The history of modern Turkish painting can be traced back to the modernization efforts in the Ottoman Empire during the Tanzimat period, in the 19th century. This article contains a brief history of Turkish painters and art movements from the mid-19th century to the present.
Contemporary trends that emphasize figure started to appear gradually in Turkey with the "1914 Generation". Figure and composition entered the Turkish painting for the first time in the Western sense with this generation. The İnas Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi (School of Fine Arts for Girls) was founded for young women in 1914. Mihri Müşfik Hanım, and Feyhaman Duran were the first instructors.
A studio was built with army support in Şişli, a district of Istanbul, with Celal Esat Arseven's attempt in 1917. Hüseyin Avni Lifij's "Progress" and "War Allegory", İbrahim Çallı's "Cannon Carrier", Mehmet Ruhi's "Stone Breakers" were the first examples of multi-figured and large dimensional compositions realised prior to and following this period.
Lady in Pink on a Chaise Longue (1904)
Model for a Male Body by Mehmet Ruhi Arel (1880–1931)
Portrait of Marashall Fevzi Çakmak by Hüseyin Avni Lifij
Woman Reclining on the Couch (Contemplation) by Namık İsmail (1917)
Portrait of a Woman by İbrahim Çallı (1882–1960)
The Independents (Müstakiller)
The young Turkish artists sent to Europe in 1926 came back inspired by contemporary trends such as Fauvism, Cubism and even Expressionism, still very influential in Europe, and they took a stand against the "1914 Generation" members. The important goals of this new group were, though not very absolute, pictorial design structure and linear foundation rather than impressionist colorism. The activities of the group, under the name of "Association of Independent Painters and Sculptors", expanded with the participation of new artists in 1928.[1] The association's founders were mostly painters, such as:
Portrait: Standing Woman (1927) by Namık Ismail (1890–1935)
Details of Veli Efendi Meadow by Cemil Cem (1882–1950)
Details of Veli Efendi Meadow by Cemil Cem (1882–1950)
During the 30s
Triptych: Doğu ve Batı Halkının Atatürk'e Şükranı (1933) by Turgut Zaim (1906–1974)
Triptych: Doğu ve Batı Halkının Atatürk'e Şükranı (1933) by Turgut Zaim (1906–1974)
Portrait of a woman by Nevin Edhem Hamdi (1910–1931) The painter died of Tuberculosis at the age of 21.
"The Group D"
While the Müstakiller (the "Independents") opened the doors of contemporary trends in Turkey, we see a newly founded group in 1933 which would give greater support to these efforts and of which their effectiveness lasted until the 1950s: "Group D".[1]
The most significant distinction of "Group D" from the "Independents" was perhaps that they had gathered around a certain aesthetics with solidarity in determination to defend the new trends they wanted to bring in. "Group D" had not been representative of any particular view. They were open to anything new except Impressionism. The star of the Çallı generation faded away gradually after the "Independents" and "Group D" members had started to work at the Academy.
The Group Ten was a group of painters founded by the students of Bedri Rahmi Eyüpoğlu, active between 1947 and 1955.
The group was established with the aim of bringing a unique style to Turkish painting and encouraging the public to art by blending the art of the West with Turkish motifs. Elif Naci's "The sources of Turkish painting should not be sought beyond the Alps, but at the foot of the Taurus Mountains." His word was the band's motto. At the entrance of the first exhibition held in the Academy's hall, the reproduction of a painting by El Greco on one side and the Anatolian rug embroidery on the other reveals the general tendency of the group.
The Group Ten was founded in 1942 by ten students from Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu's workshop. These ten students were Ivy Stangali, Leyla Gamsız, Hulusi Sarptürk, Mustafa Esirkuş, Nedim Günsür, Fahrünnisa Sönmez, Turan Erol, Orhan Peker, Mehmet Pesen and Fikret Otyam.[1] After the first exhibition, the artists who joined the group, whose members reached thirty within a year; Adnan Varince, Nevin Demiryol (Cokay), Perihan Ege, Özden Ergökçen, Naim Fakihoğlu, Fuat İgbelli, Remzi Raşa, Gönül Tiner, Hayrullah Tiner, İlhan Uğhan, Sedat Uslu, Cafer Yazdıran, Sema Akdağ, Necmi Başkurt, Cezmi Çelebioğlu, Aliye Kara, Osman Yenisey and Ilkay Üçkaya.[1]
Established with the encouragement of Bedri Rahmi, they are the first group in Turkish painting to gather around a certain artistic understanding and try to create a common art style, and have gone far beyond a student movement and have gained an important place in the history of Turkish painting. Having held exhibitions for eight years, the group disbanded in 1955.
The Newcomers Group (Yeniler Grubu) (late 1930s)
The Newcomers Group, (Yeniler Grubu) was formed by those who had a social realist understanding. After they opening of their "Harbour Paintings Exhibition", they had been remembered as the "Harbour Painters".
Turkish painting has continued to flourish since the 1960s, with an increasing rate of development, as evidenced by many new artists in many different styles.
During the 60s
The Siyah Qalam Group Siyah Kalem group founded in 1960 in Ankara. They influenced by the 14th and early 15th century painter Siyah Qalam.
Nevin Çokay was a Turkish painter and high school teacher of art and history of art.
The Turkish State Cemetery is a national and military cemetery in Ankara, Turkey, containing the graves of the presidents of Turkey and the high-ranked, close companions-in-arms of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey, in the Turkish War of Independence.
Pera Museum is an art museum in the Tepebaşı quarter of the Beyoğlu district in Istanbul, Turkey, at Meşrutiyet Avenue No. 65 It has a particular focus on Orientalism in 19th-century art.
Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University is a public art university in Istanbul, Turkey. The university's campus is located in the Fındıklı neighbourhood of Beyoğlu.
Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu was a Turkish painter, mosaic-maker, muralist, writer and poet. His art work was inspired by Anatolian village scenes and folk literature, and included traditional handicraft folk patterns.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Ottoman Empire:
This list includes fleet organisations of the Ottoman Navy during the Balkan Wars.
The Ottoman Military College or Imperial Military Staff College or Ottoman Army War College, was a two-year military staff college of the Ottoman Empire. It was located in İstanbul. Its mission was to educate staff officers for the Ottoman Army.
Mari Gerekmezyan was one of Turkey's first female sculptors and the first female Armenian sculptor. She was the lover of the Turkish poet and painter Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu.
Hüseyin Avni Lifij was a Turkish impressionist painter of Circassian origin. He is best known for landscapes with architectural features.
Fikret Otyam was a Turkish painter and journalist.
İbrahim Çallı, popularly known as Çallı İbrahim, was a Turkish painter and educator. He was a founding members of the Society of Ottoman Painters. He trained many young painters as a professor at Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University and they were called the 1914 Generation of artists, is also known as the Çallı Generation.
The D Grubu is an artist collective founded in Istanbul, Turkey in 1933 by five painters and one sculptor. The group is considered Turkey's first contemporary art movement.
Adalet Cimcoz was a Turkish voice actress, art curator, critic, translator and gossip columnist. She dubbed many film stars over a period of more than thirty years. She also opened and curated Turkey's first and only woman-owned private art gallery for exhibitions of painting, sculpture, mosaic, ceramics, photography, patterns, and folk art. She critiqued literature, art, and theatre for twenty years. She translated a number of classical works of European literature from German to Turkish. She was also a gossip columnist under the pen name "Fitne Fücur" ".
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