List of earthquakes in the Philippines

Earthquakes in the Philippines

Tectonic map of the Philippines
Largest	Mw 8.3 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake
Deadliest	Mw 8.0 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake 5,000–8,000 killed

Map of notable earthquakes in the Philippines 1900– (map data)

The Philippines lies within the zone of complex interaction between several tectonic plates, involving multiple subduction zones and one large zone of strike-slip, all of which are associated with major earthquakes. Many intraplate earthquakes of smaller magnitude also occur very regularly due to the interaction between the major tectonic plates in the region. The largest historical earthquake in the Philippines was the 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake with a magnitude of M_w 8.3.

Tectonic setting

Earthquakes in the Philippines and adjacent areas 1500 to 1899

Much of the Philippines lie within the area of strongly tectonised blocks of mainly island arc origin, known as the Philippine Mobile Belt. To the east, the Philippine Sea plate is subducting beneath the mobile belt along the line of the Philippine Trench and the East Luzon Trench at the northern end of the belt. The convergence across this boundary is strongly oblique and the strike-slip component is accommodated by movement on the left lateral Philippine fault system. To the south of the Philippines lies the Molucca Sea Collision Zone, which involves opposite facing subduction zones to either side of the Molucca Sea plate. To the west of the mobile belt the Sunda plate is subducting eastwards beneath the belt along the lines of the Manila, Negros and Cotabato trenches. Within the Sunda plate, the oceanic crust of the Sulu Sea is subducting beneath the Sulu Ridge along the Sulu Trench. ^[1] The Sunda plate carries with it parts of the Palawan Microcontinental Block, which has collided with the mobile belt at the Negros and Cotabato trenches. ^[2]

The continuing movement of the tectonic plates leads to active faulting within the mobile belt, such as on the left lateral Cotabato Fault System that cuts across Mindanao and the right lateral Marikina Valley fault system on Luzon.

Earthquakes

This list includes earthquakes in the Philippines with a magnitude of 6.0 or higher, unless a lower-magnitude earthquake resulted in significant damage and/or casualties.

Spanish period (pre-1900)

The belfry of Manila Cathedral after the series of destructive earthquakes of July 1880

Date	Time‡	Region(s)	Magnitude	Intensity	Casualties	Notes	Sources
1601 January 16	16:00	Metro Manila, Calabarzon, and Central Luzon		VIII	Several	Earthquake duration lasted about 7 minutes. Aftershocks experienced the whole year.	[3] [4]
1636 December 12		Zamboanga Peninsula		IX		Large-scale landslides are reported to have occurred at Point Flechas which is between the Moro Gulf's large bays of Illana and Sibuguey.	[3] [4]
1645 November 30	20:00	Central Luzon, Cagayan Valley, Cordillera, Ilocos Region, Calabarzon, Metro Manila, and Mimaropa	7.5	X	600 dead, 3,000 injured	Dubbed as the "most terrible earthquake" in the annals of the Philippines. Greatly damaged ten newly constructed cathedrals in Manila, residential villas and buildings in the city and nearby provinces. Provinces in the north reported several alteration of the ground, disappearances of small villages, changes in the river course, sand eruptions, etc. Small tsunamis were reported in southern Luzon.	[4]
1645 December 5	23:00	Central Luzon, Calabarzon, and Metro Manila		VIII		Major aftershock of the November 30, 1645 Luzon earthquake that further destroyed remaining buildings in Manila and nearby towns. Aftershocks ceased around March 1646.	[3] [4]
1665 June 19		Metro Manila, Calabarzon, and Mimaropa		VIII	19	Areas with significant damage are Batangas and Mindoro. Only the Jesuit Church in Manila experienced great damage.	[4]
1743 January 12	08:00	Calabarzon		X	5 deaths	Destructive in Tayabas Province (now Quezon), wrecking masonry structures in the town of Tayabas and others.	[3] [4]
1787 July 13	07:00	Western Visayas		X	Many	Known as the "1787 Panay Earthquake". Many deaths are unrecorded, but there were 15 deaths reported in one building.	[3] [4]
1840 March 22		Bicol Region	6.5	IX	17 deaths, 200 injured	Numerous masonry buildings, churches and homes were destroyed across Sorsogon, Albay and Masbate	[3] [4]
1852 September 16	18:45	Central Luzon, Calabarzon, and Metro Manila		IX	3	Several buildings were destroyed, many fissures opened, subsidences and landslides occurred.	[3] [4]
1863 June 3	19:20	Metro Manila, Central Luzon, and Calabarzon	6.5	X	400–1,000 deaths, 2,000+ injuries	1863 Manila earthquake	[3] [4]
1879 July 1	00:50	Caraga, and Northern Mindanao		X		1879 Surigao earthquake	[3] [4]
1880 July 14–25	04:40	Calabarzon, Metro Manila, and Central Luzon		X	20 dead, 50 injured	1880 Luzon earthquakes	[3] [4] [5]
1892 March 16	20:58	Cordillera, and Ilocos Region		X	2	Stretches from Abra to La Union and Pangasinan.	[3] [4]
1897 September 21	13:15	Zamboanga Peninsula, and Bangsamoro	7.5	IX	13–100+ (second event)	1897 Mindanao earthquakes A pair of large earthquakes off Mindanao	[3] [4]

