1992 Erzincan earthquake

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1992 Erzincan earthquake
Turkey relief location map.jpg
Bullseye1.png
UTC  time1992-03-13 17:18:39
ISC  event 299638
USGS-ANSS ComCat
Local date13 March 1992
Local time8:18:39 pm
Magnitude6.8–6.9 Ms [1] [2]
6.7 Mw [3]
6.2 mb [1]
Depth20 km (12 mi) [3]
Epicenter 39°43′N39°36′E / 39.71°N 39.6°E / 39.71; 39.6 [3]
Fault North Anatolian Fault
Type Strike-slip [4]
Total damage $13.5 million [4]
Max. intensity IX (Violent) [5]
Peak acceleration0.5 g [6]
Casualties498–652 dead [4]
2,000 injured [4]

On 13 March 1992, a moment magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck eastern Turkey. It had a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) and occurred along the North Anatolian Fault. At least 498 people died, roughly 2,000 were injured, and an unknown number of people went missing. Total financial losses were between $13.5 million and $750 million (US Dollars). [1]

Contents

Geology

Map of the Anatolian Plate, featuring the North Anatolian Fault. Anatolian Plate Vectoral.svg
Map of the Anatolian Plate, featuring the North Anatolian Fault.

Most of Turkey lies on the Anatolian Plate. Deformation from is accommodated through three main faults: the eastern portion of the Hellenic Trench accommodates convergence between the Aegean Sea Plate and the Anatolian Plate in the south, the North Anatolian Fault in the north, along which this earthquake occurred, accommodates the deformation between the Anatolian Plate and the Eurasian Plate which forces the Anatolian west, and the East Anatolian Fault in the east accommodates the same deformation. The Erzincan basin lies on the intersection of this fault on its northern side.

Earthquake

At 6.7 on the moment magnitude scale, the earthquake was designated as "strong". The maximum Modified Mercalli intensity was evaluated at IX (Violent) and peak ground acceleration recorded at 0.5 g. [7] [8] The focal mechanism indicated strike slip faulting, and rupture is estimated to be 30 km (19 mi) long with a maximum slip of 95 cm (37 in). [9] More than 3,000 aftershocks rocked the area afterwards. [10]

Aftermath

The earthquake left at least 498 killed, 2,000 injured, collapsed 150 buildings and damaged over 8,000 homes. [1] [6] The provision of housing following the earthquake is now listed by the Chamber of Civil Engineers in Turkey as one of Fifty civil engineering feats in Turkey. A temporary group of 10 seismographs were set up in the area to monitor aftershocks. [2]

Sports

Erzincanspor, the local football team, withdrew from the 1991-92 3. Lig on the 24th week after the earthquake. [11]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Anatolian Fault</span> Turkish seismic strike slip fault

The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is an active right-lateral strike-slip fault in northern Anatolia, and is the transform boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian Plate. The fault extends westward from a junction with the East Anatolian Fault at the Karliova Triple Junction in eastern Turkey, across northern Turkey and into the Aegean Sea for a length of 1200−1500 kilometers. It runs about 20 km south of Istanbul. The North Anatolian Fault is similar in many ways to the San Andreas Fault in California. Both are continental transforms with similar lengths and slip rates. The Sea of Marmara near Istanbul is an extensional basin similar to the Salton Trough in California, where a releasing bend in the strike-slip system creates a pull-apart basin.

Coulomb stress transfer is a seismic-related geological process of stress changes to surrounding material caused by local discrete deformation events. Using mapped displacements of the Earth's surface during earthquakes, the computed Coulomb stress changes suggest that the stress relieved during an earthquake not only dissipates but can also move up and down fault segments, concentrating and promoting subsequent tremors. Importantly, Coulomb stress changes have been applied to earthquake-forecasting models that have been used to assess potential hazards related to earthquake activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1999 Düzce earthquake</span> 1999 earthquake in north-central Turkey

The 1999 Düzce earthquake occurred on 12 November at 18:57:22 local time with a moment magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), causing damage and at least 845 fatalities in Düzce, Turkey. The epicenter was approximately 100 km (62 mi) to the east of the extremely destructive 1999 İzmit earthquake that happened nearly three months earlier. Both strike-slip earthquakes were caused by movement on the North Anatolian Fault.

