 |
|---|
 Turkeyportal |
Parliamentary elections in Turkey determine the composition of the Grand National Assembly for the next five years. [1] The members are elected for a five-year term through a proportional system in 87 multi-member constituencies with closed party lists or as independent candidates.
The age of candidacy was 30 in the newly established Republic of Turkey. The age of candidacy dropped from 30 to 25 through a constitutional amendment in 2006. [2] Following the 2017 constitutional referendum, it was further lowered to 18. [3]
According to the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire (1876), the voting age was 25. In the newly established Republic of Turkey, the voting age was reduced to 18 due to the decreasing population. The voting age was increased to 22 in 1934, decreased to 21 in 1987, and 18 in 1995. [4]
The voter turnout for the average of 18 parliamentary election is 81.4%. Turkey has a high voter turnout rate compared to other democracies. The participation rate in Turkey is also higher than the participation rates in countries where compulsory voting is loosely applied. With the exception of 1960–1970, voter turnout rate in Turkey is above the world average from 1950 to the present in Turkey. [5]
| Election year | Registered voters | Total votes | Turnout |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 8,905,743 | 7,953,085 | 89.3 |
| 1954 | 10,262,063 | 9,095,617 | 88.6 |
| 1957 | 12,078,623 | 9,250,949 | 76.6 |
| 1961 | 12,925,395 | 10,522,716 | 81.4 |
| 1965 | 13,679,753 | 9,748,678 | 71.3 |
| 1969 | 14,788,552 | 9,516,035 | 64.3 |
| 1973 | 16,798,164 | 11,223,843 | 66.8 |
| 1977 | 21,207,303 | 15,358,210 | 72.4 |
| 1983 | 19,767,366 | 18,238,362 | 92.3 |
| 1987 | 26,376,926 | 24,603,541 | 93.3 |
| 1991 | 29,979,123 | 25,157,089 | 83.9 |
| 1995 | 34,155,981 | 29,101,469 | 85.2 |
| 1999 | 37,495,217 | 32,656,070 | 87.1 |
| 2002 | 41,407,027 | 32,768,161 | 79.1 |
| 2007 | 42,799,303 | 36,056,293 | 84.2 |
| 2011 | 52,806,322 | 43,914,948 | 83.2 |
| 2015 | 56,608,817 | 47,507,467 | 83.9 |
| 2015 | 56,949,009 | 48,537,695 | 85.2 |
| 2018 | 59,367,469 | 51,189,444 | 86.2 |
| 2023 | 60,721,745 | 55,835,895 | 87.1 |
Turkey is split into 87 electoral districts, which elect a certain number of representatives to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Electoral district are allocated a certain number of MPs in proportion to their population. The Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey conducts population reviews of each district before an election and adjusts a district's number of seats according to the latest census.
| Election year | 20th century | 21st century | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| '20 | '23 | '27 | '31 | '35 | '39 | '43 | '46 | '50 | '54 | '57 | '61 | '65 | '69 | '73 | '77 | '83 | '87 | '91 | '95 | '99 | '02 | '07 | '11 | '15 | '15 | '18 | '23 | ||
| # | Total | 436 | 333 | 335 | 348 | 444 | 470 | 492 | 503 | 477 | 537 | 602 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 400 | 450 | 450 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 600 | 600 |
| Province | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | Adana | 7 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 17 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 |
| 2 | Adıyaman | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||||||||||
| 3 | Afyonkarahisar | 8 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
| 4 | Ağrı | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| 68 | Aksaray [n 1] | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||
| 5 | Amasya | 7 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 6 | Ankara | 9 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 29 | 23 | 26 | 23 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 36 | 36 |
| 7 | Antalya | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 17 |
| 75 | Ardahan [n 2] | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| 8 | Artvin | 1 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| 9 | Aydın | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 |
| 10 | Balikesir | 6 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 |
| 74 | Bartın | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 72 | Batman | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| − | Batum [n 3] | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 69 | Bayburt | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| − | Biga [n 4] | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 11 | Bilecik | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 12 | Bingöl [n 5] | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||
| 13 | Bitlis | 7 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||
| 14 | Bolu | 8 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 15 | Burdur | 7 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 16 | Bursa | 7 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 20 |
| 17 | Çanakkale | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
| 18 | Çankırı | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| − | Çatalca [n 6] | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 19 | Çorum | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| 20 | Denizli | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 |
| 21 | Diyarbakır | 7 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 |
| 81 | Düzce | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 22 | Edirne | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| 23 | Elazığ | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| − | Ergani [n 7] | 11 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 24 | Erzincan | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 25 | Erzurum | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| 26 | Eskişehir | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 |
