Climate of Serbia

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Koppen climate classification map of Serbia SerbiaKoppenClimate.svg
Köppen climate classification map of Serbia

The climate of Serbia is between a continental climate in the north, with cold dry winters, and warm, humid summers with well distributed rainfall patterns, and a more Mediterranean climate in the south with hot, dry summers and autumns and average relatively cool and more rainy winters with heavy mountain snowfall. Differences in elevation, proximity to the Adriatic Sea and Aegean Sea and large river basins, as well as exposure to the winds account for climate differences. [1]

Contents

Most of Northern Serbia possesses a typical continental climate, with air masses from northern and western Europe which shape its climatic profile. South and South-east of Serbia is subject to strong Mediterranean influences (hotter summers and milder winters). However, the Dinaric Alps and other mountain ranges contribute to the cooling down a large part of the warm air masses. Winters are quite harsh in Raška (region) because of the mountains which encircle the plateau. [2] One of the climatic features of Serbia is Košava, a cold and very squally southeastern wind which starts in the Carpathian Mountains and follows the Danube northwest through the Iron Gate where it gains a jet effect and continues to Belgrade and can spread as far south as Niš. [3] Mediterranean micro-regions exist throughout southern Serbia, [4] in Zlatibor [5] and the Pčinja District around valley and river Pčinja. [6]

The average annual air temperature for the period 1981–2017 for the area with an altitude of up to 300 m (984 ft) is 11.6  °C (52.9  °F ). The areas with an altitude of 300 to 500 m (984 to 1,640 ft) have an average annual temperature of around 11.0 °C (51.8 °F), and over 1,000 m (3,281 ft) of altitude around 7.5 °C (45.5 °F). [7]

Extreme weather and records

Serbia is one of few European countries with a very high risk exposure to natural hazards (earthquakes, storms, floods and droughts). [8] It is estimated that potential floods, particularly in areas of Central Serbia, threaten over 500 larger settlements and an area of 16,000 square kilometres. [9] The most disastrous were the floods in May 2014, when 57 people died and a damage of over 1.5 billion euros was inflicted. [10]

The lowest recorded temperature in Serbia was −39.5 °C (−39.1 °F) (January 26, 2006, Karajukića Bunari in Pešter), and the highest was 44.9 °C or 112.8 °F (July 24, 2007, Smederevska Palanka). [7] [11] [12]