An earthquake struck Turkey's eastern Erzincan Province at 1:57:23 a.m. on 27 December 1939 local time with a moment magnitude of 7.8Mw and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme). It is the joint second most-powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey, tied with the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake. Only the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake was more powerful. This was one of the largest in a sequence of violent shocks to affect Turkey along the North Anatolian Fault between 1939 and 1999. Surface rupturing, with a horizontal displacement of up to 3.7 meters, occurred in a 360 km long segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. The earthquake was the most severe natural loss of life in Turkey in the 20th century, with 32,968 dead, and some 100,000 injured.

The 2004 Al Hoceima earthquake occurred on 24 February at 02:27:47 local time near the coast of northern Morocco. The strike-slip earthquake measured 6.3 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum perceived intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Between 628 and 631 people were killed, 926 were injured, and up to 15,000 people were made homeless in the Al Hoceima-Imzourene-Beni Abdallah area.

The 2003 Bingöl earthquake hit eastern Turkey with a moment magnitude of 6.4 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) on 1 May at 03:27 local time. The epicenter of this strike-slip earthquake was in Bingöl Province, 15 km north of Bingöl. At least 177 people were killed, and 625 buildings collapsed or suffered heavy damage in the affected region. Eighty-four of the fatalities occurred when a dormitory block collapsed in a boarding school in Celtiksuyu.

The 1984 San Pedro Basin earthquake occurred on June 24 at 07:17:14 local time with a moment magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII. The event occurred off the southern coast of the Dominican Republic and resulted in an estimated five fatalities.

The 1975 Lice earthquake struck the Turkish district of Lice at 12:20 local time on 6 September. The epicenter of the Ms 6.7 shock was located near the town of Lice and the maximum felt intensity was VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale. More than 2,300 people were killed.

The 1995 Colima–Jalisco earthquake occurred on October 9 at 15:35 UTC with a moment magnitude of 8.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The shock occurred off the coast of Jalisco, Mexico, where a tsunami was triggered that affected a 200 km (120 mi) stretch of the coast. The earthquake could be felt in Mexico City and in high-rise buildings in Dallas and Houston. In Mexico, the Cihuatlan-Manzanillo was the most severely affected area. At least 49 people died and 100 were injured.

The 1944 Bolu–Gerede earthquake occurred at 05:22 local time on 1 February. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 Mw and a maximum felt intensity of IX–X (Violent–Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It ruptured part of the North Anatolian Fault, forming part of a progressive sequence of events that generally migrated westwards along the fault zone, starting with the 1939 Erzincan earthquake.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1949 Karlıova earthquake</span> Earthquake in Turkey

The 1949 Karlıova earthquake occurred at 18:44 UTC on 17 August with an epicenter near Karlıova in Bingöl Province, Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. It had an estimated magnitude of 6.7, a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and caused 320–450 casualties and destroyed 3,500 buildings.

The 1971 Bingöl earthquake was a Mw  6.6 earthquake that occurred at 18:44:02 local time on 22 May. It had a surface-wave magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale, killing 755–1,000 people.

An earthquake occurred in the northern Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey on May 24, 2014. It had a moment magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). Serious damage was reported on the Turkish island of Imbros and the cities of Edirne and Çanakkale, as well as on the Greek island of Lemnos. The earthquake was felt in Bulgaria and southern Romania. Several aftershocks followed the main shock, the strongest measuring 5.3 ML. This aftershock struck the Gulf of Saros at 12:31 local time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1918 San Jacinto earthquake</span> Earthquake in Southern California

The 1918 San Jacinto earthquake occurred in extreme eastern San Diego County in Southern California on April 21 at 14:32:29 local time. The shock had a moment magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Several injuries and one death occurred with total losses estimated to be $200,000.

