1992 Erzincan earthquake

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1992 Erzincan earthquake
Turkey relief location map.jpg
Bullseye1.png
UTC  time1992-03-13 17:18:39
ISC  event 299638
USGS-ANSS ComCat
Local date13 March 1992
Local time8:18:39 pm
Magnitude6.8–6.9 Ms [1] [2]
6.7 Mw [3]
6.2 mb [1]
Depth20 km (12 mi) [3]
Epicenter 39°43′N39°36′E / 39.71°N 39.6°E / 39.71; 39.6 [3]
Fault North Anatolian Fault
Type Strike-slip [4]
Total damage $13.5 million [4]
Max. intensity MMI IX (Violent) [5]
Peak acceleration0.5 g [6]
Casualties498–652 dead [4]
2,000 injured [4]

On 13 March 1992, a moment magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck eastern Turkey. It had a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) and occurred along the North Anatolian Fault. At least 498 people died, roughly 2,000 were injured, and an unknown number of people went missing. Total financial losses were between $13.5 million and $750 million (US Dollars). [1]

Contents

Geology

Map of the Anatolian Plate, featuring the North Anatolian Fault. Anatolian Plate Vectoral.svg
Map of the Anatolian Plate, featuring the North Anatolian Fault.

Most of Turkey lies on the Anatolian Plate. Deformation from is accommodated through three main faults: the eastern portion of the Hellenic Trench accommodates convergence between the Aegean Sea plate and the Anatolian Plate in the south, the North Anatolian Fault in the north, along which this earthquake occurred, accommodates the deformation between the Anatolian Plate and the Eurasian plate which forces the Anatolian west, and the East Anatolian Fault in the east accommodates the same deformation. The Erzincan basin lies on the intersection of this fault on its northern side.

Earthquake

At 6.7 on the moment magnitude scale, the earthquake was designated as "strong". The maximum Modified Mercalli intensity was evaluated at IX (Violent) and peak ground acceleration recorded at 0.5 g. [7] [8] The focal mechanism indicated strike slip faulting, and rupture is estimated to be 30 km (19 mi) long with a maximum slip of 95 cm (37 in). [9] More than 3,000 aftershocks rocked the area afterwards. [10]

Aftermath

The earthquake left at least 498 killed, 2,000 injured, collapsed 150 buildings and damaged over 8,000 homes. [1] [6] The provision of housing following the earthquake is now listed by the Chamber of Civil Engineers in Turkey as one of Fifty civil engineering feats in Turkey. A temporary group of 10 seismographs were set up in the area to monitor aftershocks. [2]

Sports

Erzincanspor, the local football team, withdrew from the 1991-92 3. Lig on the 24th week after the earthquake. [11]

See also

Related Research Articles

Coulomb stress transfer is a seismic-related geological process of stress changes to surrounding material caused by local discrete deformation events. Using mapped displacements of the Earth's surface during earthquakes, the computed Coulomb stress changes suggest that the stress relieved during an earthquake not only dissipates but can also move up and down fault segments, concentrating and promoting subsequent tremors. Importantly, Coulomb stress changes have been applied to earthquake-forecasting models that have been used to assess potential hazards related to earthquake activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1999 Düzce earthquake</span> 1999 earthquake in north-central Turkey

The 1999 Düzce earthquake occurred on 12 November at 18:57:22 local time with a moment magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), causing damage and at least 845 fatalities in Düzce, Turkey. The epicenter was approximately 100 km (62 mi) to the east of the extremely destructive 1999 İzmit earthquake that happened nearly three months earlier. Both strike-slip earthquakes were caused by movement on the North Anatolian Fault.

An earthquake struck Turkey's eastern Erzincan Province at 1:57:23 a.m. on 27 December 1939 local time with a moment magnitude (Mw ) of 7.8 and maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme). It is tied with the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes as the most-powerful earthquake in Turkey to be recorded by instruments. However, smaller than estimates of the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake. This was one of the largest in a sequence of violent shocks to affect Turkey along the North Anatolian Fault between 1939 and 1999. Surface rupturing, with a horizontal displacement of up to 3.7 meters, occurred in a 360 km long segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. The earthquake was the most severe natural loss of life in Turkey in the 20th century, with 32,968 dead, and some 100,000 injured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2004 Al Hoceima earthquake</span> Earthquake near the northern Moroccan coast

The 2004 Al Hoceima earthquake occurred on 24 February at 02:27:47 local time near the coast of northern Morocco. The strike-slip earthquake measured 6.3 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum perceived intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Between 628 and 631 people were killed, 926 injured, and up to 15,000 people were rendered homeless in the Al Hoceima-Imzourene-Beni Abdallah area.