20th century

The damage caused by a tsunami at Barangay Tibpuan, Lebak, Mindanao, after the 7.9 Moro Gulf earthquake on August 16, 1976

The collapsed Hyatt Terraces Baguio Hotel in Baguio after the 1990 Luzon earthquake

Date	Time‡	Region(s)	Magnitude	Intensity	Casualties	Notes	Sources
1907 April 18	05:00	Bicol Region, and Calabarzon	7.6	IX	2 dead	Camarines and parts of SE Luzon are the areas most affected by the earthquake.	[3]
1911 July 12		Caraga, Northern Mindanao, and Davao Region	7.8	X		Caused seiches in lakes and the Agusan River. Many homes damaged in Talacogon and Butuan	[6] [3]
1918 August 15	20:18	Soccsksargen, Bangsamoro, and Davao Region	8.3	X	46 dead	1918 Celebes Sea earthquake	[3]
1924 April 15	00:20	Davao Region, and Caraga	8.3	IX	~500	Known as the powerful "1924 Mati Earthquake".	[7] [3] [8]
1925 May 5	18:07	Ilocos Region, Cordillera, and Central Luzon	6.8	IX	17 dead		[3]
1928 December 19	19:37	Soccsksargen	7.3	VII	93 dead		[3]
1937 August 20	19:59	Calabarzon, Bicol Region, and Metro Manila	7.6	VIII	1 dead, 200 injured		[9] [3]
1948 January 25	01:46	Western Visayas	7.8	X	72 dead	1948 Lady Caycay earthquake	[3]
1954 July 2	10:45	Bicol Region	6.8	IX	13 dead, 101 injured		[3]
1955 April 1	02:17	Northern Mindanao, Bangsamoro, and Soccsksargen	7.6	VIII	465 dead, 898 injured	1955 Lanao earthquake	[3] [10]
1968 August 2	04:19	Central Luzon, Cagayan Valley, Calabarzon, and Metro Manila	7.3	IX	270 dead, 261 injured	1968 Casiguran earthquake	[3] [11]
1970 April 7	13:34	Central Luzon, Metro Manila, Calabarzon, Bicol Region, Cagayan Valley, Cordillera, and Ilocos Region	7.3	VI	15 dead, 200 injured		[3]
1973 March 17	16:30	Calabarzon, and Bicol Region	7.5	IX	15 dead, ~100 injured	1973 Ragay Gulf earthquake	[11] [12]
1976 August 17	00:11	Bangsamoro, Soccsksargen, and Zamboanga Peninsula	8.0	VIII	8,000 dead, 10,000 injured	1976 Moro Gulf earthquake	[3] [11]
1983 August 17	20:17	Ilocos Region, Cordillera, and Cagayan Valley	6.5	VIII	16 dead, 47 injured	1983 Luzon earthquake	[3] [11]
1985 April 24		Cordillera	6.1	VII	6 dead, 11 injured	There are significant damages in Baguio City and Benguet.	[3]
1988 June 19	04:19	Mimaropa	6.2	VII	2 dead, 2 injured	1988 Mindoro earthquake	[3] [13]
1990 February 8	15:15	Central Visayas, Northern Mindanao, and Negros Island Region	6.8	VII	6 dead, >200 injured	1990 Bohol Sea earthquake	[14]
1990 June 14	15:41	Western Visayas	7.1	VIII	8 dead, 41 injured	1990 Panay earthquake	[11]
1990 July 16	16:26	Cordillera, Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Metro Manila, and Calabarzon	7.8	IX	1,621 dead, 3,000 injured	1990 Luzon Earthquake	[3] [11]
1994 November 14	03:15	Mimaropa, and Calabarzon	7.1	VII	81 dead, 225 injured	1994 Mindoro earthquake	[3] [11]
1999 December 12	02:03	Central Luzon, Ilocos Norte, and Metro Manila	7.3	VIII	6 dead, 40 injured	1999 Luzon earthquake	[3] [15]

