Tourism in Japan

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Mount Fuji, as seen from Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi Chuurei-tou Fujiyoshida 17025277650 c59733d6ba o.jpg
Mount Fuji, as seen from Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi
Crowds of tourists at Arayashima bamboo forest in Kyoto Tourists at the bamboo forest in Kyoto 2.jpg
Crowds of tourists at Arayashima bamboo forest in Kyoto

Tourism in Japan is a major industry and contributor to the Japanese economy. In 2019, the sector directly contributed 11 trillion yen (US$100 billion), or 2% of the GDP, and attracted 31.88 million international tourists. [1] [2] [3]

Contents

There are 26 World Heritage Sites in Japan, including Himeji Castle, Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto and Nara. Popular attractions for foreigners include Tokyo and Osaka, Mount Fuji, Kyoto, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, ski resorts such as Niseko in Hokkaido, Okinawa, riding the Shinkansen and taking advantage of Japan's hotel and hotspring network.

The 2024 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Japan 3rd out of 141 countries overall, which was the highest in Asia. Japan gained relatively high scores in almost all of the featured aspects, such as health and hygiene, safety and security, cultural resources and business travel. [4] Japan received a record 36.87 million tourist arrivals in 2024, an increase of over 47% from the year prior.

History

Throngs of tourists on their way to Himeji Castle in Himeji (WHS) Throngs of people walking towards Himeji Castle, Himeji, 2016.jpg
Throngs of tourists on their way to Himeji Castle in Himeji (WHS)

From the middle ages to early modern period

In medieval Japan, travel became increasingly common with cultural and aristocratic figures from Kyoto, and they initiated the genre of travel literature in Japan. Notable examples of travel literature from this period include the Tosa Nikki (935), part of the Sarashina Nikki (12th century), and the volume 4 of the Tohazugatari (1313). [5] By the late medieval period, supported by a network of inns offering fixed-rate lodging and meals, travel was widespread. Hot springs such as Kusatsu, Arima, and Gero gained fame, attracting notable figures such as warriors and monks. Tourist souvenirs including ladles and toothpicks were popular among visitors. Pilgrimages to Mount Fuji also flourished. [6]

Travelling was popularised through travel literature and ukiyo-e Hiroshige26 nissaka.jpg
Travelling was popularised through travel literature and ukiyo-e

During the Edo period, despite restrictions on travelling through checkpoints, guidebooks facilitated the popularisation of travel. Commoners with permits could undertake leisure trips, often disguised as pilgrimages. Inns, teahouses, and local products thrived, and travel information spread via diaries and ukiyo-e prints. Pilgrimages such as the Ise Grand Shrine’s Okage Mairi became major social phenomena, marking the beginnings of a modern tourism industry. However, foreign travel was extremely rare due to Japan's isolation policy. Matsuo Bashō's 1689 trip to the then "far north" of Japan, which inspired his famous haibun work Oku no Hosomichi, occurred not long after Hayashi Razan categorized the Three Views of Japan in 1643. During this time, Japan was a closed country to foreigners, so no foreign tourism existed in Japan.

Meiji era and international tourism

A 1930s travel advertisement by the Japanese Government Railways 1930s Japan Travel Poster - Fuji.jpg
A 1930s travel advertisement by the Japanese Government Railways

Japan opened its borders in the late Edo period, but due to its location in the Far East and the limited transport options, there were not many foreign visitors. Foreigners eventually gained the freedom to travel within Japan, and efforts to actively attract international tourists began on the Japanese side. In 1912, the Japan Travel Bureau (JTB) was established. Another major milestone in the development of the tourism industry in Japan was the 1907 passage of the Hotel Development Law, as a result of which the Railways Ministry began to construct publicly owned hotels throughout Japan. [7] During the interwar period, overseas travel to distant places such as Europe and the Americas was primarily limited to businesspeople, immigrants, and students, with leisure travel being mostly reserved for the wealthy.

In terms of domestic tourism, the dismantling of the feudal system, the development of transport networks such as railways and steamships, and the spread of information made domestic travel easier. Tourism-oriented travel became increasingly popular, and regions across Japan began developing themselves for sightseeing and leisure purposes. Long-distance domestic travel became accessible.

