Tourism in Serbia

Tourism in Serbia
Map of Serbia
Time zone	UTC+1 (Central European Time)
Area code	+ 381
Website	Official Tourist webpage

Tourism in Serbia is officially recognized as a primary area for economic and social growth. ^[1] The hotel and catering sector accounted for approximately 2.2% of GDP in 2015. ^[2] Tourism in Serbia employs some 120 000 people, about 4.5% of the country's workforce. ^[1] In recent years the number of tourists is increasing. In 2019, tourism generated an income of nearly $1.698 billion, hosting 1.85 million tourists. ^[3] Chinese tourists were the most numerous visitors, followed by tourists from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Germany. ^[4] In 2022, tourism earnings surged to $2.71 billion and almost 2 million tourists visited the country. ^[5] Major destinations for foreign tourists are Belgrade, Novi Sad and Niš, while domestic tourists prefer spas and mountain resorts. ^[6] Eco-friendly and sustainable tourism has also become very popular among domestic tourists, with many visiting various nature reserves and parks in the western and southern part of the country. ^[7] Serbia is also known for gastronomic tourism, with Belgrade being the central meeting point with over 2000 restaurants, coffee shops, bars and nightlife venues. ^[8]

History

Origins

The origin of tourism in Serbia is connected to the abundance of thermal and mineral springs, so much, that history of Serbian tourism is sometimes equaled to the history of Serbian spas (Serbian word for spa, banja, became part of numerous toponyms). Some of them had wider historical and evolutionary impact as remains of the prehistoric habitats have been discovered around them. Wider, practical use came with the Roman conquest in the 1st century AD. ^[9] The Romans also developed other public activities as predecessors of modern tourism, especially around Singidunum, precursor of modern Belgrade. Hilly areas east of the city, along the Danube river functioned as an excursion area, with numerous villas and summer houses for more affluent citizens. ^{[10] [11]} In the area of Belgrade's modern neighborhoods Ada Huja and Karaburma, which were outside of the city in the Roman period, numerous thermal springs were used for public bathhouses. ^[12]

Roman successors, the Byzantines, continued to use the spas. ^[9] In the medieval Serbian state, some spas prospered. There are records of springs around Čačak, modern Ovčar Banja, where "magnificent" high domes were built, with large pool, numerous smaller cooling pools (as the thermal water was too hot), and large living and dressing rooms. ^[13] They were opened for both the gentry and the commoners. ^[9] Serbia also inherited important Roman roads, like the Via Militaris, which in the Middle Ages developed into the Tsarigrad Road, with some additional trading routes developing in time. With numerous merchants and caravans traversing the country, hospitality services began to develop along the roads. They included large inns and caravan stations with spacious inner yards for keeping animals and storing goods. The inns had upper floors and sleeping rooms, and some were designated for merchants only. Emperor Dušan established an obligation called priselica by which the denizens were obliged to host domestic dignitaries and foreign representatives. It was compulsory only for the residents of the rural areas, since the towns had inns to provide the service. The innkeepers and were bound to pay for any damage or shortage during caravan's stay in their facilities. ^[14]

Use of spas continued after the Ottoman conquest in the 15th century. The Ottomans added the specific architecture, which included Turkish baths, or hamams and specific oriental ornamentation of the spa objects. ^[9] After visiting Ovčar Banja in 1664, Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi wrote that 40,000 to 50,000 people visit during the summer ("watermelon") season, but also described the spa as the location of numerous fairs and as a major trading place. ^[13] Some of the hamams survived until today, like in Sokobanja, while several are still in use (Brestovačka Banja  [ sr ], Novopazarska Banja). ^[9] Hills east of Belgrade remained popular excursion sites during the Ottoman period. Upper classes built numerous summer houses, especially on the Ekmekluk Hill, today known as Zvezdara. ^[15]

