List of earthquakes in Turkey

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Map of earthquakes in Turkey, 1900-2023 Map of earthquakes in Turkey 1900-2023.svg
Map of earthquakes in Turkey, 1900–2023
Map of plate boundaries affecting Turkey Anatolian Plate Vectoral.svg
Map of plate boundaries affecting Turkey

Turkey has had many earthquakes. This list includes any notable historical earthquakes that have epicenters within the current boundaries of Turkey, or which caused significant effects in this area. Overall, the population in major cities like Istanbul resides in structures that are a mix of vulnerable and earthquake resistant construction.

Contents

Tectonic setting

Turkey is a seismically active area within the complex zone of collision between the Eurasian plate and both the African and Arabian plates. Much of the country lies on the Anatolian sub-plate, a small plate bounded by two major strike-slip fault zones, the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault. The western part of the country is also affected by the zone of extensional tectonics in the Aegean Sea caused by the southward migration of the Hellenic arc. The easternmost part of Turkey lies on the western end of the Zagros fold and thrust belt, which is dominated by thrust tectonics.

Seismic hazard

Seismic hazard in Turkey is highest along the plate boundaries, but there is a significant risk of damaging earthquakes almost anywhere in the country. Seismic maps that show risk have changed through time. [1]

Buildings

This section is an excerpt from Architecture of Turkey § Earthquakes.[ edit ]

In earthquake-prone areas, all buildings built to 20th century standards may be dangerous, [2] but shortly after the 1999 İzmit earthquake, which killed over 17 thousand people, a new seismic code was brought into force to protect against earthquakes in Turkey. [3] [4] Also following that earthquake a so-called earthquake tax was raised during the government of Bülent Ecevit. [5] Initially thought as a temporary tax, it became permanent. [3] In 2007 the seismic code was strengthened. [6] [7] However, it is alleged that builders often ignored the rules due to corruption. [8] After the 2011 Van earthquakes Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said: "Municipalities, constructors and supervisors should now see that their negligence amounts to murder." [9] In 2018, a zoning law gave amnesties to some unlicensed buildings and some with unlicensed floors. [9]

Further resilience over the 2007 code was mandated in the 2018 Turkish Seismic Code, which took effect on 1 January 2019. [6] [10] Improvements included design supervision and site specific hazard definitions, [11] and for new buildings in vulnerable regions required rebar in high quality concrete. [12] Beams and columns in those buildings must be in the right place to properly absorb shaking. [12] The code is said by foreign experts to be very modern and similar to US codes. [13] However, these 21st century building codes were not very well enforced. [2]

In a bid to shore up support going into the 2018 Turkish presidential election, the government offered amnesties for violations of the building code, allowing non-compliance to continue with the payment of a fee. [14] This poor enforcement of seismic codes was a contributing factor to the devastation of the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes in which over 42,000 people died in Turkey. [4] There were high incidences of support column failure leading to pancake collapses, which complicated rescue efforts. Experts lamented the practice would turn cities into graveyards. [15] The 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes collapsed many older buildings and some recent ones: [16] the Environment and Urbanization Ministry is assessing the damage. [17]

Unreinforced masonry buildings are vulnerable. [18] Many older buildings in Istanbul are vulnerable to pancake collapses. [19] Retrofitting old buildings is possible but expensive. [19] Although over 3 million housing units nationwide were strengthened in the 2 decades before 2023, as of that year many apartment blocks do not meet 21st century standards. [16] Building with wood has been suggested. [20]

List of notable earthquakes

Historical earthquakes in Turkey (before 1920)

