Cinema of Turkey or Turkish cinema (also formerly known as Yeşilçam, which literally means Green Pine in Turkish), (Turkish pronunciation:[ˈjeʃiltʃam]) or Türksineması refers to the Turkish film art and industry. It is an important part of Turkish culture, and has flourished over the years, delivering entertainment to audiences in Turkey, Turkish expatriates across Europe, Balkans & Eastern Europe, also more recently prospering in the Arab world besides the Egyptian cinema and to a lesser extent, the rest of the world.[5][6]
In the ancient Turks before Islam, Turkish storytelling developed from shaman and humanistic ritual practiced. Shaman ritual had nature, spiritual elements with music, imitation. Female shamans are more powerful. Male shamans can wear women accessories. Storytelling accompanied by music had erudite advices, imitations, witty, rhymed verses, historically mindful, inventive and usually includes fantasy figures. Bakshy, Ashik, Ozan continue traditional storytelling in Turkic countries. However Aytysh could improvised competitions in 1990s in media of Turkey. They have risk of getting lost in new generation.[7][8][9][10][11]
Turkey's first sound film Bir Millet Uyanıyor was shown in 1931.[13] Traditional Turkish theater had improvisation storytellers like Meddah, orta oyunu, Karagöz and Hacivat. Western storytelling drama format evolved, After Darülbedayi (1914) in Ottoman Empire and Ankara State Conservatory (1936) in Turkey.[14][15][16] Due to their training format, Theater actors moved away from cinema or they only did dubbing in cinema. So, Turkish cinema started to evolve in 1960s. Yeşilçam era was the world's 4th biggest cinema.[17][18]
The Weavers (1905 film), by the Manaki brothers, was the first film made in the Ottoman Empire . 15-second clip showing the 114-year-old Despina Manaki spinning.Ayastefanos′taki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı is a documentary filmed in 1914.
History
Overview
In terms of film production, Turkey shared the same fate with many of the national cinemas of the 20th century. Film production wasn't continuous until around the 1950s and the film market in general was run by a few major import companies that struggled for domination in the most population-dense and profitable cities such as Istanbul and İzmir. Film theatres rarely ever screened any locally produced films and the majority of the programs consisted of films of the stronger western film industries, especially those of the United States, France, Italy and Germany. Attempts at film production came primarily from multinational studios, which could rely on their comprehensive distribution networks together with their own theatre chains, thus guaranteeing them a return on their investment. Between the years 1896–1945, the number of locally produced films did not even reach 50 films in total, equal to less than a single year's annual film production in the 1950s and 1960s. Domestically produced films constituted only a small fraction of the total number of films screened in Turkey prior to the 1950s.
Film production in Turkey increased drastically after World War II. With a total of 49 films produced in 1952, this single year equaled a greater output produced in Turkey than all previous years combined. During the 1960s, Turkey became the fifth biggest film producer worldwide as annual film production reached the 300-film benchmark just at the beginning of the 1970s. Compared to other national cinemas, the achievements of the Turkish film industry after 1950 are still remarkable.
During the 1970s, the impact of TV and video as the new popular forms of media and political turmoil (often hand in hand with deep economic crises) caused a sharp drop in ticket sales, resulting in a steady decline starting around 1980 and continuing until the mid-1990s. The number of annual ticket sales decreased from a peak of 90 million tickets in 1966[19] to 56 million tickets in 1984 and only 11 million in 1990.[20] Accordingly, the number of film theatres declined from approximately 2,000 in 1966[19] to 854 in 1984 and 290 in 1990.[21] During the 1990s the average number of films produced per year remained between 10 and 15; usually half of them not even making it into the theatres.
Since 1995 the situation has improved. After the year 2000, annual ticket sales rose to 20 million and since 1995, the number of theatres has steadily increased to approximately 500 nationwide. Currently, Turkish films attract audiences of millions of viewers and routinely top the blockbuster lists, often surpassing foreign films at the box office. However, it is difficult to speak about the existence of an industry, since most films are rather individual projects of directors who otherwise earn their living in television, advertising or theatre. The distribution of these films are mainly handled by multinational corporations such as Warner Bros. and United International Pictures.
Pre-1950s
Feriha Tevfik is actress and first Miss Turkiye.Cahide Sonku is actress and first Turkish female film director.Afife Jale is first Turkish theater actress.Bedia Muvahhit is first Turkish movie actress.