An earthquake hit eastern Turkey with a moment magnitude of 6.4 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) on 1 May 2003 at 03:27 local time. The epicenter of this strike-slip earthquake was in Bingöl Province, 15 km north of the city of Bingöl. At least 177 people were killed and 3,305 buildings collapsed or suffered heavy damage in the affected region. Eighty-four of the fatalities occurred when a dormitory block collapsed in a boarding school in Celtiksuyu.

The 1984 San Pedro Basin earthquake occurred on June 24 at 07:17:14 local time with a moment magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII. The event occurred off the southern coast of the Dominican Republic and resulted in an estimated five fatalities.

The 1975 Lice earthquake struck the Turkish district of Lice at 12:20 local time on 6 September. The epicenter of the Ms 6.7 shock was located near the town of Lice and the maximum felt intensity was VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale. More than 2,300 people were killed.

The 1967 Mudurnu earthquake or more correctly, the 1967 Mudurnu Valley earthquake occurred at about 18:57 local time on 22 July near Mudurnu, Bolu Province, north-western Turkey. The magnitude 7.4 Mw earthquake was one of a series of major and intermediate quakes that have occurred in modern times along the North Anatolian Fault since 1939.

The 1971 Bingöl earthquake was a Mw6.6–6.7 earthquake that occurred at 18:44:02 local time on 22 May. It had a surface-wave magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale, killing 755–1,000 people. Bingöl was largely destroyed, as well as many houses in the nearby Bingöl plain. Surface displacement of 38 km (24 mi) and various other surficial effects were directly caused by the earthquake.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Aegean Sea earthquake</span> 6.9 magnitude earthquake centered in the Aegean Sea

An earthquake occurred in the northern Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey on May 24, 2014. It had a moment magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). Serious damage was reported on the Turkish island of Imbros and the cities of Edirne and Çanakkale, as well as on the Greek island of Lemnos. The earthquake was felt in Bulgaria and southern Romania. Several aftershocks followed the main shock, the strongest measuring 5.3 ML. This aftershock struck the Gulf of Saros at 12:31 local time.

The 1999 Aïn Témouchent earthquake occurred on December 22 at 18:36:56 local time in northern Algeria. The dip-slip event had a moment magnitude of 5.6 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII. At least 22 were killed, 175 were injured, and 15,000–25,000 were made homeless. The Belgian Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters' EM-DAT database and the USGS' National Geophysical Data Center both list financial losses of $60.93 million.

Northern Anatolia was struck by a large earthquake on 17 August 1668 in the late morning. It had an estimated magnitude in the range 7.8–8.0 Ms and the maximum felt intensity was IX on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. The epicenter of the earthquake was on the southern shore of Ladik Lake. It caused widespread damage from as far west as Bolu and as far east as Erzincan, resulting in about 8,000 deaths. It is thought to be the most powerful earthquake in Turkey.

The 1997 Bojnurd earthquake occurred on 4 February at 14:07 IRST in Iran. The epicenter of the Mw 6.5 earthquake was in the Kopet Dag mountains of North Khorasan, near the Iran–Turkmenistan border, about 579 km (360 mi) northeast of Tehran. The earthquake is characterized by shallow strike-slip faulting in a zone of active faults. Seismic activity is present as the Kopet Dag is actively accommodating tectonics through faulting. The earthquake left 88 dead, 1,948 injured, and affected 173 villages, including four which were destroyed. Damage also occurred in Shirvan and Bojnord counties. The total cost of damage was estimated to be over US$ 30 million.

The 1986 Malatya earthquake was a Mw 6.1 earthquake that occurred in the early morning hours of May 5, 1986. It registered a maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity of VIII (Severe). It occurred near the city of Malatya, Turkey.