Examples

Climate data for Belgrade (1991–2020, extremes 1936–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)20.7
(69.3)		23.9
(75.0)		30.0
(86.0)		32.4
(90.3)		34.9
(94.8)		37.4
(99.3)		43.6
(110.5)		40.0
(104.0)		41.8
(107.2)		33.7
(92.7)		28.4
(83.1)		22.6
(72.7)		43.6
(110.5)
Average high °C (°F)5.2
(41.4)		7.8
(46.0)		13.1
(55.6)		18.9
(66.0)		23.6
(74.5)		27.1
(80.8)		29.3
(84.7)		29.7
(85.5)		24.3
(75.7)		18.7
(65.7)		12.2
(54.0)		6.1
(43.0)		18.0
(64.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)1.9
(35.4)		3.8
(38.8)		8.3
(46.9)		13.6
(56.5)		18.2
(64.8)		21.9
(71.4)		23.8
(74.8)		23.8
(74.8)		18.5
(65.3)		13.3
(55.9)		8.1
(46.6)		3.0
(37.4)		13.0
(55.4)
Average low °C (°F)−0.7
(30.7)		0.6
(33.1)		4.2
(39.6)		8.8
(47.8)		13.2
(55.8)		16.7
(62.1)		18.4
(65.1)		18.5
(65.3)		14.1
(57.4)		9.4
(48.9)		5.1
(41.2)		0.5
(32.9)		9.1
(48.4)
Record low °C (°F)−24.5
(−12.1)		−20.5
(−4.9)		−12.4
(9.7)		−3.4
(25.9)		0.4
(32.7)		4.6
(40.3)		8.3
(46.9)		6.7
(44.1)		0.6
(33.1)		−6.9
(19.6)		−8.3
(17.1)		−15.8
(3.6)		−24.5
(−12.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)47.9
(1.89)		43.5
(1.71)		48.7
(1.92)		51.5
(2.03)		72.3
(2.85)		95.6
(3.76)		66.5
(2.62)		55.1
(2.17)		58.6
(2.31)		54.8
(2.16)		49.6
(1.95)		54.8
(2.16)		698.9
(27.52)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)13.512.311.312.413.512.210.08.49.510.510.813.8138.2
Average snowy days9.77.34.20.70.00.00.00.00.00.13.07.832.8
Average relative humidity (%)77.971.462.759.961.962.559.859.565.871.475.179.567.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 70.796.2146.7186.7224.7253.9278.8262.6192.6155.092.160.32,020.3
Average ultraviolet index 1235788753214
Source 1: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia [13]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV), [14] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) [15]
Climate data for Niš (1991–2020, extremes 1940–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)21.7
(71.1)		24.0
(75.2)		33.5
(92.3)		33.0
(91.4)		35.3
(95.5)		40.3
(104.5)		44.2
(111.6)		42.2
(108.0)		39.6
(103.3)		35.0
(95.0)		29.0
(84.2)		22.2
(72.0)		44.2
(111.6)
Average high °C (°F)5.3
(41.5)		8.3
(46.9)		13.6
(56.5)		19.0
(66.2)		23.8
(74.8)		27.9
(82.2)		30.4
(86.7)		30.9
(87.6)		25.4
(77.7)		19.5
(67.1)		13.0
(55.4)		6.3
(43.3)		18.6
(65.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)0.9
(33.6)		3.1
(37.6)		7.5
(45.5)		12.6
(54.7)		17.2
(63.0)		21.1
(70.0)		23.1
(73.6)		23.1
(73.6)		18.0
(64.4)		12.6
(54.7)		7.4
(45.3)		2.3
(36.1)		12.4
(54.3)
Average low °C (°F)−2.5
(27.5)		−1.1
(30.0)		2.4
(36.3)		6.7
(44.1)		11.1
(52.0)		14.6
(58.3)		16.2
(61.2)		16.2
(61.2)		12.1
(53.8)		7.6
(45.7)		3.3
(37.9)		−0.9
(30.4)		7.1
(44.8)
Record low °C (°F)−23.7
(−10.7)		−21.6
(−6.9)		−13.2
(8.2)		−5.6
(21.9)		−1.0
(30.2)		4.2
(39.6)		4.1
(39.4)		4.6
(40.3)		−2.2
(28.0)		−6.8
(19.8)		−14.0
(6.8)		−16.6
(2.1)		−23.7
(−10.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)42.9
(1.69)		39.0
(1.54)		47.6
(1.87)		55.9
(2.20)		69.8
(2.75)		57.6
(2.27)		49.4
(1.94)		43.9
(1.73)		49.0
(1.93)		55.8
(2.20)		49.0
(1.93)		53.9
(2.12)		613.8
(24.17)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)13.112.412.312.613.210.99.07.59.59.610.413.6134.1
Average snowy days9.88.04.90.90.00.00.00.00.00.33.08.235.1
Average relative humidity (%)79.173.365.363.066.064.660.660.366.873.576.580.369.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 67.593.7156.0179.2212.5250.2272.7275.6200.6142.484.451.61,986.4
Source 1: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia [16] [17]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) [18]
Climate data for Rimski Šančevi, Novi Sad (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)18.9
(66.0)		22.4
(72.3)		30.0
(86.0)		31.5
(88.7)		34.2
(93.6)		37.6
(99.7)		41.6
(106.9)		40.0
(104.0)		37.4
(99.3)		30.1
(86.2)		26.9
(80.4)		21.0
(69.8)		41.6
(106.9)
Average high °C (°F)4.3
(39.7)		6.9
(44.4)		12.7
(54.9)		18.4
(65.1)		23.1
(73.6)		26.6
(79.9)		28.8
(83.8)		29.2
(84.6)		23.9
(75.0)		18.3
(64.9)		11.5
(52.7)		5.1
(41.2)		17.4
(63.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)0.7
(33.3)		2.3
(36.1)		7.0
(44.6)		12.4
(54.3)		17.3
(63.1)		20.9
(69.6)		22.5
(72.5)		22.4
(72.3)		17.2
(63.0)		12.0
(53.6)		6.8
(44.2)		1.8
(35.2)		11.9
(53.4)
Average low °C (°F)−2.5
(27.5)		−1.7
(28.9)		1.9
(35.4)		6.6
(43.9)		11.4
(52.5)		14.9
(58.8)		16.1
(61.0)		16.1
(61.0)		11.8
(53.2)		7.3
(45.1)		3.2
(37.8)		−1.2