By the 2020s, the second most visited tourist attraction in Belgrade, providing one third of foreign currency income for the city, was the bohemian quarter Skadarlija, a vintage street dotted with kafanas . ^{[16] [17]} The very first kafana in Belgrade, an oriental-style bistro, was opened in 1522 and was arguable the oldest venue of that type in Europe. It served only Turkish coffee, but later some offered nargile also. ^{[18] [19] [20]} Despite frequent Ottoman–Habsburg wars in the 17th and 18th century, and change of occupational rulers in Belgrade and northern Serbia, the number of kafanas was always high. ^[21]

As Serbia remained on the main trading route connecting Middle East and western Europe, the hospitality venues along the roads continued to develop. During the Ottoman period, the caravans grew bigger, involving new animals, so the caravans of 500-650 camels were recorded. When Çelebi visited Belgrade in 1661, he counted 21 khans and 6 caravanserais. The largest was the Caravanserai of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha which had "160 chimneys", while some of the larger ones even had harem sections. ^[14]

Early modern developments

Traditional welcoming with bread and salt

Early roots of modern tourism in Serbia can be traced to the 19th century. Serbian government, and the rulers personally, actively participated in development of the spas, by hiring foreign geologists to survey the spa waters and sending medics to the newly formed spa centers. In time, they attracted foreign visitors, mostly from Austria-Hungary and Greece. Until World War I, Banja Koviljača, Niška Banja and Vranjska Banja emerged as the most visited spas, though Vrnjačka Banja, Sokobanja and Ribarska Banja are considered to be among the oldest. Also popular was one of the latest discovered, Mataruška Banja, which was founded in the late 19th century. ^{[9] [22] [23]}

Hospitality services in towns in time diversified in numerous types: bistro , mehana , gostionica, han , saraj , lokal, krčma , bircuz, birtija, and later restoran and hotel, but until the mid-19th century they remained oriental-type venues. ^[24] In 1847, the ruling prince Alexander Karađorđević codified work of the hospitality objects. ^[25] The first hotel in Belgrade, "Kod Jelena", was built in 1843. Later known as "Staro Zdanje", it had the first ballroom in Belgrade and introduced European style of entertainment. ^{[24] [26]} Construction of various modern hotels began in Belgrade, including "Evropa" (1867), "Nacional" (1868), "Srpska Kruna" (1869), "Pariz" (1870), "London" (1873), "Slavija" (1883), "Moskva" (1908) and "Bristol" (1912). ^{[24] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]}

Though development of tourism was boosted by the burgeoning middle class, ^[9] many still weren't able to travel around the state so the further excursion areas around the cities developed. Main area now became the southern hills of Belgrade. The first was Topčider Park. Planting of the park began in the 1830s. After the Topčider railway station was built in 1884, and later introduction of the tram line No. 3, it became accessible to everyone from downtown. ^[32] The neighboring forest in Košutnjak followed when the former royal hunting ground from the 1840s was adapted into the public park in 1903. Due to the beneficial climate conditions, the summer sanatorium for children was built in the forest. ^[33] Former artificial Lake Kijevo was formed in 1901. As Kijevo also had its own railway station, special touristic trains were organized for transporting the Belgraders. ^[34]

Vital boost to the development of international tourism was a construction of the first railway in 1884. In general, development of transportation always pushed tourism growth, as in 1892 when public transportation was organized in Belgrade, and after 1903 when grid of the modern streets was built following the arrival of first cars. ^[35]

Major development of tourism in the early 20th century was cut by the outbreak of World War I. ^[9]

Interbellum

A map featuring some of the best-known tourist attractions in Serbia

In 1918 Serbia became part of the new state, later named Yugoslavia. In Serbian proper, spas remained basically the only proper tourist centers until after World War II. Villas of the royal family and wealthy industrialists and merchants boosted the construction of mansions and hotels. They became urban centers and small towns. Visiting spas became a matter of prestige and they remained immensely popular. In 1937, Vrnjačka Banja had five times more visitors than Dubrovnik, on the Adriatic coast (in modern Croatia), arguably the most popular resort in former Yugoslavia. ^[36] In 1922, there were over 2 million overnight stays only in the spas of the Morava Banovina, which covered smaller portion of the present Serbia territory. ^[37]