The 1979 Saint Elias earthquake affected Alaska at 12:27 AKST on 28 February. The thrust-faulting Mw 7.5 earthquake had an epicenter in the Chugach Range. Though the maximum recorded Modified Mercalli intensity was VII, damage was minimal and there were no casualties due to the remoteness of the faulting. Damage also extended across the border in parts of Yukon, Canada.

The 1968 Aegean Sea earthquake was a Mw 7.0 earthquake that occurred in the early morning hours of February 20, 1968 local time about 57.1 km (35.5 mi) away from Myrina, Greece. This earthquake occurred between mainland Greece and Turkey, meaning both countries were impacted. 20 people died, and 39 people were injured to various degrees. It was the deadliest Greek earthquake since the 1956 Amorgos earthquake.

The 1957 Alborz earthquake struck northern Iran's Mazandaran province at 04:12 local time on 2 July. It had a moment magnitude (Mw ) of 7.1 and occurred at a focal depth of 15 km (9.3 mi). The thrust-faulting shock was assigned a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). It devastated 120 villages in the Alborz Mountains and caused an estimated 1,500 fatalities. The earthquake also triggered landslides including one that dammed the Haraz River. Some damage was also reported in Tehran, Qaem Shahr and Sari.

The 1957 Farsinaj earthquake struck Hamadan province, Iran on 13 December at 05:15 local time. The moment magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck at a depth of 15 km (9.3 mi). The epicenter of the earthquake was located in the seismically active Zagros Mountains. The mountain range was also the location for several historic earthquakes. The earthquake occurred near two segments of the active strike-slip Main Recent Fault. At least 1,130 people died, including over 700 in the village of Farsinaj. Additional deaths also occurred in Dehasiyab, Sarab, and other villages. The earthquake left an estimated 15,000 homeless; poor weather conditions including a winter storm on 21 December killed another 20 people. Several deadly and damaging aftershocks in that month killed a total of 38 people.

The 1947 Dustabad earthquake, also known as the Charmeh earthquake, occurred in South Khorasan province of northeastern Iran on 23 September. The mainshock had a magnitude of Mw 6.9 and maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). It was accompanied by a Mw  6.1 aftershock on 26 September. These earthquakes killed an estimated 500 people.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Event: ERZINCAN, TURKEY". National Geophysical Data Center.
  2. 1 2 Grosser, H.; Baumbach, M.; Berckhemer, H.; Baier, B.; Karahan, A.; Schelle, H.; Krüger, F.; Paulat, A.; Michel, G.; Demirtas, R.; Gencoglu, S.; Yilmaz, R. (1998). "The Erzincan (Turkey) Earthquake (Ms 6.8) of March 13, 1992 and its Aftershock Sequence". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 152 (3): 465–505. Bibcode:1998PApGe.152..465G. doi:10.1007/s000240050163. S2CID   129640525.
  3. 1 2 3 ISC (2015), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 2.0, International Seismological Centre
  4. 1 2 3 4 PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2008_06.1, United States Geological Survey, 4 September 2009
  5. ↑ "PAGER" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 6 February 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  6. 1 2 Çelebi, Mehmet (1992). "Highlights of the 13 March 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) earthquake". United States Geological Survey: 397–410. Retrieved 22 July 2022.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ↑ Avşar, Ümİt; Türkoğlu, Erşan; Unsworth, Martyn; Çağlar, İlyas; Kaypak, Bülent (2013). "Geophysical Images of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in the Erzincan Basin, Eastern Turkey, and their Tectonic Implications" (PDF). Pure and Applied Geophysics. 170 (3): 409–431. Bibcode:2013PApGe.170..409A. doi:10.1007/s00024-012-0521-5. S2CID   35267067.
  8. ↑ "M 6.7 – 8 km W of Cimin, Turkey". United States Geological Survey.
  9. ↑ Barka, A.; Eyidoǧan, H. (1993). "The Erzincan earthquake of 13 March 1992 in Eastern Turkey". Terra Nova. 5 (2): 190–194. Bibcode:1993TeNov...5..190B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1993.tb00245.x . Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  10. ↑ "Today in Earthquake History: March 13". 18 December 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  11. ↑ "Beşiktaş, TFF'ye rest çekiyor... Kulüpler ortadan bölündü, karar değişir mi?". 10Haber (in Turkish). 31 March 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.

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