| 26 | Gaziantep | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 14 |
| − | Gelibolu [n 8] | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 28 | Giresun | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
| 29 | Gümüşhane | 6 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 30 | Hakkâri [n 9] | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
| 31 | Hatay | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | |||||
| 76 | Iğdır | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 32 | Isparta | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| − | İçel [n 10] | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 34 | Istanbul | 12 | 23 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 28 | 30 | 25 | 29 | 39 | 31 | 31 | 33 | 38 | 44 | 36 | 45 | 50 | 61 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 85 | 88 | 88 | 98 | 98 |
| 35 | Izmir | 8 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 16 | 19 | 19 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 28 | 28 |
| 46 | Kahramanmaraş | 8 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| 78 | Karabük | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 70 | Karaman | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 36 | Kars | 3 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 37 | Kastamonu | 8 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 38 | Kayseri | 7 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
| 71 | Kırıkkale | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 39 | Kırklareli | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
| 40 | Kırşehir [n 11] | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 79 | Kilis | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 41 | Kocaeli | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 14 |
| 42 | Konya | 10 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 |
| − | Kozan [n 12] | 5 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 43 | Kütahya | 6 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| − | Lazistan [n 13] | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 44 | Malatya | 11 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| 45 | Manisa | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
| 47 | Mardin | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| 33 | Mersin | 7 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 |
| 48 | Muğla | 11 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
| 49 | Muş [n 14] | 7 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | |
| 50 | Nevşehir | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||
| 51 | Niğde | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| − | Oltu [n 15] | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 52 | Ordu | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | |
| 80 | Osmaniye [n 16] | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||
| 53 | Rize [n 17] | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||
| 54 | Sakarya | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | ||||||||||
| 55 | Samsun | 6 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| 56 | Siirt | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 57 | Sinop | 6 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 58 | Sivas | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 11 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| − | Siverek [n 18] | 6 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 63 | Şanlıurfa | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 14 |
| − | Şebinkarahisar [n 19] | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 73 | Şırnak | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 59 | Tekirdağ | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
| 60 | Tokat | 7 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 61 | Trabzon | 11 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| 62 | Tunceli [n 20] | 6 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 64 | Uşak | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||
| 65 | Van | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| 77 | Yalova | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 66 | Yozgat | 7 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| 67 | Zonguldak | 4 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
| # | Total | 436 | 333 | 335 | 348 | 444 | 470 | 492 | 503 | 477 | 537 | 602 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 400 | 450 | 450 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 600 | 600 |
Parliamentary seats are allocated according to the d’Hondt method in a party-list proportional representation system. [6] Political parties first need to pass an electoral threshold of 7%. Parties can by-pass this rule by forming an electoral alliance or participate as independents. The electoral threshold was introduced by the military regime after the 1980 coup d'état, in a bid to maintain political stability. [7]
From 1946 onwards, all elections were direct elections. In the elections held between 1946 and 1957, a party block voting system was applied. Under this system, the party that obtained a plurality of votes in a constituency would get all the deputies in that constituency. The system resulted in a landslide victories. For example, the Democrat Party received 58% of the votes in the 1954 election, but won 93% of the seats in the parliament.
Proportional representation was used for the first time after the adoption of the Constitution of 1961. For the elections of 1961, a party-list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in 67 constituencies was used. In order to receive seats in a constituency, parties needed to receive more votes in that constituency that the Hare quota. It was also the first time that the number of deputies was fixed and determined as 450 seats.