In 1920, Belgrade became a stop on the permanent route of the famed Orient Express. Also in the 1920s, the tourist traffic developed on major rivers, like Danube, Sava and Tisza. Further growth of tourism was greatly influenced by development of air traffic. State airline flag carrier Aeroput was founded in 1927, the same year when Belgrade's international Bežanija airport became operational. Yugoslavia soon developed a grid of airports. ^[35]

Belgrade was declared a tourist place in 1936. Construction of the Belgrade Fair in 1937, helped turn the city into the international tourist hot spot and pushed for fast construction of numerous hotels, other hospitality venues and establishment of the hospitality high school. ^[35] The first international fair in 1937 hosted exhibitors from 17 European, American and Asian countries. Over 310,000 people visited the exhibition, more than Belgrade had inhabitants at the time. ^{[38] [39]} This was followed by numerous other exhibitions, including the first motor show, 1938 Belgrade Car Show, in 1938. ^[40] In 1939, the Belgrade Grand Prix, precursor of modern Formula One, was organized in the city. ^[41]

Just as in 1914, this fast tourist development was cut short by the war. ^[35]

Post-war period

Tourism regained major economic importance only in the 1970s. ^[35] But by the 1980s Yugoslavia was an important tourist destination in the Balkans. Overnight stays were almost 12 million per year, of which about 1.5 million were by foreign tourists. The events surrounding the break-up of Yugoslavia led to a substantial decline in both leisure and business tourism. ^[42]

New Communist authorities after the war made spas much more accessible. Stripped of the bourgeois elitism, the spas became centers of healthcare tourism and sites of family vacations, with numerous workers' and trade unions' retreats being built. ^[36]

Number of tourists in Serbia from 1948 to 1999. Visitors from the rest of Yugoslavia (from 1992 only from Montenegro) were counted as domestic ones. ^{[43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48]}

1940s & 1950s

Year	Arrivals	Domestic	Foreign
1948	480,000	463,200	16,800
1949	567,000	557,700	9,300
1950	754,000	747,200	6,800
1951	823,000	810,500	12,500
1952	846,000	826,500	19,500
1953	1,047,000	1,012,700	34,300
1954	865,000	825,300	39,700
1955	888,000	837,200	50,800
1956	942,000	877,600	64,400
1957	1,029,000	955,400	73,600
1958	1,131,000	1,043,800	87,200
1959	1,275,000	1,161,800	114,000

1960s

Year	Arrivals	Domestic	Foreign
1960	1,538,000	1,405,800	133,000
1961	1,518,000	1,365,000	153,000
1962	1,484,000	1,289,000	195,000
1963	1,634,000	1,361,000	273,000
1964	2,015,000	1,699,000	316,000
1965	2,242,000	1,859,000	383,000
1966	2,460,000	1,987,000	473,000
1967	2,578,000	2,057,000	521,000
1968	2,819,000	2,242,000	577,000
1969	3,152,000	2,490,000	662,000

1970s

Year	Arrivals	Domestic	Foreign
1970	3,323,000	2,636,000	687,000
1971	3,369,000	2,665,000	704,000
1972	3,373,000	2,673,000	700,000
1973	3,700,000	2,879,000	821,000
1974	3,860,000	3,095,000	765,000
1975	4,021,000	3,179,000	842,000
1976	4,144,000	3,297,000	847,000
1977	3,967,000	3,123,000	844,000
1978	4,162,000	3,321,000	841,000
1979	4,136,000	3,301,000	835,000

