Tourism in Turkey

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Pamukkale in Turkey is a World Heritage Site. Turkey has 622 national parks. Pamukkale 30.jpg
Pamukkale in Turkey is a World Heritage Site. Turkey has 622 national parks.

Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts. Turkey has also become a popular destination for culture, spa, and health care. [1] Since 2021, Turkey is the fourth most visited country in the world. [2]

Contents

Number of international tourist arrivals Tourism in Turkey.svg
Number of international tourist arrivals

At its height in 2019, Turkey attracted around 51 million foreign tourists, [3] [4] The total number fluctuated between around 41 million in 2015, and around 30 million in 2016. [5] [6] However, recovery began in 2017, with the number of foreign visitors increasing to 37.9 million, and in 2018 to 46.1 million visitors. [7] [8] [9]

Destinations

Istanbul

Dolmabahce Palace is a popular tourism destination in Turkey. Dolmabahce Tor-2008-31-07.jpg
Dolmabahçe Palace is a popular tourism destination in Turkey.
Ortakoy Mosque and the Bosphorus Bridge Istanbul asv2020-02 img60 Ortakoy Mosque.jpg
Ortaköy Mosque and the Bosphorus Bridge

Istanbul is one of the most important tourist spots not only in Turkey but also in the world. There are thousands of hotels and other tourist-oriented industries in the city. Turkey's largest city, Istanbul has a number of major attractions derived from its historical status as the capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. These include the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the "Blue Mosque"), the Hagia Sophia, the Topkapı Palace, the Basilica Cistern, the Dolmabahçe Palace, the Galata Tower, the Grand Bazaar, the Spice Bazaar, and the Pera Palace Hotel. Istanbul has also recently become one of the biggest shopping centers of the European region by hosting malls and shopping centers, such as MetroCity, Akmerkez and Cevahir Mall, which is the biggest mall in Europe and seventh largest shopping center in the world. Other attractions include sporting events, museums, and cultural events.

In January 2013, the Turkish government announced that it would build the world's largest airport in Istanbul. The operation has an invested 7-billion euros and was planned to have the first part of a four-part plan completed by 2017. [10]

As a consequence of the continuous fall in tourism to Turkey in recent years, as of October 2016 in Istanbul's famous bazaar once crowded shopping streets are not as crowded as before, "the streams of tourists who used to visit the market each day have trickled to a halt". [5] The number of foreign tourists visiting Istanbul declined to 9.2 million in 2016, a 26 percent decrease compared to 2015. [11]

Ankara

Ankara is the country's capital and second most populated city. [12] It is rich with Turkish history and culture that have roots in the founding of Turkey along with the history of ancient civilizations. The most popular landmark is the Anıtkabir, [13] a mausoleum for Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey. Another landmark would be the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, a museum that possesses works from Paleolithic, Neolithic, Hatti, Hittite, Phrygian, Urartian, and Roman civilizations. [14]

Izmir

Izmir is a city with historical and geopolitical importance in ancient civilizations such as Macedonia, Persia, Lydia, and the Ottomans. [15] The city has a memorable history in the early years of Turkey as it was the main city that was affected by the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). [16] Izmir is home to many ancient cities such as Ephesus, Pergamon, and Klazomenai. [17] Besides historical significance, Izmir also possesses many locations for coastal tourism for international travelers. Frequently visited regions that have tourist beaches for local and international tourists would be Çeşme, Mordoğan, and Foça. [18] [19]

Other destinations

Oludeniz beach Oludeniz on the Turquoise Coast, Turkey.jpg
Ölüdeniz beach
Butterfly Valley, Fethiye Kelebekler Vadisi.jpg
Butterfly Valley, Fethiye

Beach vacations and Blue Cruises, particularly for Turkish delights and visitors from Western Europe, are also central to the Turkish tourism industry. Most beach resorts are located along the southwestern and southern coast, called the Turkish Riviera, especially along the Mediterranean coast near Antalya. Antalya is also accepted as the tourism capital of Turkey. [20] Major resort towns include Bodrum, Fethiye, Marmaris, Kuşadası, Didim and Alanya. Also, Turkey has been chosen second in the world in 2015 with its 436 blue-flagged beaches, according to the Chamber of Shipping. [21]