From 1923 to 1939, Muhsin Ertuğrul was the only active film director in the country. He directed 29 films during this period, generally incorporating adaptions of plays, operettas, fiction and foreign films. The influence of the theater dating back to Uzkınay, Simavi, Ahmet Fehim and Şadi Karagözoğlu is very strong in Ertuğrul's work.
Most of the Turkish films produced before 1950 were projects initiated by import companies owned by local families, most notably İpek Film, a daughter company of the İpek Merchandise, an import company that was advertising in Ottoman literary journals such as Servet-i Fünun as early as the 19th century. Another important company in the early era of Turkish cinema was Kemal Film, a company whose continuous presence as a leading import company has been often overlooked for a few local films it produced during the 1920s. (The founders of Kemal Film bought their first film camera on loan from the Ipek Merchandise). Both companies were the strongest film distributors until the 1950s and the only companies that were financially sound enough to produce films themselves, with low risks for financial failure as they already were in possession of a distribution system and theatre chains that guaranteed a return on investment.
However, the notable developments of these companies must be seen as necessary adaptations to the technological progress of the western film industries whose films they were importing. One example here being the establishment of the Marmara Dubbing Studio in the early 1930s, when the silent era came to an end in the West and sound films became the standard, prompting the import-dependent companies to adjust themselves to the new technological requirements.
The big distributors in Istanbul, led by İpek Film and Kemal Film, gradually expanded their distribution system throughout the rest of the country during the 1930s, leading to the so-called "regional system" (Bölge İşletmeleri), which consisted of seven distribution areas headquartered in the most significant cities in those regions: Istanbul (Marmara Region), İzmir (Aegean Region), Ankara (Middle Anatolian Region), Samsun (Black Sea Region), Adana (Mediterranean Region), Erzurum (East Anatolian Region) and Diyarbakır (South East Anatolian Region).[22] The Regional System became much more important after the 1950s, when local film production dramatically increased and local films surpassed imported films in both ticket sales and revenues. This system became the financial foundation of Yeşilçam (often referred to as "Turkish Hollywood"), which was the heart of Turkish film production between the years 1955–1975. After 1965, a so-called "Combined System" (Kombine Sistem) led by a trust of regional leaders is said to have taken control of almost everything regarding production.[22] A leading figure of the trust was producer Türker İnanoğlu, who is still active in the media business today, running Ulusal Film, which was Turkey's largest TV production company.
The first film showing in Ottoman Empire was held in the Yıldız Palace, Istanbul in 1896. Public shows by Sigmund Weinberg in the Beyoğlu and Şehzadebaşı districts followed in 1897. Weinberg was already a prominent figure at that time, especially known as a representative of foreign companies such as Pathé, for whom he sold gramophones before getting into the film business. Some sources suggest he was also a photographer, again as a result of being one of the representatives of foreign companies such as Kodak.
The first movie in Ottoman Empire, Ayastefanos′taki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı, a documentary produced by Fuat Uzkınay in 1914,[23] depicted the destruction of a Russian monument erected at the end of the 1877-1878 Russo-Ottoman War in Yeşilköy (then known as "San Stefano") following Ottoman Empire's entry into World War I. The first thematic films in Ottoman Empire were The Marriage of Himmet Aga (1916–1918), started by Weinberg and completed by Uzkinay, and The Paw (1917) and The Spy (1917), both by Sedat Simavi. The army-affiliated Central Cinema Directorate, a semi-military national defense society, and the Disabled Veterans Society were the producing organizations of that period.
The years between 1939 and 1950 were a period of transition for Turkish cinema, during which it was greatly influenced by theater as well as by World War II. While there were only two film companies in 1939, the number increased to four between 1946 and 1950. After 1949, Turkish cinema was able to develop as a separate art form, with a more professional caliber of talents.
The Yeşilçam era
İstiklal Avenue in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul where many actors, directors, crew members and studios were based.
Yeşilçam ("Green Pine") is a metonym for the Turkish film industry, similar to Hollywood in the United States. Yeşilçam is named after Yeşilçam Street in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul where many actors, directors, crew members and studios were based.
Halit Akçatepe was child actor. His father is grandson of Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha and played in Atıf Kaptan's first Turkish sound film.
