Siege of Kerman | |||||||
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Part of Qajar-Zand wars | |||||||
Capture and Sack of Kerman by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar. | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Zand forces | Qajar forces | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Lotf Ali Khan (POW) | Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar |
The siege of Kerman (1794) was the capture of the city of Kerman by the Qajar forces led by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar against Zand forces led by Lotf Ali Khan (the last Shah of the Zand dynasty) which resulted in a decisive Qajar victory. [1] After the siege, Tens of thousands were killed, blinded or taken into slavery and it took the city decades to recover. [2]
The Afghan chiefs of Bam invited Lotf Ali Khan to return and expel the Qajar yoke. With their help, Lotf Ali Khan returned to Kerman and captured the city on 30 March. [3] Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar quickly heard of this and marched towards Kerman on May 14. The siege lasted four months and took a toll on Kerman's population. The city fell on 24 October, and Lotf Ali Khan quickly fled to Bam. However, the chief of Bam gave Lotf Ali Khan to the Qajars and ordered Lotf Ali Khan to be killed. The last of the Zand rulers was finally delivered to Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who had long waited to exact revenge on his arch-rival. "The page of history would be stained by a recital of the indignities offered to the royal captive..." [4] It is reported that Lotf Ali Khan was blinded. Lotf Ali Khan was imprisoned and tortured in Tehran before being choked to death in the late of 1794.
Agha Mohammad Khan exacted a brutal revenge on the people of Kerman for harboring his enemy. All the male inhabitants were killed or blinded, and a pile was made out of 20,000 detached eyeballs and poured in front of the victorious Qajar leader. [5] The women and children were sold into slavery, and the city was destroyed over ninety days. One of the factors in the formation of this event was the incitement of Agha Mohammad Khan by Lotfali Khan Zand and his entourage. Among these provocations were the mockery of the Qajar king and the burning of his grudge more and more. Every evening, the people and women of Kermani recited poems in mockery of Agham Mohammad Khan from the towers attached to the gate, mocking his nobility. [6] Also, Lotfali Khan's act of minting a coin in his own name caused Agha Mohammad Khan , who was known as insane in the court of Karim Khan Zand, to cut off the eyes of Lotfali Khan's seven-year-old son named "Fathullah" with his hands and behead him to win. [7]
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, also known by his regnal name of Agha Mohammad Shah, was the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran, ruling from 1789 to 1797 as Shah. Originally a chieftain of the Quwanlu branch of the Qajar tribe, Agha Mohammad Khan was enthroned as the king of Iran in 1789, but was not officially crowned until March 1796, having deposed Lotf Ali Khan of the Zand dynasty in 1794. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was famously the eunuch Monarch, being castrated as a toddler upon his capture by Adel Shah Afshar, and hence was childless. He was assassinated on 17 June 1797, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar.
Kerman is a city in the Central District of Kerman County, Kerman province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.
Fath-Ali Shah Qajar was the second Shah (king) of Qajar Iran. He reigned from 17 June 1797 until his death on 24 October 1834. His reign saw the irrevocable ceding of Iran's northern territories in the Caucasus, comprising what is nowadays Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Persian Wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 and the resulting treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. These two treaties are closely tied to Fath-Ali Shah's legacy amongst Iranians, who often view him as a weak ruler.
Mohammad Karim Khan Zand was the founder of the Zand dynasty, ruling from 1751 to 1779. He ruled all of Iran (Persia) except for Khorasan. He also ruled over some of the Caucasian lands and occupied Basra for some years.
The Zand dynasty was an Iranian dynasty, founded by Karim Khan Zand that initially ruled southern and central Iran in the 18th century. It later quickly came to expand to include much of the rest of contemporary Iran as well as parts of Iraq. The lands of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia were controlled by khanates which were de jure part of the Zand realm, but the region was de facto autonomous. The island of Bahrain was also held for the Zands by the autonomous Al-Mazkur sheikhdom of Bushire.
Abol-Fath Khan Zand was the third Shah of the Zand dynasty, ruling from March 6, 1779, until August 22, 1779.
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Ebrahim Khan Zahir od-Dowleh was an Iranian statesman from the Qajar dynasty. He is mostly known for being the governor of the Kerman Province for 22 years (1803-1824).
Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi, also known by his honorific title E'temad ol-Dowleh, was an Iranian statesman who served as the kalantar of the city of Shiraz during the late Zand era and later as the first grand vizier of Qajar Iran.
Lotf Ali Khan was the last Shah of the Zand dynasty. He ruled from 1789 to 1794.
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Hossein Ali Mirza, a son of Fath-Ali Shah, was the Governor of Fars and pretender to the throne of Qajar Iran.
Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar was a son of Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar and half-brother of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran. Unlike Agha Mohammad Khan's full brothers, Ali-Qoli Khan served loyally from the outset and supported, for around twenty years, Agha Mohammad Khan's conquest for control over all of Iran. Following Agha Mohammad Khan's assassination in 1797, he unsuccessfully tried to claim himself as his brother's rightful successor. Ali-Qoli Khan was eventually blinded and exiled by his nephew Baba Khan, who would ascend the Iranian throne as Fath-Ali Shah Qajar.
Asiye Khanum Ezzeddin Qajar was the mother of Shah Fath-Ali Shah Qajar of Persia. She functioned as the administrator of the Qajar harem and the treasurer of her son, the Shah. When she died, her son married her trusted slave servant Khazen Al Doulah, who succeeded Asiye Khanum as harem administrator and treasurer.
Fath-Ali Khan Saba was a court poet under Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, who dedicated an imitation of the Persian epic poem Shahnameh to him, entitled Shahanshah-nameh.
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