Osman I or Osman Ghazi was the founder of the Ottoman Empire. While initially a small Turkoman principality during Osman's lifetime, his beylik transformed into a vast empire in the centuries after his death. It existed until 1922 shortly after the end of World War I, when the sultanate was abolished.
Bey, also spelled as Baig, Bayg, Beigh, Beig, Bek, Baeg or Beg, is a Turkic title for a chieftain, and an honorific title traditionally applied to people with special lineages to the leaders or rulers of variously sized areas in the numerous Turkic kingdoms, emirates, sultanates and empires in Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East, such as the Ottomans, Timurids or the various khanates and emirates in Central Asia and the Eurasian Steppe. The feminine equivalent title was begum. The regions or provinces where "beys" ruled or which they administered were called beylik, roughly meaning "governorate" and/or "region". However the exact scope of power handed to the beks varied with each country, thus there was no clear-cut system, rigidly applied to all countries defining all the possible power and prestige that came along with the title.
The Karamanids, also known as the Emirate of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman, was one of the Anatolian beyliks, centered in South-Central Anatolia around the present-day Karaman Province. From the mid 14th century until its fall in 1487, the Karamanid dynasty was one of the most powerful beyliks in Anatolia.
The Candar dynasty, also known as the Isfendiyar dynasty, was an Oghuz Turkic princely Anatolian dynasty that reigned in the territories corresponding to the provinces of Eflani, Kastamonu, Sinop, Zonguldak, Bartın, Karabük, Samsun, Bolu, Ankara and Çankırı in present-day Turkey from the year 1291 to 1461. The region was known in Western literature as Paphlagonia, a name applied to the same geographical area during the Roman period.
Anatolian beyliks were small principalities in Anatolia governed by beys, the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century. A second and more extensive period of establishment took place as a result of the decline of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm in the latter half of the 13th century.
The Germiyanids was a prominent Anatolian beylik established by the Oghuz Turkish tribes after the decline of Sultanate of Rûm. However, while the beylik was always mentioned as Turkoman or Oghuz Turkish, the population consisted of Turks and Yezidi Kurds, brought by the Seljuks from the east of Malatya to western Anatolia as militia guards against the threatening Turkish tribesmen.
Burdur is a city in southwestern Turkey. The seat of Burdur Province and of Burdur District, it is located on the shore of Lake Burdur. Its population is 95,436 (2021).
The Karasids or Karasid dynasty, also known as the Principality of Karasi and Beylik of Karasi, was an Anatolian beylik in the area of classical Mysia from ca. 1297–1345. It was centered in Balıkesir and Bergama, and was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turks after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum.
The Aydinids or Aydinid dynasty, also known as the Principality of Aydin and Beylik of Aydin, was one of the Anatolian beyliks and famous for its seaborne raiding.
Menteshe was the first of the Anatolian beyliks, the frontier principalities established by the Oghuz Turks after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum. Founded in 1260/1290, it was named for its founder, Menteshe Bey. Its capital city was Milas (Mylasa) in southwestern Anatolia.
The Sarukhanids or Sarukhanid dynasty, also known as the Principality of Saruhan and Beylik of Saruhan, was one of the Anatolian beyliks, centered in Manisa.
The Eshrefids or Ashrafids was a 13th-14th century Anatolian beylik.
The Ramadanid Emirate was an autonomous administration and a de facto independent emirate that existed from 1352 to 1608 in Cilicia, taking over the rule of the region from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The emirate was a protectorate of the Mamluk Sultanate until the end of the 14th century, then it was de facto independent for more than a century, and then, from 1517, a protectorate of the Ottoman Empire. The capital was Adana.
The Chobanids were the ruling dynasty of the Anatolian beylik that controlled the city and region of Kastamonu in the 13th century.
The Saltukids or Saltuqids were a dynasty ruling one of the Anatolian beyliks of the Seljuk Empire, founded after the Battle of Manzikert (1071) and centered on Erzurum. The Saltukids ruled between 1071 and 1202. The beylik was founded by Emir Saltuk, one of the Turkmen commanders of the Great Seljuk Alp Arslan. The beylik fought frequently against the Georgian Kingdom for hegemony of the Kars region. The center of the beylik, Erzurum, was briefly re-occupied by the Byzantine Empire between 1077 and 1079, and was besieged by the Georgian King Giorgi III in 1184. It comprised the entirety of present-day Erzurum and Bayburt provinces, lands east of Erzincan, most of Kars, and lands north of Ağrı and Muş provinces during its height.
Yakub I was the founder of the beylik of Germiyan, located in western Anatolia around Kütahya. Although Germiyan revolted against Mesud II, the Sultan of Rum, Yakub accepted vassalage under Kayqubad III. The Sultanate of Rum disintegrated shortly after. At that point, Yakub's realm extended as far east as Ankara and incorporated various towns taken from the Byzantine Empire and the Catalan Company. Yakub was the suzerain of many of his neighbors, and his reign was described as economically prosperous by contemporary historians. He was succeeded by his son Mehmed, nicknamed Chakhshadan.
Suleiman Shah, also known as Shah Chelebi, was Bey of Germiyan in western Anatolia from 1361 until his death. His reign was initially peaceful, but he was eventually involved in a conflict with the Karamanids, which forced him to seek an alliance with the Ottoman state. He arranged the marriage of his daughter Devletşah Hatun and Murad I's son and future successor, Bayezid. Although he secured an alliance with the Ottomans, Germiyan lost considerable land as Suleiman left numerous towns and smaller settlements for them to seize, including the capital Kütahya, as part of the dowry payment. Suleiman relocated to Kula and died there in 1387.
Felek al-Din Dündar Beg was Beg of Hamid from c. 1300 until his death. Felek al-Din changed his headquarters from Uluborlu to Eğirdir, which he renamed to Felekabad after himself. Although Dündar occasionally declared his loyalty to the Ilkhanate, he expanded his territory in times of internal struggles in the east. He captured Antalya and appointed his brother Yunus as its ruler, forming the Teke branch of the Hamidids. Emboldened by his victories, Dündar declared himself a sultan and minted coins without the mention of an overlord. On the other hand, the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia, Timurtash led an extensive campaign to restore the Ilkhanid authority over the Turkmen rulers in the western frontier of Anatolia, such as Dündar. Upon the siege of Felekabad, Dündar sought protection under his nephew Mahmud in Antalya. Mahmud did not resist Timurtash and surrendered his uncle to him. Dündar was executed by Timurtash and would be succeeded by his son Khidr Beg.
Mubāriz al-Dīn Isfendiyār Bey, was a member of the Candar dynasty that reigned as bey from 1385 until his death in 1440. Although the name of the dynasty is Candar, following his reign, as a testament to its longevity certain historians of the Ottoman Empire also began to refer to the beylik by the name İsfendiyar.
The Sanjak of Hamid was a second-level province (sanjak) of the Ottoman Empire.
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