In the 1965 election, the national remnant system was used. In the elections held in 1969, 1973 and 1977, the d'Hondt electoral system was applied without a threshold. A nationwide electoral threshold of 10% and a constituency electoral threshold was introduced following the changes to the law in 1983. In addition to that, a quota system was also used in the 1987 and 1991 elections. From 1995 onwards, only a nationwide electoral threshold is used. [8]
The Law on Basic Provisions regulates the campaign and aims to ensure fair and equitable opportunities for contestants. [9] Turkish campaigns are typically energetic as contestants use a variety of traditional campaigning means such as rallies, campaign stands, posters, banners, party flags, canvassing and vehicles with loudspeakers. Languages other than Turkish as well as sign language are used in the campaigns. According to Turkish Law, it is forbidden to make election propaganda in a foreign country. This law can be circumvented to a certain degree by organizing "informative seminars" instead of "propaganda meetings". [10]
Political parties that received at least three per cent of votes in the last parliamentary elections are entitled to annual public funding on a proportional basis, as well as campaign funding but only for parliamentary elections. Parties also receive funding through membership fees and individual donations. Donations from public legal entities, state and public organizations and foreign sources are not allowed. An individual may donate up to a certain amount annually to a party. There is no ceiling for annual party and campaign-related expenditure. Parties declare their campaign funds solely through annual financial reports. The Constitutional Court audits the reports. Independent candidates declare their campaign funds through personal tax declarations. Possible sanctions for breaches include warnings, imprisonment from three months to three years, monetary fines and dissolution of the party. [9]
The list below shows the election results of the multi-party period in Turkey since 1946.
By-elections in Turkey are regulated in accordance with Article 7 of the Law on Parliamentary Elections. Accordingly, by-elections are held in case of a vacancy in the membership of the Parliament. According to the constitution, by-elections are held once in each election period, and by-elections cannot be held unless 30 months have passed and 1 year before the parliamentary elections. However, if a province or constituency does not have any members in the Parliament, by-elections are held in that constituency on the first Sunday after 90 days following the vacancy. [11]
Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to political divisions among voters. The essence of such systems is that all votes cast – or almost all votes cast – contribute to the result and are effectively used to help elect someone. Under other election systems, a bare plurality or a scant majority are all that are used to elect candidates. PR systems provide balanced representation to different factions, reflecting how votes are cast.
The electoral threshold, or election threshold, is the minimum share of votes that a candidate or political party requires before they become entitled to representation or additional seats in a legislature.
Elections in Sweden are held once every four years. At the highest level, all 349 members of Riksdag, the national parliament of Sweden, are elected in general elections. Elections to the 20 county councils and 290 municipal assemblies – all using almost the same electoral system – are held concurrently with the legislative elections on the second Sunday in September.
Mixed-member proportional representation is a type of representation provided by some mixed electoral systems which combine local winner-take-all elections with a compensatory tier with party lists, in a way that produces proportional representation overall. Like proportional representation, MMP is not a single system, but a principle and goal of several similar systems. Some systems designed to achieve proportionality are still called mixed-member proportional, even if they generally fall short of full proportionality. In this case, they provide semi-proportional representation.
The D'Hondt method, also called the Jefferson method or the greatest divisors method, is an apportionment method for allocating seats in parliaments among federal states, or in proportional representation among political parties. It belongs to the class of highest-averages methods. Compared to ideal proportional representation, the D'Hondt method reduces somewhat the political fragmentation for smaller electoral district sizes, where it favors larger political parties over small parties.
The Webster method, also called the Sainte-Laguë method, is a highest averages apportionment method for allocating seats in a parliament among federal states, or among parties in a party-list proportional representation system. The Sainte-Laguë method shows a more equal seats-to-votes ratio for different sized parties among apportionment methods.
The single-chamber Parliament of Georgia has 150 members, elected for a four-year term through elections. The last presidential elections were held in October 2018 due to constitutional changes taking effect in 2024, after which the president will be elected for a five-year term by a parliamentary college of electors. The series of constitutional changes, initiated in 2017, stipulated a one-time transitional presidential term of six years for 2018–2024. Other major systemic changes included a move to a fully proportional system by 2024 with a 5% threshold.