21st century

Santa Cruz Parish Church, Maribojoc, Bohol (before and after 2013 Bohol earthquake)

Damage to the Bantay Watch Tower, after the 2022 Luzon earthquake

Bogo City Hall, damaged following the 2025 Cebu earthquake

Date	Time‡	Region(s)	Magnitude	Intensity	Casualties	Notes	Sources
2001 January 1	14:57	Davao Region	7.5	VII		Only minor damage to infrastructure was reported.	[3]
2002 March 6	05:16	Soccsksargen, Bangsamoro, and Davao Region	7.5	IX	15 dead, 100+ injured	2002 Mindanao earthquake	[3]
2003 November 19	01:14	Eastern Visayas	6.5	VII	1 dead, 21 injured	The epicenter is located in the province of Samar.	[3]
2010 July 24		Bangsamoro, Soccsksargen	7.3, 7.6, 7.5	III		2010 Mindanao earthquakes triplet earthquake, deep focus events	[16]
2012 February 6	11:49	Negros Island	6.7	VII	113 dead, 112 injured	2012 Negros earthquake	[17]
2012 August 31	20:47	Eastern Visayas	7.6	VII	1 dead, 1 injured	2012 Samar earthquake	[18]
2013 October 15	08:12	Central Visayas	7.2	IX	222 dead, 976 injured	2013 Bohol earthquake	[19]
2017 February 10	22:03	Caraga	6.5	VIII	8 dead, 200 injured	2017 Surigao earthquake	[20]
2017 July 6	16:03	Eastern Visayas, and Central Visayas	6.5	VIII	4 dead, 100+ injured	2017 Leyte earthquake	[21]
2019 April 22	17:11	Central Luzon, Metro Manila, and Calabarzon	6.1	VII	18 dead, 256 injured	2019 Luzon earthquake	[22]
2019 April 23	13:37	Eastern Visayas	6.5	VI	48 injured	2019 Eastern Samar earthquake	[23]
2019 July 9	20:36	Soccsksargen, and Davao Region	5.6	VI	1 dead, 73 injured	July 2019 Cotabato earthquake	[24]
2019 July 27	07:37	Ilocos Region	6.0	VI	9 dead, 60 injured	2019 Batanes earthquake	[25]
2019 October 16	19:37	Soccsksargen, Bangsamoro	6.4	VIII	7 dead, 215 injured	2019 Cotabato earthquakes	[26] [27]
2019 October 29	09:04	Soccsksargen, Davao Region, Bangsamoro, and Caraga	6.6	VII	24 dead, 563 injured
2019 October 31	09:11	Soccsksargen	6.5	VII
2019 December 15	14:11	Davao Region, and Soccsksargen	6.8	VII	13 dead, 210 injured	2019 Davao del Sur earthquake	[28]
2020 August 18	08:03	Bicol Region	6.6	VIII	2 dead, 170 injured	2020 Masbate earthquake	[29]
2021 August 12	01:46	Davao Region	7.1	VII	1 dead	2021 Davao Oriental earthquake	[30]
2022 July 27	08:43	Cordillera, Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, and Central Luzon	7.0	VIII	11 dead, 615 injured	2022 Luzon earthquake	[31]
2023 November 17	16:14	Soccsksargen, and Davao Region	6.7	VIII	11 dead, 730 injured	November 2023 Mindanao earthquake	[32]
2023 December 2	22:37	Caraga, and Davao Region	7.6	VII	3 dead, 79 injured	December 2023 Mindanao earthquake	[33]
2025 September 30	21:59	Central Visayas, and Eastern Visayas	6.9	IX	76 dead, 1,271 injured	2025 Cebu earthquake	[34]
2025 October 10	09:43	Davao Region, Caraga, Soccsksargen, and Northern Mindanao	7.4	VIII	10 dead, 1,027 injured	2025 Davao Oriental earthquakes	[35]
2025 October 10	19:12	Davao Region	6.7	VI			[36]
2025 October 13	01:06	Central Visayas, and Eastern Visayas	5.7	VII	14 injured	Aftershock of the 2025 Cebu earthquake. One road damaged, landslides and power outages occurred in the Bogo-Daanbantayan-San Remigio-Sogod area. [37] [38]	[39]