Yeşilçam movies are known for iconic unforgotten songs. Soundtrack songs are still widely successful. It being called Turkish: Yeşilçam şarkıları or Turkish: Yeşilçam müzikleri.
Yeşilçam experienced its heyday from the 1950s to the 1970s, when it produced 250 to 350 films annually. Between 1950 and 1966 more than fifty movie directors practiced film arts in Turkey. Ömer Lütfi Akad strongly influenced the period, but Ertem Eğilmez, Osman Fahir Seden, Atıf Yılmaz, and Memduh Ün made the most films.
The film Susuz Yaz, made by Metin Erksan, alongside Hülya Koçyiğit won the Golden Bear Award at the Berlin Film Festival in 1964. This honor was the first of its kind ever bestowed upon a Turkish movie. Cüneyt Gökçer's students Kartal Tibet and Hülya Koçyiğit who started in theatre as child actors are one of first cinema stars who graduated from theatre department of State Conservatory. Also Kartal Tibet was professional basketball player and Hülya Koçyiğit was ballet dancer. After they played together in many films. Kartal Tibet as director, screenwriter and Hülya Koçyiğit as productor worked together in classic films. Also, Kartal Tibet worked as director in TV industry. He helped to launch for acting style in beginning of career of new TV stars who Turkish TV series increased international popularity and won awards like International Emmy Award.[24][25][26][27]
Filiz Akın is actress and official ambassador, due to her husband is Turkey's Ambassador to France
The number of cinemagoers and the number of films made constantly increased, especially after 1958. In the 1960s the programs of the theater departments in the Language, History and Geography faculties of Ankara University and Istanbul University included cinema courses, as did the Press and Publications High School of Ankara University. A cinema branch was also established in the Art History Department of the State Fine Arts Academy.
The Union of Turkish Film Producers and the State Film Archives both date from the 1960s. The State Film Archives became the Turkish Film Archives in 1969. During the same period, the Cinema-TV Institute was founded and annexed to the State Academy of Fine Arts. The Turkish State Archives also became part of this organization. In 1962, the Cinema-TV Institute became a department of Mimar Sinan University. Well-known directors of the 1960–1970 period include Metin Erksan, Atıf Yılmaz, Memduh Ün, Halit Refiğ, Duygu Sağıroğlu, Remzi Aydın Jöntürk and Nevzat Pesen. In 1970, the numbers of cinemas and cinemagoers rose spectacularly. In the 2,424 cinemas around the country, films were viewed by a record number of 247 million viewers.
In 1970, approximately 220 films were made and this figure reached 300 in 1972. Turkish cinema gave birth to its legendary stars during this period, notable examples being Kemal Sunal, Kadir İnanır, Türkan Şoray and Şener Şen. After this period, however, the cinema began to lose its audiences, due to nationwide TV broadcasts. After 1970, a new and younger generation of directors emerged, but they had to cope with an increased demand for video films after 1980.[28]
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(June 2016)
Statue of Türkan Şoray. With 222 films, She has starred in the most feature films for actress worldwide to her name in the Guinness Book of Records.Şener Şen received the distinction of "Turkish state artist".Nuri Bilge Ceylan among the jury of the feature films selection at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival
Increased production costs and difficulties in the import of raw materials brought about a decrease in the number of films made in the 1970s, but the quality of films improved.[citation needed] In the early nineties, there were barely two or three movies released per year. During this period, most of the seventies' stars had either moved to TV, or were trying to rebuild the Yeşilçam's former glory. Some of the notable examples of this era are Eşkıya (The Bandit) and Züğürt Ağa (The Agha), both starring Şener Şen. Both movies were critically and commercially acclaimed.
However, the resurgence of Yesilçam didn't truly take place until the release of Vizontele in 2001. The film was directed, written, and starred by Yılmaz Erdoğan, who was already well known from his long-running sitcom Bir Demet Tiyatro, and his dedication to theatre. The movie starred the cast of his usual plays, most notably Demet Akbağ, Altan Erkekli, and Cem Yılmaz. This movie's huge commercial success (watched by 2.5 million viewers, which earned the movie the most viewed film for its day) brought attention to the industry. A few years later, Cem Yılmaz released his own film, G.O.R.A., which he both wrote and starred in. This, and Vizontele's sequel Vizontele Tuuba, broke Vizontele's records by achieving 3.5 million and 3 million viewers, respectively.