DateTime‡Place Lat Long Deaths Mag. CommentsSources
n/aPhiladelphia (Alaşehir)38.2128.31n/an/asee AD 17 Lydia earthquake
Antioch 36.136.1260,0007.5 Mssee 115 Antioch earthquake [21]
Lycia, Caria, Dodecanese 36.728.0n/aVIIITriggered a severe tsunami that caused inundation at Rhodes; see 141 Lycia earthquake [22]
South and west coasts of Anatolia36.527.8n/aIXDamaged many buildings at Ephesus and triggered a tsunami that hit coastal cities; see 262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake [23]
Night Bithynia, Thrace, Byzantine Empire 41.00828.978UnknownIXDate uncertain, severely damaged the Theodosian walls in Constantinople see 447 Constantinople earthquake [24]
Antioch 250,000VIIIThe city of Antioch was greatly damaged, and some decades later the city's population was just 300,000. see 526 Antioch earthquake [25]
15 August 554 Anatolia The earthquake severely damaged the city of Tralles (modern Aydın) and the island of Kos; See 554 Anatolia earthquake [26]
just before midnight Constantinople 40.928.7n/aX (Intense)Constantinople was "almost completely razed to the ground" by the earthquake. see 557 Constantinople earthquake [27]
Cilicia, Anatolia 37.535.560,000~7see 1269 Cilicia earthquake –
Constantinople 40.928.710,0007.2 Mwsee 1509 Constantinople earthquake –
Amasya and Çorum 40.635.460,0006.7 Ms see 1598 Amasya–Çorum earthquake –
Smyrna 38.228.22,5007.5see 1653 East Smyrna earthquake [28]
Anatolia 40368,0008see 1668 North Anatolia earthquake [29]
11:45 Smyrna 38.426.916,0007.0 Mssee 1688 Smyrna earthquake [30]
05:10 Istanbul 40.829.04,0007.1 Ms see 1766 Istanbul earthquake [31]
Dardanelles 40.627.05,0007.4 Mw see 1766 Marmara earthquake [32]
Erzincan 39.540.25,000–>10,0007.6 Ms see 1784 Erzincan earthquake [33]
Ağrı 39.644.110,0007.4 Ms May have triggered the last eruption of Mount Ararat. Casualties associated with a large landslide on the volcano.
see 1840 Ahora earthquake 		[34]
01:00 Bursa 40.229.11,9006.7see 1855 Bursa earthquake [35]
10:30 Erzurum 39.941.315,0006.1 Mssee 1859 Erzurum earthquake [36]
Bingöl 39.241.0680+7.2 Mssee 1866 Bingöl earthquake
– Hatay 36.436.41,8007.2 Mssee 1872 Amik earthquake
– Afyonkarahisar 38.329.91,3006.77 Mw see 1875 Dinar earthquake
11:30 Chios, Çeşme, Alaçatı 38.2526.257,8667.3 Mwsee 1881 Chios earthquake [37]
13:30 Çeşme, İzmir, Ayvalık 38.326.253–1207.3 Mssee 1883 Çeşme earthquake [38]
12:24 Gulf of İzmit 40.7329.251,3007.0see 1894 Istanbul earthquake [39]
04:00 Büyük Menderes Graben 37.928.11,4707.1see 1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake [40]