Deadliest earthquakes

Ten deadliest recorded earthquakes in the Philippines since the 1600s
Magnitude		Location	Date	Deaths	Missing	Injured	Damage	Source
1	8.0	Moro Gulf	August 16, 1976	4,791	2,288	9,928
2	7.8	Luzon Island	July 16, 1990	1,621	1,000	>3,000	₱ 10 billion
3	6.4	Manila	June 3, 1863	1,000				[4] [40]
4	7.5	Luzon Island	November 30, 1645	600–3,000		>3,000	Unknown
5	8.3	Mati, Davao Oriental	April 14, 1924	~500				[8] [41]
6	7.4	Lanao del Sur	April 1, 1955	465		Unknown	US$5 million	[3]
7	7.6	Casiguran, Aurora	August 2, 1968	271		261
8	7.2	Bohol and Cebu	October 15, 2013	222	8	796	₱ 4 billion (est.)	[42]
9	6.7	Negros Oriental	February 6, 2012	113		112	₱ 383 million
10	7.1	Mindoro	November 15, 1994	78		430	₱ 5.15 million	[43]

Seismicity

Earthquakes in the Philippines and adjacent areas 1900 to 2012

Subduction zones

The subduction zones that surround most of the archipelago are the source of many of the larger earthquakes that strike the Philippines. This includes both faulting along the plate interfaces and within the subducting slabs. For the Philippine Trench, examples of those on the plate interface are the 1988 M_w 7.3 and the 2023 M7.6 events. The 1975 M_w 7.6 earthquake was caused by intra-slab normal faulting, while the 2012 M7.6 was a result of thrust faulting within the descending slab. ^[44]

The relatively young Cotabato Trench subduction zone has been associated with several large megathrust earthquakes, including the 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake (M8.3), the 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake (M8.0) and the 2002 Mindanao earthquake (M7.5). ^{[45] [46]}

Strike-slip zones

The longest and most seismically active of the strike-slip structures is the 1200 km long Philippine Fault Zone. ^[47] It carries the left lateral component of the oblique convergence at the Philippine Trench, with a current estimated slip-rate of 35 ± 4 mm per year on Leyte, reducing northwards to about 20 mm per year on Luzon. On Luzon, the fault zone splays out into a number of different faults, including the Digdig Fault. One of the largest historical earthquake on the fault zone was the 1990 Luzon M_s  7.8 event that left nearly 2,000 people dead or missing. The same part of the fault zone is thought to have ruptured in the 1645 Luzon earthquake. ^[48] Further south the fault ruptured during the 1973 Ragay Gulf earthquake.

In central Mindanao, the Cotabato fault system consists of a mixture of NW-SE trending left lateral and SW-NE trending right lateral strike-slip faults. Four of these ruptured in the 2019 Cotabato and Davao del Sur earthquakes, each generating events with magnitudes of 6.4 or greater. ^[49]

Seismic hazard

Given the presence of major fault zones throughout the archipelago, any part of the Philippines may be affected by earthquakes, apart from parts of Palawan, where the seismic hazard risk is comparatively low. The greatest shaking hazard comes from shallow crustal faulting close to the Manila, Davao and Cebu metropolitan areas. Active reverse faults have >20 km wide zones of peak ground acceleration (PGA) >0.6g (acceleration due to gravity) for a 10% probability of exceedance (PoE) in a 50-year period, while active strike-slip faults have narrower zones centered around the fault traces at a similar level. All areas close to active subduction zones show increased hazard. ^[50]

In Metro Manila the estimated hazard has a mean PGA of 0.32 g for a PoE of 10% in 50 years. The main hazard comes from shallow fault sources, such as the Marikina Valley Fault System, but there is an important contribution to the overall hazard from the Manila subduction zone to the west and the potential for strong shaking from earthquakes originating the Philippines Trench to the east. In Metro Cebu, the mean PGA is also 0.32 g for the same PoE and period. The hazard is dominated by shallow crustal fault zones from this area of ongoing compressional tectonics. Using the same parameters Metro Davao has the higher value of 0.45 g. The metropolitan area sits close to shallow faults of left lateral strike-slip and oblique reverse type, and these generate the greatest hazard, although a significant contribution comes from sources in the Halmahera and Philippine subduction zones. ^[50]

