Turkey. The main rebel group is the Kurdistan Workers' Party or PKK, which was founded on November 27, 1978, and started a full-scale insurgency on August 15, 1984, when it declared a Kurdish uprising. Apart from some extended ceasefires, the conflict has continued to the present day.
Mazlum Doğan was a journalist and a founding member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party. He was a Kurdish Alevi. He was the first chief editor of the party's newspaper Serxwebûn. In 1979, he had planned to leave Turkey towards Syria, but was arrested and served time in the infamous Diyarbakir No. 5 prison. Mazlum Doğan committed suicide in protest of the Turkish coup d'état and the inhumane conditions he and other prisoners were facing inside of the penitentiary. Today he is seen as a hero and a martyr for the Kurdish resistance movement.
The 24 May 1993 PKK attack, sometimes referred to as the Bingöl massacre was a Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) attack on unarmed Turkish military soldiers on the Elazığ-Bingöl highway, 13 km (8.1 mi) west of Bingöl. 33 Turkish soldiers and varying conflicting accounts of civilians were killed. This occurred following the breaking of the first ever PKK-Turkish ceasefire when Turkish forces attacked the PKK in Kulp.
The Democratic Union Party is a Kurdish left-wing political party established on 20 September 2003 in northern Syria. It is a founding member of the National Coordination Body for Democratic Change. It is the leading political party among Syrian Kurds. The PYD was established as a Syrian branch of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) in 2003, and both organizations are still closely affiliated through the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK).
The Solution process, also known as Peace process or the PKK–Turkish peace process, was a peace process that aimed to resolve the conflict between the Turkey and PKK as part of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present). The conflict has been ongoing since 1984 and resulted in some 40,000 mortal casualties and great economic losses for Turkey as well as high damage to the general population.
Democratic confederalism, also known as Kurdish communalism or Apoism, is a political concept theorized by Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) leader Abdullah Öcalan about a system of democratic self-organization with the features of a confederation based on the principles of autonomy, direct democracy, political ecology, feminism, multiculturalism, self-defense, self-governance and elements of a cooperative economy. Influenced by social ecology, libertarian municipalism, Middle Eastern history and general state theory, Öcalan presents the concept as a political solution to Kurdish national aspirations, as well as other fundamental problems in countries in the region deeply rooted in class society, and as a route to freedom and democratization for people around the world.
The Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire of 1993 was a short lived ceasefire declared by Abdullah Öcalan at a press conference. He held together with Jalal Talabani ahead of Newroz on the 17 March 1993.
Zeynep Kınacı (1972–1996) was a member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) known for having committed its first suicide attack. The way she carried it out has influenced women's role within the PKK.
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: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)In the late 1890s the government began to improve the security in the Van Province with mixed but real results. Soldiers were sent to defend Armenian villages from tribes. The Ottomans responded to tribal raids in southern Van Province by sending regular troops to Hakkâri Sancak to protect the Nestorians. They succeeded in keeping the area quiet, at least for the time being. Troops opposed incursions by Persian Kurds. They even used artillery to bombard the fortified villages of raiding tribes. In 1900 the government gained a victory when regular troops captured Şerif, the leader of the Shekifti subtribe of the Shikak Kurds and long-standing plague for both the government and the Armenians, in a bloody battle in the Albak region near Başkale.