1900–1999

DateTime‡Place Lat Long Deaths Mag. CommentsSources
01:46 local time Malazgirt 39.1442.656006.7 Mssee 1903 Manzikert earthquake [41] [42]
03:29 local time Mürefte 40.7527.22167.3 MSsee 1912 Mürefte earthquake [41] [42]
00:07 local time Burdur 37.8230.272,3446.9 MSsee 1914 Burdur earthquake [41] [42]
00:54 local time Balıkesir 39.1827.653,0007.0 Mw see 1919 Ayvalık earthquake [43]
16:34 local time Horasan 40.042.1606.8see 1924 Pasinler earthquake [41] [42]
21:59 local time Kars 40.743.73606.0 Mssee 1926 Kars earthquake [44]
02:29 local time Smyrna 38.528.0506.5 MSPossible M=6.2 foreshock previous day [41] [42]
08:37 local time Suşehri 40.237.9646.1see 1929 Suşehri earthquake [41] [42]
00:34 local time Hakkâri 38.144.72,5147.2–7.5 Mssee 1930 Salmas earthquake [45]
16:41 local time Erdek 40.427.556.4 Ms [41] [42]
12:59 local time Kırşehir 39.134.01606.6 MSsee 1938 Kırşehir earthquake [41] [42]
02:36 local time Dikili 39.126.8606.6 MS [41] [42]
01:57 local time Erzincan 39.7739.5332,7007.8 Mwsee 1939 Erzincan earthquake [29]
19:01 local time Bigadiç 39.228.2166.1 MS [41] [42]
14:03 Erbaa 40.8736.473,0007.0 Mssee 1942 Niksar–Erbaa earthquake [46]
17:32 local time Hendek 40.630.53366.6 MSsee 1943 Adapazarı–Hendek earthquake [41] [42]
22:20 Ladik 40.8733.652,824–5,0007.5 Mwsee 1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake
03:25 Gerede 40.832.23,9597.5see 1944 Bolu–Gerede earthquake [46]
04:34 local time Ayvalık 39.3726.53306.8 MSsee 1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik earthquake
Karlıova 39.5440.574506.8see 1949 Karlıova earthquake [46]
18:36 Kurşunlu 40.8832.87506.9see 1951 Kurşunlu earthquake [46]
08:03 local time Hasankale 39.941.7415.8see 1952 Hasankale earthquake
21:06 local time Yenice 40.0227.532657.2 MSsee 1953 Yenice–Gönen earthquake [41] [42]
05.58 local time Ovacık, Karabük 41.0833.0126.0 Ms  [47]
09:07 local time Söke 37.5527.05236.8 MS [41] [42]
22:31 local time Eskişehir 39.8930.4916.4 Ms  [41]
04:25 local time Fethiye 36.528.6677.1 MSsee 1957 Fethiye earthquakes [41] [42]
6:36 Abant 40.6731.00527.1see 1957 Abant earthquake [46]
16:31 local time Manyas 40.127.93237.0 MSsee 1964 Manyas earthquake [41] [42]
12:23 Varto 39.1741.562,3946.8 Mwsee 1966 Varto earthquake [46]
16:56 Mudurnu 40.6730.69897.2see North Anatolian Fault [46]
10:19 local time Bartın 41.7932.31296.5 MSsee 1968 Bartın earthquake [41] [42]
03:48 local time Alaşehir 38.528.4536.5 MSsee 1969 Alaşehir earthquake [41] [42]
23:02 local time Gediz 39.229.51,0867.2 MSsee 1970 Gediz earthquake [41] [42]
08:25 local time Burdur 37.529.9576.1 MS [48] [49]
16:44 Bingöl 38.8340.527556.9 Mwsee 1971 Bingöl earthquake [50]
12:20 local time Lice 38.540.72,3116.6 MSsee 1975 Lice earthquake [41] [42]
14:22 local time Muradiye 39.1244.034,0007.5 MSsee 1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake [41] [42]
Palu 38.72840.088305.2 Mw  [51]
07:12 local time Erzurum 40.3342.191,3426.9 MSsee 1983 Erzurum earthquake [41] [42]
17.18 Erzincan 39.7039.694986.7 Mwsee 1992 Erzincan earthquake [52]
17:57 local time Dinar 38.0630.13906.1 MSsee 1995 Dinar earthquake [41] [42]
16:55 local time Ceyhan 36.8835.311466.3 Mwsee 1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake [41] [42]
03:02 local time İzmit 40.773017,127–18,3737.6 Mwsee 1999 Gölcük earthquake
18:57 local time Düzce 40.7531.168947.2 Mw(PDE Monthly Listing); see 1999 Düzce earthquake USGS

2000–present

DateTime‡Place Lat Long Deaths Mag. CommentsSources
07:11 Afyon 38.57331.271446.5 Mw(HRV); see 2002 Afyon earthquake [53]
05:26 Pülümür 39.4639.7916.1 Mw(HRV, USGS)USGS
00:27 Bingöl 39.0140.461776.4 Mw(HRV, USGS); see 2003 Bingöl earthquake [54]
01:30 Ağrı 39.7144.02185.1 Mw(HRV); see 2004 Doğubayazıt earthquake [55]
02:32 Elazığ 38.7940.03416.1 Mw(HRV); see 2010 Elazığ earthquake [56]
23:15 Kütahya 39.1429.0725.8 Mw(HRV); see 2011 Kütahya earthquake [57]
13:41 Van 38.6343.496047.2 Mw(HRV); see 2011 Van earthquakes [58]
19:23 Van 38.4243.22405.6 Mw(HRV): see 2011 Van earthquakes [59]
24 May 201412:25 local time Imbros 40.3125.4506.9 Mw(HRV); see 2014 Aegean Sea earthquake [60]
01:31 local time Bodrum 36.9227.412 (in the Greek island of Kos)6.6 Mw(HRV); see 2017 Aegean Sea earthquake [61]
26 September 201913:59 local time Marmara Region 40.8928.1715.7 Mw(HRV); see 2019 Istanbul earthquake [62]
24 January 202020:55 local time Elazığ, Malatya 38.39039.081416.7 Mw(HRV); see 2020 Elazığ earthquake [63]
23 February 202008:53 local timeIran–Turkey border38.394344.3405105.8 Mw(HRV); see 2020 Iran–Turkey earthquakes [64]
19:00 local time38.394344.34056.0 Mw [65]
14 June 202016:24 local time Bingöl 39.4240.6715.9 Mwsee 2020 Bingöl earthquake [66]
30 October 202014:51 local time Aegean Sea 37.91826.7901177.0 Mw see 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake [67]
23 November 202204:08 local time Düzce 40.84730.96726.1 Mw see 2022 Düzce earthquake [68]
6 February 202304:17 local time Kahramanmaraş 37.11237.11962,013 (53,537 in Turkey, 8,476 in Syria)7.8 Mw see 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakess [69]