See also

• Earth sciences portal

• Subduction tectonics of the Philippines

References

1. Yumul, G.P.; Dim, C.B.; Maglambayan, V.B.; Marquez, E.J. (2008). "Tectonic setting of a composite terrane: A review of the Philippine island arc system". Geosciences Journal. 12 (1): 7. Bibcode:2008GescJ..12....7Y. doi:10.1007/s12303-008-0002-0. S2CID   140627389.
2. Yumul, G.P.; Dimalanta, C.B.; Tamayo, R.A. (2005). "Indenter-tectonics in the Philippines: Example from the Palawan Microcontinental Block – Philippine Mobile Belt Collision". Resource Geology. 55 (3): 189–198. Bibcode:2005ReGeo..55..189Y. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-3928.2005.tb00240.x .
3. "Significant earthquakes: Philippines". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
4. "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Catalogue of Violent and Destructive Earthquakes in the Philippines, by Rev. Miguel Saderra Masó, S.J." Retrieved July 29, 2022– via Project Gutenberg.
5. Maso, Saderra (1902). "Seismic and Volcanic Centers of the Philippine Archipelago". pg.16. Bureau of Printing, Manila.
6. ANSS. "M 7.7 - 74 km ENE of Barcelona, Philippines 1911". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
7. ANSS. "M 8.1 - 6 km E of Tibanbang, Philippines 1924". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
8. durianburgdavao (June 19, 2015). "UPDATES: PHIVOLCS WARNS OF DAVAO 'KILLER QUAKE'". THE DURIAN POST. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
9. ANSS. "M 7.6 - 6 km E of Tignoan, Philippines 1937". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
10. "A Primer on the 12 April 2017 Magnitude 6.0 Lanao del Sur Earthquake (relative to the 1955 Lanao quake)". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. April 12, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
11. "Destructive Earthquakes in the Philippines". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology . Retrieved October 17, 2021.
12. "Today in Earthquake History". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
13. "Further Information on the 1988 Mindoro earthquake". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
14. "February 08, 1990 Earthquake in Bohol Province. PHIVOLCS". Archived from the original on August 13, 2021.
15. "Philippines – Earthquake OCHA Situation Report No. 2 – Philippines". ReliefWeb. December 13, 1999. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
16. "M7.3, 7.6, 7.4 Moro Gulf, Mindanao, Philippines Earthquakes of 23 July 2010" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. July 26, 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
17. "Remiscence of the 2012 Ms6.9 Negros Oriental Quake". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
18. Santos, Matikas. "7.6 quake jolts PH; 1 dead, child hurt". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
19. "SitRep No. 35 re Effects of Magnitude 7.2 Sagbayan, Bohol Earthquake" (PDF). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. November 3, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
20. "Aftershocks rattle survivors after Philippine quake kills 8". Fox News. February 12, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
21. Dacanay, Barbara Mae (July 8, 2017). "Four dead, 100 injured in Leyte's 6.5 magnitude quake". Gulf News. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
22. NDRRMC. "NDRRMC Update: SitRep No. 15 re Magnitude 6.1 Earthquake in Castillejos, Zambales" (PDF). Retrieved May 1, 2019.
23. NDRRMC. "NDRRMC Update: SitRep No. 09 re Magnitude 6.5 Earthquake in San Julian, Eastern Samar" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
24. "Earthquake Information re Magnitude 5.6 Earthquake in Makilala (North Cotabato)_". ndrrmc.gov.ph. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. July 13, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
25. Arayta, Maria Cristina (July 27, 2019). "8 dead, 60 hurt in Batanes quake; public warned vs. aftershocks". PTV News. Philippine News Agency. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
26. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (November 20, 2019). "NDRRMC Update: SitRep No. 30 regarding Magnitude 6.6 and 6.5 Earthquakes in Tulunan, North Cotabato" (PDF). Retrieved November 20, 2019.
27. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (October 18, 2019). "Situational Report No. 03 regarding Magnitude 6.3 in Tulanan, North Cotabato" (PDF). Retrieved October 18, 2019.
28. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (December 22, 2019). "NDRRMC Update: SitRep No. 12 regarding Magnitude 6.9 Earthquake in Matanao, Davao del Sur (Region XI)" (PDF). Retrieved December 22, 2019.