Since then, larger-budgeted films have been produced, including notable examples such as Kurtlar Vadisi: Irak (Valley of the Wolves: Iraq), which was viewed by a record 4 million people, Babam ve Oğlum (My Father and My Son), and Cem Yılmaz's second movie Hokkabaz (The Magician) .
There has been a rise in experimental films in the 2000s. These include the 2005 feature Türev, which was filmed without a prewritten script and even featured candid shots of the actors, and Anlat Istanbul (Istanbul Tales), an ensemble piece divided into five "mini films" that received a strong reception.
"Körler / Jaluziler İçin" is the first internationally awarded Turkish science fiction feature film which is not a comedy, a cult film, a remake or an animation which marks its unique place as a milestone in the history of Turkish cinema. It was written, directed, produced and edited by Ozan Duru Adam. The film invents an innovative, unconventional visual language.
Production numbers also soared in the second half of the 2000s, reaching 40 films in 2007, with the top four box office hits that year claimed by Turkish films, as the film industry became profitable again with improving technical quality corresponding with commercial films' production costs increasing.[32]
In 2015, number of admission per capita was 0.8. Also Sinemia has published a research that Konya has become the city with the most frequent cinema goers.[33]
Collaborations of Turkish Comedy
Due to, Turkish TV series are too long for comedy. Comedy is more popular in cinema and theater. Storytellers Meddah, Aytysh, Ozan have risk of getting lost in new generation.[34][35][36] Traditional Turkish theater from Ottoman Empire has orta oyunu, Karagöz and Hacivat for comedy. Turkish folklore comedy figures have Keloğlan, Nasreddin. Accent comedy and quick answer are common in daily life. Black Sea Region humour is the most popular.[37][38] Supporting role in drama film has comedy in daily life. Despite this, Turkish comedy movies have novelty. It hasn't humour style in daily life.[39]
1960s Turist Ömer
Sadri Alışık played iconic character Turist Ömer. In Ayhan Işık’s drama film, Sadri Alışık is partner for comedy. The franchise films “Turist Ömer” has parody of Star Trek, Awaara. Sadri Alışık is musical stand-up comedian. Ayhan Işık and Sadri Alışık graduated from picture department of Fine Art State Academy.[40][41]
Kemal Sunal comedy movies were directed by actor Kartal Tibet and were produced by actress Hülya Koçyiğit. Kartal Tibet and Hülya Koçyiğit studied at theater department of Ankara State Conservatory and played together in many drama films. Kartal Tibet was assistant director of Ertem Eğilmez who founded production company Arzu Film.[43]
Şener Şen is son of actor Ali Şen and has iconic comedy and drama roles in his career.[44]
Münir Özkul is also acting teacher. His student Müjdat Gezen made own films and is acting teacher. Müjdat Gezen's students are İlker Ayrık, Ezgi Mola in franchise films.[47]
Zeki Alasya, Metin Akpınar are duo in cinema and theatre. They founded “Devekuşu Kabare Tiyatrosu”, the first cabaret theater of Turkey.[48]
After Emrah Kaman works as screenwriter and actor with Selçuk Aydemir. Emrah Kaman and his brothers Murat Kaman, Eray Kaman wrote and played in own films.[60]
Although the need for a cinema law has been frequently debated throughout the history of the Turkish Republic, until 1986 no specific law or regulation had been developed. While films have generally been treated as goods subject to laws regarding taxation, content-wise they were controlled by commissions that have been often criticized for being mechanisms of censorship.
In the 1930s, some members of the parliament raised the issue of whether films would have a bad impact on children. This was a popular theme at that time, not just in Turkey, but also in the United States and elsewhere in the world. Later, in the 1960s, a debate around the so-called "Baykam Law" which was proposed by Suphi Baykam became quite famous for the tension it created amongst the parliamentarians and the stakeholders in the industry.[69] In 1977 and 1978, further discussions for a cinema law have been held, but without any result.
Finally, in 1986, a cinema law, though highly criticised by members of the industry and the cinema intelligentsia of that time, was passed by the parliament and has since been the fundamental legislative document regarding cinema issues in Turkey. The new law aimed to ensure support for those working in cinema and music. A reorganization of the film industry began in 1987 to address problems and assure its development. The Ministry of Culture established the "Professional Union of Owners of Turkish Works of Cinema" the same year.