[70]

13:24 local time38.03637.2297.5-7.7 Mw  [71]

[72]

20 February 202320:04 local time Defne 36.113336.08211 (6 in Turkey, 5 in Syria)6.3 Mw  [73]
27 February 202312:04 local time Yeşilyurt 38.253538.293225.2 Mw  [74]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1933 Long Beach earthquake</span> Severe earthquake in Los Angeles County, California

The 1933 Long Beach earthquake took place on March 10 at 5:54 P.M. PST south of downtown Los Angeles. The epicenter was offshore, southeast of Long Beach, California, on the Newport–Inglewood Fault. The earthquake had a magnitude estimated at 6.4 Mw, and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). Damage to buildings was widespread throughout Southern California. It resulted in 115 to 120 fatalities and an estimated $40 million worth of property damage, equivalent to $941 million in 2023. The majority of the fatalities resulted from people running out of buildings exposing themselves to the falling debris.

An earthquake struck Turkey's eastern Erzincan Province at 1:57:23 a.m. on 27 December 1939 local time with a moment magnitude of 7.8Mw and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme). It is the joint second most-powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey, tied with the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes. Only the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake was more powerful. This was one of the largest in a sequence of violent shocks to affect Turkey along the North Anatolian Fault between 1939 and 1999. Surface rupturing, with a horizontal displacement of up to 3.7 meters, occurred in a 360 km long segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. The earthquake was the most severe natural loss of life in Turkey in the 20th century, with 32,968 dead, and some 100,000 injured.

The 2008 Illinois earthquake was one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded in the Midwest state of Illinois. This moderate strike-slip shock measured 5.2 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). It occurred at 04:36:59 local time on April 18 near Bellmont and Mount Carmel, Illinois, within the Wabash Valley seismic zone. Earthquakes in this part of the country are often felt at great distances.

The 2007 Alum Rock earthquake occurred on October 30 at 8:04 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time in Alum Rock Park in San Jose, in the U.S. state of California. It measured 5.6 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong). The event was then the largest in the San Francisco Bay Area since the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, which measured 6.9 on the moment magnitude scale, but was later surpassed by the 2014 South Napa earthquake. Ground shaking from the Alum Rock quake reached San Francisco and Oakland and other points further north. Sixty thousand felt reports existed far beyond Santa Rosa, as far north as Eugene, Oregon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1953 Yenice–Gönen earthquake</span> Earthquake in the Marmara region, Turkey

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lists of 20th-century earthquakes</span>

This list of 20th-century earthquakes is a list of earthquakes of magnitude 6 and above that occurred in the 20th century. Sone smaller events which nevertheless had a significant impact are also included. After 1900 most earthquakes have some degree of instrumental records and this means that the locations and magnitudes are more reliable than for earlier events.

The 2009 Swan Islands earthquake occurred on May 28 at 02:24:45 AM local time with a moment magnitude of 7.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII. The epicenter was located in the Caribbean Sea, 64 kilometres (40 mi) northeast of the island of Roatán, 19 miles northeast of Port Royal, Isla de Bahias, 15 miles northwest of Isla Barbaretta, and 130 kilometres (81 mi) north-northeast of La Ceiba. Three aftershocks followed the earthquake within magnitude 4 range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Eureka earthquake</span> January 2010 earthquake in California

The 2010 Eureka earthquake occurred on January 9 at 4:27:38 pm PST offshore of Humboldt County, California, United States. The magnitude was measured 6.5 on the Mw scale, and its epicenter was located offshore in the Pacific Ocean 33 miles (53 km) west of the nearest major city, Eureka. Additionally, there was a separate earthquake further offshore of Eureka on February 4 with a slightly lower magnitude of 5.9. It was also the most significant earthquake in the Eureka area in terms of magnitude since the 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes. It was felt from Santa Cruz County, California in the south, to Eugene, Oregon in the north and to the east as far as Reno, Nevada.