29. "Masbate quake death toll rises to 2, hundreds injured as aftershocks rock Cataingan town". CNNPhilippines. August 19, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021.
30. Alexander Lopez (August 13, 2021). "Fallen coconuts from strong quake kill man in Tandag City". Philippine News Agency . Retrieved September 3, 2021.
31. Situational Report No. 15 for Magnitude 7 Earthquake in Tayum, Abra (2022) (PDF) (Report). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. August 10, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
32. "Mindanao quake death toll rises to 11". ABS-CBN. November 21, 2023. Archived from the original on November 22, 2023. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
33. "Situation Report No. 18 for the Magnitude 7.4 and 6.8 Earthquake in Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur" (PDF). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
34. ANSS. "M 6.9 - 10 km E of Bateria, Philippines 2025". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
35. ANSS. "M 7.4 - 20 km E of Santiago, Philippines 2025". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
36. ANSS. "M 6.7 - 23 km ESE of Santiago, Philippines 2025". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
37. Morexette Marie B. Erram (October 13, 2025). "14 injured after 5.8 magnitude aftershock jolts Bogo, Cebu". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved October 13, 2025.
38. Martin Sadongdong (October 13, 2025). "OCD: Power outage, minor landslides recorded as M5.8 aftershock rattles northern Cebu". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved October 13, 2025.
39. ANSS. "M 5.7 - 2 km SSE of Tambongon, Philippines 2025". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
40. Gealogo, Francis A. (2016). "Historical Seismology and the Documentation of Postdisaster Conditions: The 1863 and 1880 Luzon Earthquakes" . Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 64 (3–4): 359–384. doi:10.1353/phs.2016.0033. JSTOR   26621935. S2CID   151885877.
41. "M 8.1 – 6 km E of Tibanbang, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
42. "Massive extremely dangerous earthquake in Bohol, Philippines – At least 222 people killed, 8 missing, over 790 injured, around 4 billion PHP damage, 7 billion PHP reconstruction costs". Earthquake-Report.com. November 14, 2013. Archived from the original on November 26, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
43. "1994 Mindoro Tsunami". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. Archived from the original on March 8, 2004. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
44. Ye, L.; Lay, T.; Kanamori, H. (2012). "Intraplate and interplate faulting interactions during the August 31, 2012, Philippine Trench earthquake (Mw 7.6) sequence". Geophysical Research Letters. 39 (24). doi:10.1029/2012GL054164.
45. Stewart, G.S.; Cohn, S.N. (1979). "The 1976 August 16, Mindanao , Philippine earthquake (Ms = 7.8) – evidence for a subduction zone south of Mindanao". Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 57 (1): 51–65. Bibcode:1979GeoJ...57...51S. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.926.8672 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1979.tb03771.x .
46. ANSS. "Mindanao 2002". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
47. Besana, G.M.; Ando, M. (2005). "The central Philippine Fault Zone: Location of great earthquakes, slow events, and creep activity". Earth Planets Space. 57 (10): 987–994. Bibcode:2005EP&S...57..987B. doi: 10.1186/BF03351877 .
48. Beavan, J.; Silcock, D.; Hamburger, M.; Ramos, E.; Thibault, C.; Feir, R. (2001). "Geodetic constraints on postseismic deformation following the 1990 Ms7.8 Luzon earthquake and implications for Luzon tectonics and Philippine Sea plate motion". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 2 (9). doi:10.1029/2000GC000100.
49. Li, B.; Li, Y.; Jiang, W.; Su, Z.; Shen, W. (2020). "Conjugate ruptures and seismotectonic implications of the 2019 Mindanao earthquake sequence inferred from Sentinel-1 InSAR data". International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 90 102127. Bibcode:2020IJAEO..9002127L. doi: 10.1016/j.jag.2020.102127 .
50. Peñarubia, H.C.; Johnson, K.L.; Allen, T.I. (2020). "Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis model for the Philippines". Earthquake Spectra. 36 (1). doi:10.1177/87552930199005 (inactive July 12, 2025).

External links

• Latest Earthquake Bulletin in the Philippines

• Official website of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council