The "Copyrights and General Directorate of Cinema" was founded in 1989 as well as a "Support Fund for the Cinema and Musical Arts". This fund is used to provide financial support to the film sector.
Rating systems and censorship
One of the most interesting studies on the issue of film censorship in Turkey is Alim Şerif Onaran's Sinematografik Hürriyet (Cinematic Freedom), published in 1968 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but written in 1963 and being the first study in Turkey which received a PhD for a topic related to film. This study is still the most important -if not only- study on the film evaluation methods applied in Turkey before the 1950s. Onaran himself being active as a member of the Film Rating Commission in his younger years, was a true expert on the topic, and his research also includes examples of the late Ottoman Period. Ironically, Onaran became one of the most important intellectuals on film in Turkey, owing his wealth of knowledge on early world film history to the years he spent watching the films he was enrolled to evaluate as a committee member.
A very interesting example on the level of absurdity that censorship could reach is mentioned in Çetin Yetkin's book Siyasal Iktidar Sanata Karşı (Political Regime vs Art), published in 1970. It tells the story of a film which was classified as "inappropriate for export" because the Evaluation Committee decided that the film contains "communist propaganda". The film-owner, who applied to the committee for an export certificate, was surprised to see the decision because he mentioned on his application form that his intention was to sell a copy of the film to a distributor in the Soviet Union, the world's leading communist country at that time.[70]
Last years's short films indicates the Turkish Cinema's future style and its new director generation. There are countless number of Turkish short films received awards both in national and international festivals. Here are some of it: -Kefaret (2016), directed by Ali Kışlar[71] -Kronos (2019) [72] -Lütfi (2016), directed by Cahit Kaya Demir [73] -Balık (2019), directed by Ercan Bayraktar [74] -Mother Mariam (2020), directed by Mustafa Gürbüz [75] -Story of a Job Interview (2017), directed by Alkım Özmen http://www.kameraarkasi.org/yonetmenler/kisafilmler/birisgorusmesihikayesi.html -Suclular / The Criminals (2020), directed by Serhat Karaaslan [76]
Adana Film Festival - Another important film festival held annually in the city of Adana. Its top award is the Golden Boll received in the past by such prominent figures as Yılmaz Güney, who himself grew up in Adana.
Ankara Flying Broom Women's Film Festival - (Turkish: Uçan Süpürge) (Flying Broom) is Turkey's only festival devoted to Feminism and Gender-Issues. The festival is held on an annual basis in Ankara. The festival aims to support young women in making their debut-films and organizes workshops on scriptwriting and film-making.
International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival - The most prestigious and popular festival in Turkey. Each year participants are rewarded with the Altın Portakal for outstanding performances in categories such as best film, best director, and best actor/actress.[77]
İstanbul Uluslararası Film Festivali - First held in 1982, this annual film festival is one of the most important intellectual events in Turkey, often causing many cineastes living outside of Istanbul to go there for vacation to see the most precious examples of world film history presented there.
İstanbul Ticaret Odası, Film Makers' Professional Committee of Film Producers, Importers, Cinema Owners and Video Distributors.
SESAM — Professional Union of Film Producers, Importers, Cinema-owners
SINE-SEN — Turkish Cinema and Worker's Union
SODER — Cinema Actors' Association
ASSOCIATION OF FILM COMMISSIONS
Mardin Film Office - is a not-to-profit organization aims to promote Mardin locally and internationally as a filming location and to contribute development of sustainable cinema culture in Mardin.
Ümit Ünal is a Turkish film director, screenwriter and author. He is the scriptwriter for eight Turkish feature films including Teyzem (1986), Hayallerim, Askim ve Sen (1987). His first feature film as a director is 9 which won many awards in various film festivals and was the Official Turkish Entry for the 2003 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He wrote and directed seven feature films including Istanbul Tales, Ara, Gölgesizler (Shadowless), Ses, Nar, Serial Cook and Love, Spells and All That.
Hülya Koçyiğit is a Turkish actress. A prominent female lead in the Turkish cinema, she received numerous awards at international film festivals, including the Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival. Altogether, she has acted in some 180 films.
Fatma Girik was a Turkish actress and politician. Together with Hülya Koçyiğit, Filiz Akın and Türkan Şoray, she was an icon for the golden age in Turkish cinematography and is regarded as one of the four most important actresses in Turkish cinema.