Attractions elsewhere in the country include the sites of Ephesus, Troy, Pergamon, House of the Virgin Mary, Pamukkale, Hierapolis, Trabzon (where one of the oldest monasteries is the Sümela Monastery), Konya (where the poet Rumi had spent most of his life), Didyma, Church of Antioch, ancient Pontic capital and king rock tombs with its acropolis in Amasya, religious places in Mardin (such as Deyrülzafarân Monastery), and the ruined cities and landscapes of Cappadocia.

One of the most important and famous cities in the east and southeast of Turkey is called Diyarbakır. This city is considered one of the important options for traveling to the east of Turkey due to its numerous historical, religious and cultural places. For researchers who are interested in cultural studies, this city is a favorable option for study and research due to the accommodation of different ethnic groups (Kurds, Turks, Arabs, Assyrians, Armenians) and religious groups (Muslims, Christians). Due to the civil wars between the PKK group and the central government of Turkey in the 90's, the number of tourists in this region decreased. With the beginning of the 21st century and after the establishment of relative peace and security in these areas, tourism has been increasing again in these areas. [27]

Gallipoli and Anzac Cove – a small cove on the Gallipoli peninsula, which became known as the site of World War I landing of the ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) on 25 April 1915. Following the landing at Anzac Cove, the beach became the main base for the Australian and New Zealand troops for the eight months of the Gallipoli campaign.

Goreme banner2.jpg
Cappadocia is a region created by the erosion of soft volcanic stone by the wind and rain for centuries. [28] The area is a popular tourist destination, having many sites with unique geological, historic, and cultural features.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Safranbolu was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1994 due to its well-preserved Ottoman era houses and architecture. 20180107 Safranbolu 1945 (39101010504).jpg
Safranbolu was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1994 due to its well-preserved Ottoman era houses and architecture.

As of 2023, Turkey hosts 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 19 cultural and 2 mixed. [29]

Turkey's World Heritage Sites, as per their official UNESCO names, are as follows:

  1. Aphrodisias
  2. Archaeological Site of Ani
  3. Archaeological Site of Troy
  4. Arslantepe Mound
  5. Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire
  6. City of Safranbolu
  7. Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape
  8. Ephesus
  9. Gordion
  10. Göbekli Tepe
  11. Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia
  12. Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği
  13. Hattusha: the Hittite Capital
  14. Hierapolis-Pamukkale
  15. Historic Areas of Istanbul
  16. Nemrut Dağ
  17. Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük
  18. Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape
  19. Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
  20. Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia
  21. Xanthos-Letoon

Medical tourism

Acibadem Hospital in Altunizade, Istanbul AcibademHospitalAltunizade (1).jpg
Acıbadem Hospital in Altunizade, Istanbul

An emerging branch of tourism in Turkey is medical tourism. Commonly performed medical procedures are hair transplant operations, rhinoplasty and cosmetic dentistry as it draws in thousands of foreigner tourists every year. [30] [31] In 2021, the revenue generated from medical tourism was given as $1.05 billion with 642,000 people that visited for the purpose of getting medical service. [32] This is due to Turkey offering high-quality clinics for affordable pricing compared to the rest of Europe and its central location between Asia and Europe. [33] Other reasons for the high demand for healthcare in Turkey are foreigners having easy visa procedures and immediate scheduling for operations. [1]

Development of tourism

Most tourist arrivals in Turkey come from the following countries: [34] [35] [9] [36] [37]