The 1954 Chlef earthquake struck El Asnam Province in French Algeria on 9 September at 02:04:43 local time. The shock measured 6.7 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). It destroyed Chlef, then named Orléansville, leaving over 1,243 people dead and 5,000 injured. Damage was estimated at $6 million. It was followed by multiple aftershocks. Algeria faces annual earthquakes and has undergone several changes to its earthquake building codes since its first earthquake engineering regulations from 1717.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1918 San Jacinto earthquake</span> Earthquake in Southern California

The 1918 San Jacinto earthquake occurred in extreme eastern San Diego County in Southern California on April 21 at 14:32:29 local time. The shock had a moment magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Several injuries and one death occurred with total losses estimated to be $200,000.

The 1990 Upland earthquake occurred at 15:43:37 local time on February 28 with a moment magnitude of 5.7 and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of VII. This left-lateral strike-slip earthquake occurred west of the San Andreas Fault System and injured thirty people, with total losses of $12.7 million. Many strong motion instruments captured the event, with an unexpectedly high value seen on water tank near the epicentral area.

On 6 November 1988, two earthquakes struck Lancang and Gengma counties, Yunnan, near the China–Myanmar border. These earthquakes measured moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.0 and 6.9, respectively, spaced 12 minutes apart. These earthquakes were assigned a maximum China seismic intensity of IX and X, respectively. Between 748 and 939 people were killed; more than 7,700 were injured. Both earthquakes caused damage and economic losses estimated at CN¥ 2.05 billion. Moderately large aftershocks continued to rock the region, causing additional casualties and damage.

The 1979 Saint Elias earthquake affected Alaska at 12:27 AKST on 28 February. The thrust-faulting Mw 7.5 earthquake had an epicenter in the Granite Mountains. Though the maximum recorded Modified Mercalli intensity was VII, damage was minimal and there were no casualties due to the remoteness of the faulting. Damage also extended across the border in parts of Yukon, Canada.

References

  1. ↑ Akkar, Sinan; Eroğlu Azak, Tuba; Can, Tolga; Çeken, U.; Demircioglu, Mine; Duman, Tamer; Erdik, M.; Ergintav, Semih; Kadirioğlu, Filiz; Kalafat, Doğan; Kale, Özkan (13 July 2018). "Evolution of seismic hazard maps in Turkey". Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 16 (8): 3197–3228. Bibcode:2018BuEE...16.3197A. doi:10.1007/s10518-018-0349-1. S2CID   116119039.
  2. 1 2 "In Turkey and Syria, outdated building methods all but assured disaster from a quake". NPR .
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  15. ↑ "Turkey earthquake failures leave Erdogan looking vulnerable". BBC News. 11 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  16. 1 2 "The earthquakes in Turkey and Syria have shaken both countries". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved 10 February 2023.
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  33. ↑ Ambraseys, N.N.; Jackson, J.A. (1998). "Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region". Geophysical Journal International. 133 (2): 390–406. Bibcode:1998GeoJI.133..390A. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00508.x .
  34. ↑ Haroutiunian, R. A. (2005). "Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Арарат 2 июля 1840 года" [Catastrophic eruption of volcano Ararat on 2 july, 1840]]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia: Earth Sciences (in Russian). 58 (1): 27–35. ISSN   0515-961X. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
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  36. ↑ NGDC. "Comments for the 1859 Earthquake". Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  37. ↑ NGDC. "Comments for the 1881 Earthquake". Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  38. ↑ "Comments for the 1883 earthquake". National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  39. ↑ Ambraseys, N. (January 2001). "The earthquake of 10 July 1894 in the Gulf of Izmit (Turkey) and its relation to the earthquake of 17 August 1999". Journal of Seismology. 5 (1): 117–128. Bibcode:2001JSeis...5..117A. doi:10.1023/A:1009871605267. ISSN   1573-157X. S2CID   128657125.
  40. ↑ Kumsar, Halil; Aydan, Ömer; Şimşek, Celal; D’Andria, Francesco (2016). "Historical earthquakes that damaged Hierapolis and Laodikeia antique cities and their implications for earthquake potential of Denizli basin in western Turkey" (PDF). Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 75 (2): 519–536. Bibcode:2016BuEGE..75..519K. doi:10.1007/s10064-015-0791-0. S2CID   128049511. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
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