(29.8)		7.0
(44.6)
Record low °C (°F)−30.7
(−23.3)		−28.6
(−19.5)		−19.9
(−3.8)		−6.2
(20.8)		−0.4
(31.3)		0.2
(32.4)		5.4
(41.7)		6.9
(44.4)		−1.6
(29.1)		−6.4
(20.5)		−13.8
(7.2)		−24.0
(−11.2)		−30.7
(−23.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)38.9
(1.53)		36.4
(1.43)		38.6
(1.52)		46.6
(1.83)		77.3
(3.04)		92.2
(3.63)		68.1
(2.68)		59.7
(2.35)		58.8
(2.31)		58.6
(2.31)		51.5
(2.03)		49.1
(1.93)		675.8
(26.61)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)12.110.510.611.213.411.19.98.110.110.110.812.9130.8
Average snowy days6.45.82.70.40.00.00.00.00.00.11.94.922.2
Average relative humidity (%)85.580.270.864.467.969.768.267.472.577.182.186.774.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 67.9100.6164.1205.8257.3284.8316.2298.9207.1160.994.759.42,217.7
Source 1: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia [19] [20]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) [21]
Climate data for Kragujevac (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)20.6
(69.1)		25.2
(77.4)		29.4
(84.9)		32.0
(89.6)		35.4
(95.7)		39.4
(102.9)		43.9
(111.0)		40.4
(104.7)		37.8
(100.0)		34.7
(94.5)		27.6
(81.7)		21.0
(69.8)		43.9
(111.0)
Average high °C (°F)5.7
(42.3)		8.2
(46.8)		13.1
(55.6)		18.4
(65.1)		23.0
(73.4)		26.9
(80.4)		29.3
(84.7)		29.6
(85.3)		24.3
(75.7)		18.8
(65.8)		12.7
(54.9)		6.5
(43.7)		18.0
(64.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)1.3
(34.3)		3.0
(37.4)		7.1
(44.8)		12.1
(53.8)		16.7
(62.1)		20.7
(69.3)		22.6
(72.7)		22.3
(72.1)		17.3
(63.1)		12.2
(54.0)		7.4
(45.3)		2.4
(36.3)		12.1
(53.8)
Average low °C (°F)−2.4
(27.7)		−1.3
(29.7)		2.0
(35.6)		6.1
(43.0)		10.5
(50.9)		14.4
(57.9)		15.9
(60.6)		15.6
(60.1)		11.6
(52.9)		7.2
(45.0)		3.3
(37.9)		−0.9
(30.4)		6.8
(44.2)
Record low °C (°F)−27.6
(−17.7)		−24.4
(−11.9)		−18.3
(−0.9)		−5.8
(21.6)		−0.6
(30.9)		2.7
(36.9)		7.2
(45.0)		4.6
(40.3)		−2.2
(28.0)		−6.6
(20.1)		−16.4
(2.5)		−20.7
(−5.3)		−27.6
(−17.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)42.1
(1.66)		40.1
(1.58)		46.6
(1.83)		54.3
(2.14)		70.3
(2.77)		77.2
(3.04)		65.8
(2.59)		56.0
(2.20)		53.6
(2.11)		54.2
(2.13)		44.6
(1.76)		47.0
(1.85)		651.8
(25.66)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)12.812.511.611.913.411.39.37.69.710.210.712.8133.8
Average snowy days8.57.73.80.70.00.00.00.00.00.12.56.629.9
Average relative humidity (%)79.574.968.566.669.467.764.265.370.775.476.780.871.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 71.991.3148.4184.7225.7260.1293.3280.2197.0148.592.562.32,055.9
Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia [22] [23]
Climate data for Leskovac (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)20.0
(68.0)		24.8
(76.6)		27.8
(82.0)		32.6
(90.7)		35.0
(95.0)		38.6
(101.5)		43.7
(110.7)		41.3
(106.3)		37.4
(99.3)		35.0
(95.0)		28.6
(83.5)		21.4
(70.5)		43.7
(110.7)
Average high °C (°F)4.8
(40.6)		8.0
(46.4)		13.3
(55.9)		18.7
(65.7)		23.4
(74.1)		27.5
(81.5)		30.0
(86.0)		30.5
(86.9)		25.1
(77.2)		19.1
(66.4)		12.4
(54.3)		5.7
(42.3)		18.2
(64.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)0.2
(32.4)		2.4
(36.3)		6.9
(44.4)		11.8
(53.2)		16.4
(61.5)		20.4
(68.7)		22.3
(72.1)		22.0
(71.6)		16.8
(62.2)		11.5
(52.7)		6.4
(43.5)		1.7
(35.1)		11.6
(52.9)
Average low °C (°F)−3.6
(25.5)		−2.1
(28.2)		1.3
(34.3)		5.3
(41.5)		9.9
(49.8)		13.5
(56.3)		14.7
(58.5)		14.3
(57.7)		10.5
(50.9)		6.0
(42.8)		1.9
(35.4)		−1.6
(29.1)		5.8
(42.4)
Record low °C (°F)−30.5
(−22.9)		−26.8
(−16.2)		−18.2
(−0.8)		−6.1
(21.0)		−1.7
(28.9)		2.7
(36.9)		5.4
(41.7)		4.4
(39.9)		−3.8
(25.2)		−8.7
(16.3)		−19.6
(−3.3)		−21.7
(−7.1)		−30.5
(−22.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)46.2
(1.82)		45.5
(1.79)		52.1
(2.05)		62.8
(2.47)		69.4
(2.73)		61.7
(2.43)		51.2
(2.02)		45.1
(1.78)		52.2
(2.06)		60.7
(2.39)		55.5
(2.19)		58.2
(2.29)		660.6
(26.01)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)13.912.512.512.914.211.08.57.39.710.411.314.0138.2
Average snowy days9.07.44.70.80.00.00.00.00.00.32.87.632.6
Average relative humidity (%)81.676.169.067.669.866.963.864.371.176.779.783.172.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 67.088.3146.1178.6219.6264.6301.2293.0202.6139.884.850.52,036.1
Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia [24] [25]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valjevo</span> City in Šumadija and Western Serbia, Serbia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Kosovo</span>