Country3/2024202320222021202020192018
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 747,5592,504,4942,331,0769,618385,7622,102,8902,001,744
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 688,0676,193,2595,679,1943,085,2151,118,9325,027,4724,512,360
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 682,1396,313,6755,232,6114,694,4222,128,7587,017,6575,964,631
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 575,2332,893,0922,882,5121,402,7951,242,9612,713,4642,386,885
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 329,4851,633,9771,514,813291,852410,5011,995,2542,069,392
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 328,8873,800,9223,370,739392,746820,7092,562,0642,254,871
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 192,513855,445683,834470,618236,797901,723858,506
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 172,5931,051,7211,208,895836,624387,5871,374,8961,172,896
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 169,0861,334,3371,013,478371,759148,937578,074448,327
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 168,724686,480569,795157,723136,305836,882686,891
Flag of France.svg  France 145,8021,031,824986,090621,493311,708875,957731,379
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 135,150839,729675,4672,060,008997,6521,547,9961,386,934
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 130,340990,005886,555496,178269,076763,320641,484
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 121,9171,232,2201,244,756645,601271,5261,117,2901,013,642
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 101,806470,644419,673272,604102,598252,138241,235
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 100,869826,319712,136366,076137,213455,724426,916
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 96,046602,176420,661116,80672,619377,011284,195
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 95,646820,683497,91410,08367,490564,816747,233
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 77,451248,11989,51533,64140,264426,344394,109
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 69,3021,539,1231,135,903585,076145,908880,839646,365
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 68,404596,355596,173339,529138,729557,435511,559
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 66,696292,505210,47848,82750,121295,512288,207
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 63,116324,690298,165104,84854,381257,342178,018
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 60,331496,482454,638284,095112,126401,475353,628
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 54,236178,800152,99549,31936,690127,149119,337
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 54,197215,137182,94568,35359,808268,341266,859
Flag of India.svg  India 52,588274,159231,57952,65144,707230,131147,127
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 48,739311,738357,787238,852129,284282,347225,312
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 48,625194,351220,179197,983107,251259,243188,312
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 48,326363,070480,123246,249120,221374,191298,620
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 46,683390,044382,835219,591127,643311,107269,649
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 45,765364,984415,696192,87293,703444,285384,397
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 45,455262,124251,708121,33367,775234,264176,538
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 44,310257,781272,844191,76889,337376,721338,837
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 42,744159,03999,86915,20636,636212,970159,354
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 40,440187,053227,850124,48368,936177,655148,943
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 40,204384,680494,629326,63393,750474,874406,469
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  Macedonia 39,745251,066266,184182,045115,483222,862209,519
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 38,059176,547206,714126,97057,563172,587142,372
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 37,731248,868197,41672,03434,210139,164108,272
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan 37,193169,906147,487102,84052,142121,364114,926
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 35,222319,835356,127111,49944,694335,877326,278
Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo 34,601174,681193,823145,93170,462152,048139,500
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 32,366309,216239,966220,932106,426258,419245,254
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 32,113120,92845,24918,97943,236297,706252,911
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 28,302288,377274,257192,441109,137198,867194,268
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 26,080142,482145,03289,74849,667134,869125,935
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia 25,142177,893200,698131,34761,651144,445120,480
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 24,74895,44489,7669,61817,892114,21495,591
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 24,473222,327165,84276,25716,563149,523123,448
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 24,27778,78230,6107,15319,122103,32081,931
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 22,894203,325191,78954,63325,100208,330161,789
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 22,408120,34797,95455,39748,440139,12695,068
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 22,407140,388173,62190,68151,326130,736113,579
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 19,616163,165136,60836,94726,17696,88671,221
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 18,952106,71784,58217,78822,722101,16478,691
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 18,823155,155114,26734,70512,77566,55736,737
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 18,650384,158295,45489,73415,642311,359228,251
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 17,070192,770118,84715,67415,109120,83796,488
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 14,83064,77198,14762,73017,85290,29977,075
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 13,835277,810251,619114,22714,194229,704199,371
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 12,069117,123117,28132,80915,003135,192128,860
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 11,9702,305,997843,028225,238129,677569,368443,732
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 11,892120,819146,43852,5873,77237,50043,292
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 7,51370,09092,43983,83131,956108,49696,327
Total7,042,85049,209,18044,564,39524,712,26612,734,213Increase2.svg 51,747,198Increase2.svg 46,112,592
Visa policy of Turkey
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Turkey
Unlimited stay
Visa-free - 90 days
Visa-free - 60 days
Visa-free - 30 days
eVisa - 90 days (multiple entries)
eVisa - 30 days (single entry)
eVisa - 30 days (Conditional)
Visa required in advance Visa policy of Turkey map.png
Visa policy of Turkey
  Turkey
  Unlimited stay
  Visa-free - 90 days
  Visa-free - 60 days
  Visa-free - 30 days
  eVisa - 90 days (multiple entries)
  eVisa - 30 days (single entry)
  eVisa - 30 days (Conditional)
  Visa required in advance