Poland has a multi-party political system. On the national level, Poland elects the head of state – the president – and a legislature. There are also various local elections, referendums and elections to the European Parliament.
Elections in Hungary are held at two levels: general elections to elect the members of the National Assembly and local elections to elect local authorities. European Parliament elections are also held every 5 years.
Elections in Turkey are held for six functions of government: presidential elections (national), parliamentary elections (national), municipality mayors (local), district mayors (local), provincial or municipal council members (local) and muhtars (local). Apart from elections, referendums are also held occasionally.
In electoral systems, a wasted vote is any vote cast that is not "used" to elect a winner, and so is not represented in the outcome. However, the term is vague and ill-defined, having been used to refer to a wide variety of unrelated concepts and metrics. The precise definition of a wasted vote can have a major impact on the conclusions of an analysis. For example, under the narrowest possible definition of a wasted vote, the single transferable vote (STV) can be considered to waste zero votes. However, if the wasted vote definition is expanded even slightly, it is possible for up to 100% of STV votes to be classified as wasted because STV fails the unanimity criterion; that is, it is possible to elect a legislature that every single voter agrees is worse than some alternative.
Apportionment is the process by which seats in a legislative body are distributed among administrative divisions, such as states or parties, entitled to representation. This page presents the general principles and issues related to apportionment. The page apportionment by country describes the specific practices used around the world. The page Mathematics of apportionment describes mathematical formulations and properties of apportionment rules.
The New Zealand parliamentary electoral system has been based on the principle of mixed-member proportional (MMP) since the 1996 election. MMP was introduced following a referendum in 1993. It replaced the first-past-the-post (FPP) system New Zealand had previously used for most of its history. Under the MMP system, New Zealanders have two secret ballot votes to elect members of Parliament (MPs). The first vote is for a candidate from an electorate, a geographic electoral district. The second is the party vote for the political party the voter wants to form the government.
Elections in Serbia are mandated by the Constitution and legislation. The President of the Republic, National Assembly, provincial (Vojvodina) and local assemblies are all elective offices. Since 1990, twelve presidential, fourteen parliamentary and ten provincial elections were held.
Electoral districts go by different names depending on the country and the office being elected.
The German federal election system regulates the election of the members of the national parliament, called the Bundestag. According to the principles governing the elections laws, set down in Art. 38 of the German Basic Law, elections are to be universal, direct, free, equal, and secret. Furthermore, the German Basic Law stipulates that Bundestag elections are to take place every four years and that one can vote, and be elected, upon reaching the age of 18. All other stipulations for the federal elections are regulated by the Federal Electoral Act. Elections always take place on a Sunday. Mail votes are possible upon application.
Electoral reform is a change in electoral systems which alters how public desires are expressed in election results.
An electoral or voting system is a set of rules used to determine the results of an election. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit organisations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, who is allowed to vote, who can stand as a candidate, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices.
The electoral system of Turkey varies for general, presidential and local elections that take place in Turkey every five years. Turkey has been a multi-party democracy since 1950, with the first democratic election held on 14 May 1950 leading to the end of the single-party rule established in 1923. The current electoral system for electing Members of Parliament to the Grand National Assembly has a 7% election threshold.
Parliamentary elections were held in Georgia on 31 October and 21 November 2020 to elect the 150 members of Parliament. The ruling Georgian Dream party led by Prime Minister Giorgi Gakharia won re-election for a third term in office, making it the first party in Georgian history to do so. The elections also saw a record number of opposition parties elected to parliament.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)| Presidential elections | |
|---|---|
| Parliamentary elections | |
| Local elections | |
| Senate elections | |
| Referendums | |
See also: Elections in the Ottoman Empire | |
| History |
| ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geography |
| ||||||||||||
| Government |
| ||||||||||||
| Economy | |||||||||||||
| Demographics | |||||||||||||
| Society |
| ||||||||||||