1980s

Year	Arrivals	Domestic	Foreign
1980	4,328,000	3,460,000	868,000
1981	4,386,000	3,533,000	853,000
1982	4,447,000	3,632,000	815,000
1983	4,419,000	3,675,000	744,000
1984	4,606,000	3,820,000	786,000
1985	4,746,000	3,899,000	847,000
1986	4,725,000	3,869,000	856,000
1987	4,591,000	3,691,000	900,000
1988	4,507,000	3,577,000	930,000
1989	4,158,000	3,217,000	941,000

1990s

Year	Arrivals	Domestic	Foreign
1990	3,949,000	3,068,000	881,000
1991	2,823,000	2,476,000	347,000
1992	2,693,000	2,557,000	136,000
1993	2,107,000	2,038,600	68,400
1994	2,172,000	1,954,000	218,000
1995	2,432,000	2,228,000	204,000
1996
1997
1998
1999

21st century

In the twenty-first century tourism began to recover: the number of overseas visitors was 90% higher in 2004 than it had been in 2000, and revenue from foreign tourism more than tripled between 2002 and 2004, to about 220 million US dollars. ^[42] By 2010 revenue from international tourism had grown to 798 million US dollars.

By 2020, there were 35 officially proclaimed and operational spas. However, many additional ones went out of work during the international sanctions in the 1990s and the transitional period in the 2000's. For example, Jošanička Banja was closed, Niška Banja was basically out of use, while Vrnjačka Banja and Sokobanja boomed. In spas, new hotels were built, so as many wellness centers. ^[36]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism industry in Serbia is facing huge financial multimillion losses. The number of overall tourist arrivals in 2020 is the smallest in the past two decades, but it's expected to recover and stabilise within the near future. ^[49]

Internationally known annual events

Name	Location	Month	Type of Festival
Küstendorf Film and Music Festival	Drvengrad	January	Film and Music Festival
Gitarijada	Zaječar	June	Rock and Roll Music Festival
Palić European Film Festival	Palić	July	European Film festival
EXIT Festival	Novi Sad	July	Electronic Music Festival
Belgrade Beer Fest	Belgrade	August	Beer and Music Festival
Guča Trumpet Festival	Guča	August	Brass Band Festival
Nišville	Niš	August	Jazz Music Festival
Lovefest	Vrnjačka Banja	August	Electronic Music Festival
Beer Days	Zrenjanin	August	Beer Festival
Leskovac Grill Festival	Leskovac	September	Grilled Meat Festival

Statistics

Arrivals per year Year Arrivals Domestic Foreign 2003 [50] 1,997,947 1,658,664 339,283 2004 [51] 1,971,683 1,579,857 391,826 2005 [52] 1,988,469 1,535,790 452,679 2006 [53] 2,006,488 1,537,646 468,842 2007 [54] 2,306,558 1,610,513 696,045 2008 [55] 2,266,166 1,619,672 646,494 2009 [56] 2,021,166 1,375,865 645,301 2010 2,000,597 1,317,916 682,681 2011 2,068,610 1,304,443 764,167 2012 2,079,643 1,269,676 809,967 2013 2,192,435 1,270,667 921,768 2014 [57] 2,194,268 1,165,536 1,028,732 2015 [58] 2,437,165 1,304,944 1,132,221 2016 [59] 2,753,591 1,472,165 1,281,426 2017 [60] 3,085,866 1,588,693 1,497,173 2018 [61] 3,430,522 1,720,008 1,710,514 2019 [62] 3,689,983 1,843,432 1,846,551 2020 [63] 1,820,021 1,374,310 445,711 2021 [64] 2,591,293 1,720,054 871,239 2022 [65] 3,869,235 2,096,472 1,772,763 2023 (Jan-Nov) [66] 3,879,423 1,920,622 1,958,801