Foreign tourist arrivals increased substantially in Turkey between 2000 and 2005, from 8 million to 25 million, which made Turkey a top-10 destination in the world for foreign visitors. 2005 revenues were US$20.3 billion which also made Turkey one of the top-10 biggest revenue owners in the world. In 2011, Turkey ranked as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world and 4th in Europe, according to UNWTO World Tourism barometer. [38] See World Tourism rankings. At its height in 2014, Turkey attracted around 42 million foreign tourists, still ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world. [4] From 2015, tourism to Turkey entered a steep decline. [39] [40] In 2016, only around 30 million people visited Turkey. 2016 is described as the second year of huge losses on both visitor numbers and income, a "year of devastating losses", with Turkish tourism businesses stating that they "cannot remember a worse time in the sector". [5] The number of foreign visitors started recovering in 2017 with 37.9 million visitors being recorded. The recovery was partly due to intense security campaigns and advertising. The number of Russian tourists increased by 444% after the recovery of bilateral relations, resulting in Russia becoming the top tourism market for Turkey once again. [7] [8] Increases were also recorded in the British, Dutch and Belgian markets. [41]

In early 2017, the Turkish government urged Turkish citizens living abroad to take their vacations in Turkey, attempting to revive the struggling tourism sector [42] of an economy that went into contraction from late 2016. [43] After the April 2017 constitutional referendum, another sharp drop in tourist bookings from Germany was recorded. [44] In 2018, however, the German Tourism Industry Association recorded a growth in German tourist bookings for Turkey, with a 70% increase being recorded by the TUI Group alone. [45]

Government policy and regulation

The AKP government has been promoting "halal tourism" for years, [46] politically reaffirming this stance over the course of 2016. [47] In March 2017, a Turkish court banned global travel fare aggregator website Booking.com from offering services to Turkish tourists for lack of a national licence, [48] while the Hoteliers Association of Turkey campaigns for a lifting the ban of the enterprise on which its members relied for up to 90 percent of their turnover. [49] In April 2017, the police department of the prime resort city of Antalya issued a directive banning the consumption of alcohol outside of buildings. [50]

Sex tourism

Prostitution is legal and regulated in Turkey. The secularization of Turkish society allowed prostitution to achieve legal status during the early 20th century. Sex tourism has been part of Turkey's tourism industry and has been growing over the decades both for foreigners and locals. Many foreigners come to Turkey to work for local Turks in the prostitution business, while many Turks travel abroad as consumers of sex tourism, mostly to Eastern Europe for the purpose. [51] Anyone who encourages someone to commit prostitution, facilitates it, or mediates or provides a place for prostitution is punished with imprisonment from two months to four years and a judicial fine of up to three thousand days. [52] [53]

COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of tourists arriving in Turkey declined to around 16 million in 2020. [54] This was the lowest number of tourists in the last decade. [54] The revenue from international travel was reduced to $13.7 billion which only made up 1.91% of the total economy in 2020. [55] [56] In 2021, Turkey's tourism recovered from the pandemic as it contributed $59.3 billion to the GDP, which made up 7.3% of the total economy. [57] [58]

See also

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Requirements for Urgent Visa for Turkey

Further reading