Halit Refiğ was a Turkish film director, film producer, screenwriter and writer. He made around sixty films, including feature films, documentaries and TV serials. He is considered to be the pioneer of the National Cinema movement and the initiator of the production of TV serials in Turkey.
Cem Yılmaz is a Turkish actor, stand-up comedian, musician, filmmaker, screenwriter, and cartoonist. He has four franchise film series G.O.R.A., Karakomik Fimler, Organize İşler, Vizontele. Also, He is best known for his films Yahşi Batı, Hokkabaz, İftarlık Gazoz, Av Mevsimi and has won three Sadri Alışık awards and Yeşilçam award for his roles. His international films are Russell Crowe's film "Water Diviner" and Ferzan Özpetek's film "Magnifica presenza".
Yılmaz Erdoğan is a Turkish filmmaker, actor and poet who is most famous for his box-office record-breaking debut comedy film Vizontele (2001) and the television series Bir Demet Tiyatro (1995–2002/2006–2007). He founded BKM Theatre and Film Production. He was awarded the Best Supporting Actor at 4th Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards for his performance in The Water Diviner (2014).
Vildan Atasever is a Turkish film, TV and theatrical actress.
Tosun Paşa is a 1976 Turkish comedy film, directed by Kartal Tibet and written by Yavuz Turgul. It starred Kemal Sunal, in his trademark character role of Şaban, as a butler who poses as the governor-general of Ottoman-ruled Egypt in an attempt to settle a dispute between two noble families over a lucrative parcel of land called The Green Valley. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on February 1, 1976, is one of the most popular productions from Ertem Eğilmez's Arzu Film and is particularly remembered for its musical score.
Kartal Tibet was a Turkish actor, academic, director, screenwriter and producer.
Erman Şener was a Turkish film critic, screenwriter, author, columnist, TV host and producer.
Songül Öden is a Turkish actress of Zaza descent. Her most successful roles were in the series Gümüş, Umutsuz Ev Kadınları, "Şeref Bey" and Uysallar.
Süt Kardeşler is a 1976 Turkish comedy film directed by Ertem Eğilmez.
Şaban, Son of Şaban is a 1977 Turkish comedy film directed by Ertem Eğilmez.
Turkish women in cinema refers to Turkish actresses and to female movie directors in Turkish cinema. The first Turkish film was made in 1914; the first Turkish film with actresses was not shot until 1919. The first leading actress in Turkish cinema was Bedia Muvahhit in 1923. In a conservative Muslim society, Muvahhit's film was a milestone.
My Dear Brother is a 1973 Turkish drama film directed by Ertem Eğilmez.
Cumbadan Rumbaya is a 1960 Turkish film based on a 1936 novel by Peyami Safa. It was directed and written by Turgut Demirağ with screenwriter Server Bedii, and stars Çolpan İlhan and Vahi Öz. The film was remade in 2005 as a three episode TV Mini-Series starring Halit Akçatepe and Selda Alkor.
Tilya Damla Sönmez is a Turkish actress and voiceover artist. She gained worldwide recognition for her movies Sibel and I Am You. Her prominent TV roles include Ceylan in Bir Aşk Hikayesi, Gülru in Güllerin Savaşı, and Efsun in Çukur.
Sev Kardeşim is a 1972 Turkish comedy film directed by Ertem Eğilmez.
Ercan Kesal is a Turkish actor, director, writer and physician.
Adalet Cimcoz was a Turkish voice actress, art curator, critic, translator and gossip columnist. She dubbed many film stars over a period of more than thirty years. She also opened and curated Turkey's first and only woman-owned private art gallery for exhibitions of painting, sculpture, mosaic, ceramics, photography, patterns, and folk art. She critiqued literature, art, and theatre for twenty years. She translated a number of classical works of European literature from German to Turkish. She was also a gossip columnist under the pen name "Fitne Fücur" ".
↑ Akser, Murat (2018). "Locating Turkish Cinema: Traditional Eastern Aesthetics to Western Modernity" in The Palgrave Handbook of Asian Cinema (Edited by Aaron Han Joon Magnan-Park). London: Palgrave. pp.151–170. ISBN978-1-349-95821-4.
Ekkehard Ellinger; Kerem Kayi: Turkish cinema 1970–2007: a bibliography and analysis, Frankfurt am Main [etc.]: Peter Lang, 2008, ISBN978-3-631-56654-1
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