Arrivals by country 2021 [64] 2022 [65] 2023 (Jan-Nov) [66] # Country Arrivals Country Arrivals Country Arrivals 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 102,515 Bosnia and Herzegovina 148,773 Turkey 189,878 2 Russia 63,297 Turkey 125,602 Russia 157,324 3 Montenegro 58,516 Russia 123,425 Bosnia and Herzegovina 145,307 4 Germany 57,574 Germany 105,792 Germany 116,882 5 North Macedonia 52,471 North Macedonia 92,046 Croatia 97,056 6 Turkey 48,936 Croatia 89,860 North Macedonia 94,665 7 Croatia 39,327 Bulgaria 81,661 Romania 93,368 8 Slovenia 32,168 Montenegro 80,656 Montenegro 88,659 9 Romania 27,624 Slovenia 78,532 Bulgaria 88,137 10 Hungary 25,374 Romania 74,590 China incl. Hong Kong 84,936 11 India 24,520 Greece 56,564 Slovenia 77,346 12 Austria 22,859 Hungary 49,878 Poland 57,422 13 Bulgaria 22,425 Poland 44,513 Greece 57,146 14 France 20,158 India 44,192 Hungary 51,668 15 United States of America 19,886 Austria 40,867 United States of America 45,530 Total international visitors 871,239 Total international visitors 1,772,763 Total international visitors 1,958,801

Gallery

• 
  Bač Fortress
• 
  Belgrade Fortress
• 
  Church of Saint Sava
• 
  Deliblato Sands
• 
  Drvengrad
• 
  Đavolja Varoš
• 
  Đerdap National Park
• 
  EXIT Music Festival
• 
  Felix Romuliana
• 
  Fruška Gora National Park
• 
  Golubac Fortress
• 
  Kopaonik National Park
• 
  Kopaonik Ski Center
• 
  Krupaj Spring
• 
  Lazar's Canyon
• 
  Manasija Monastery
• 
  Museum of Vojvodina
• 
  National Museum of Serbia
• 
  Nikola Tesla Museum
• 
  Petrovaradin Fortress
• 
  Smederevo Fortress
• 
  Sopoćani Monastery
• 
  Stara Planina Nature Park
• 
  Stopića Cave
• 
  Studenica Monastery
• 
  Subotica City Hall
• 
  Šargan Eight
• 
  Tara National Park
• 
  Uvac Canyon
• 
  Lake Zaovine

See also

• Visa policy of Serbia
• Tourism in Vojvodina
• Architecture of Serbia

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Further reading

• Ana Nikolov (29 July 2005). "Beograd – grad na rekama". Institut za Arhitekturu i Urbanizam Srbije. Retrieved 2007-06-05.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• "Zbogom, oazo!" (in Serbian). Kurir. 23 May 2006. Archived from the original on 2010-10-20. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
• Beoinfo (4 August 2005). "Prirodno dobro "Veliko ratno ostrvo" stavljeno pod zaštitu Skupštine grada" (in Serbian). Ekoforum. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
• Eve-Ann Prentice (10 August 2003). "Why I love battereBelgrade". The Guardian Travel. London. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
• Seth Sherwood (16 October 2005). "Belgrade Rocks". The New York Times . Retrieved 2007-05-19.
• Barbara Gruber (22 August 2006). "Belgrade's Nightlife Floats on the Danube". Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 2007-05-19.
• "Slovenci dolaze u jeftin provod" (in Serbian). Glas Javnosti. 21 December 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
• "U Beograd na vikend-zabavu" (in Croatian). Večernji list. 6 January 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-15.^{[ dead link ]} Alt URL
• Dulovic, Vladimir (1 February 2013). "The Oldest Houses In Belgrade". Livinginbelgrade.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
• "Znamenite građevine 3" (in Serbian). Official site. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
• Scurlock, Gareth (4 November 2008). "Europe's best nightlife". London: Official site. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
• "The world's top 10 party towns". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 November 2009. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
• "Exit Festival Official Websiyr". Archived from the original on 2012-02-10.

External links

• National Tourism Organization of Serbia