Northern Anatolia was struck by a large earthquake on 17 August 1668 in the late morning. It had an estimated magnitude in the range 7.8–8.0 Ms and the maximum felt intensity was IX on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. The epicenter of the earthquake was on the southern shore of Ladik Lake. It caused widespread damage from as far west as Bolu and as far east as Erzincan, resulting in about 8,000 deaths. It remains the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.

The 1997 Bojnurd earthquake occurred on 4 February at 14:07 IRST in Iran. The epicenter of the Mw 6.5 earthquake was in the Kopet Dag mountains of North Khorasan, near the Iran–Turkmenistan border, about 579 km (360 mi) northeast of Tehran. The earthquake is characterized by shallow strike-slip faulting in a zone of active faults. Seismic activity is present as the Kopet Dag is actively accommodating tectonics through faulting. The earthquake left 88 dead, 1,948 injured, and affected 173 villages, including four which were destroyed. Damage also occurred in Shirvan and Bojnord counties. The total cost of damage was estimated to be over US$ 30 million.

The 1986 Malatya earthquake was a Mw 6.1 earthquake that occurred in the early morning hours of May 5th, 1986. It registered a maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity of VIII (Severe). It occurred near the city of Malatya, Turkey.

The 1968 Aegean Sea earthquake was a Mw 7.0 earthquake that occurred in the early morning hours of February 20th, 1968 local time about 57.1 km (35.5 mi) away from Myrina, Greece. This earthquake occurred between mainland Greece and Turkey, meaning both countries were impacted. 20 people died, and 39 people were injured to various degrees. It was the deadliest Greek earthquake since the 1956 Amorgos earthquake.

The 1957 Sangchal earthquake struck northern Iran's Mazandaran province on 2 July 1957. It had a moment magnitude of 6.6 or 7.1 (Mw ), focal depth of 15 km (9.3 mi), and maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). It devastated many communities in the Alborz Mountains and caused an estimated 1,500 fatalities. Damage was estimated at US$ 25 milion.

The 1957 Farsinaj earthquake struck Hamadan, Iran on 13 December at 05:15 local time. The moment magnitude 6.5 earthquake destroyed 211 villages, killed approximately 1,130 people, and left another 900 injured.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Event: ERZINCAN, TURKEY". ngdc.noaa.gov.
  2. 1 2 Grosser, H.; Baumbach, M.; Berckhemer, H.; Baier, B.; Karahan, A.; Schelle, H.; Krüger, F.; Paulat, A.; Michel, G.; Demirtas, R.; Gencoglu, S.; Yilmaz, R. (1998). "The Erzincan (Turkey) Earthquake (Ms 6.8) of March 13, 1992 and its Aftershock Sequence". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 152 (3): 465–505. Bibcode:1998PApGe.152..465G. doi:10.1007/s000240050163. S2CID   129640525.
  3. 1 2 3 ISC (2015), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 2.0, International Seismological Centre
  4. 1 2 3 4 USGS (4 September 2009), PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2008_06.1, United States Geological Survey
  5. ↑ USGS (6 February 2023). "PAGER" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  6. 1 2 Çelebi, Mehmet (1992). "Highlights of the 13 March 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) earthquake". USGS. USGS: 397–410. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  7. ↑ Avşar, Ümİt; Türkoğlu, Erşan; Unsworth, Martyn; Çağlar, İlyas; Kaypak, Bülent (2013). "Geophysical Images of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in the Erzincan Basin, Eastern Turkey, and their Tectonic Implications" (PDF). Pure and Applied Geophysics. 170: 409–431. doi:10.1007/s00024-012-0521-5.
  8. ↑ USGS. "M 6.7 - 8 km W of Cimin, Turkey". United States Geological Survey.
  9. ↑ Barka, A.; Eyidoǧan, H. (1993). "The Erzincan earthquake of 13 March 1992 in Eastern Turkey". Terra Nova. 5 (2): 190–194. Bibcode:1993TeNov...5..190B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1993.tb00245.x . Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  10. ↑ "Today in Earthquake History: March 13". 18 December 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  11. ↑ "Beşiktaş, TFF'ye rest çekiyor... Kulüpler ortadan bölündü, karar değişir mi?". 10Haber (in Turkish). 31 March 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.

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