Kosovo is a relatively small country. Because of the climatic position and complicated structure of the relief it has a variety of climate systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crni Vrh (Bor)</span>

Crni vrh is a mountain in eastern Serbia, between towns of Bor and Žagubica. Its eponymous highest peak has an elevation of 1,043 m (3,422 ft) above sea level. It is a minor winter resort, and it has several ski tracks, although the infrastructure is in bad shape. However, in 2009 the municipality of Bor invested in reconstruction of the ski lift The main ski track is 1100 m long and has height span of 260 m.

References

  1. ↑ "Serbia :: Climate". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. pp. 5 of 71.
  2. ↑ Radovanović, M and Dučić, V, 2002, Variability of Climate in Serbia in the Second Half of the 20th century, EGS XXVII General Assembly, Nice, 21 April to 26 April 2002, abstract #2283, 27:2283–, provided by the Smithsonian / NASA Astrophysics Data System
  3. ↑ "Kossava". Glossary of Meteorology, Second Edition. American Meteorological Society. June 2000. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
  4. ↑ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-14.
  5. ↑ "RPK Uzice - TOURISM IN ZLATIBOR REGION". Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  6. ↑ "River Pčinja Valley | Travel 2 Serbia". Archived from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  7. 1 2 "Basic Climate Characteristics for the Territory of Serbia". Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10.
  8. ↑ "World Risk Report 2013 – Exposure to natural hazards" (PDF). Alliance Development Works. 2013. pp. 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2014.
  9. ↑ "River floods Serbia". European Centre for Climate Adaptation. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  10. ↑ "Serbia gets $300 million from World Bank to aid floods recovery". Reuters. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  11. ↑ "Minus trideset za početak". Vesti online.
  12. ↑ "Temperature Regime for Serbia (Standard Normal Period 1961–1990)". Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia – RHMZ. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  13. ↑ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1991–2020" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  14. ↑ "Belgrade, Serbia – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  15. ↑ "Station Belgrade–Triche" (in French). Meteo Climat. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  16. ↑ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1991–2020" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  17. ↑ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1981–2010" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  18. ↑ "Station Nis" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
  19. ↑ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1991–2020" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  20. ↑ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1981–2010" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  21. ↑ "Station Novi Sad" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  22. ↑ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1991–2020" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  23. ↑ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1981–2010" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  24. ↑ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1991–2020" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  25. ↑ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1981-2010" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
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