Postwar period

During the postwar Allied occupation period, most foreign tourists in Japan were GHQ personnel or visitors from the United States. In 1954, Konosuke Matsushita, the founder of Panasonic, contributed an article titled The Case for a Tourism-Oriented Nation to the Bungei Shunju. Matsushita argued that tourism could be considered a form of trade, and he pointed out that while exporting goods involves depleting Japan's resources, scenic attractions such as Mount Fuji and the Seto Inland Sea remain unchanged no matter how often they are viewed. He proposed that revenue earned through inbound tourism could be reinvested in other industries, and help rebuild the country's economy beyond its pre-war stature. [8]

The Visit Japan campaign, launched by the Koizumi administration in 2003 with the catchphrase 'Yokoso! Japan!', was the country's first government-backed initiative to promote inbound tourism. JAL B747-400(JA8916) (4184195679).jpg
The Visit Japan campaign, launched by the Koizumi administration in 2003 with the catchphrase 'Yokoso! Japan!', was the country's first government-backed initiative to promote inbound tourism.

For much of post-war period, Japan has been an exceptionally unattractive tourist destination for its population and GDP size. According to the IMF, WTO, and OECD, from 1995 to 2014, it was by far the least visited country. [9] As of 2013, Japan was one of the least visited countries in the OECD on a per capita basis. [10] Japan avoided campaigns to attract inbound tourists, especially because its large current account surplus had caused international friction with some countries. There were also factors such as Japan being the world's most expensive countries at the time (for example, Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006), as well as the language barrier. [11]

Active promotion of inbound tourism (21st century)

From 2013, under the Abe administration, policies to attract international tourists were implemented to offset the shrinking domestic demand caused by population decline and ageing. As a result, by 2014, for the first time in 55 years, income from foreign tourists exceeded the amount spent by Japanese tourists abroad, which means Japan finally ran a tourism surplus. Within six years, the number of international visitors has more than tripled, reaching 31.9 million visitors in 2019. [12]

Current status

Domestic tourism remains a vital part of Japanese economy and Japanese culture. Across the nation, Japanese children in many middle schools see the highlight of their years as a visit to Tokyo Tower, Yomiuriland, Tokyo Disneyland, Sensō-ji, and/or Tokyo Skytree, and many high school students often visit Okinawa or Hokkaido. The extensive rail network together with domestic flights sometimes in planes with modifications to favor the relatively short distances involved in intra-Japan travel allows efficient and speedy transport. International tourism plays a smaller role in the Japanese economy compared to other developed countries; in 2013, international tourist receipts was 0.3% of Japan's GDP, while the corresponding figure was 1.3% for the United States and 2.3% for France. In 2019, the value was up to 1.0% of GDP, driven by an increase in international tourism, while the country's GDP has remained stable. [13] [14]

Tourists from South Korea have made up the largest number of inbound tourists several times in the past. In 2010, their 2.4 million arrivals made up 27% of the tourists visiting Japan. [15] Travelers from China have been the highest spenders in Japan by country, spending an estimated 196.4 billion yen (US$2.4 billion) in 2011, or almost a quarter of total expenditure by foreign visitors, according to data from the Japan Tourism Agency. [16] From 2016 to 2020, Japanese government hoped to receive 40 million foreign tourists every year by 2020. [17] According to the Japan National Tourism Organization in 2017, 3 out of 4 foreign tourists came from other parts of East Asia, namely South Korea, mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. [18] Japanese film, TV, video game, and manga/anime industries play a role in driving tourism to Japan. In surveys held by Statista between 2019 and 2020, 24.2% of tourists from the United States, said they were motivated to visit Japan because of Japanese popular culture. [19]

Overtourism

Following the easing of COVID-19-era travel restrictions, 2024 is on track to be a record-breaking year for the number of overseas tourists. [20] This tourism boom can be attributed in part to the weakening Japanese yen. [20] The unprecedented number of foreign tourists has led to claims that some parts of Japan are suffering from overtourism. [20] [21]

In response to this surge, officials in some parts of Japan have introduced measures to counter its negative effects. For example, Yamanashi Prefecture has set a cap of daily climbers of Mount Fuji at 4,000 people and began charging an entrance fee of ¥2,000. [21] Also in Yamanashi Prefecture, a mesh barrier was set up to block a view of Mount Fuji behind a Lawson convenience store in Fujikawaguchiko due to tourist-caused disturbances in the area. [22]

As of 2024, some Japanese officials have considered instituting a two-tiered pricing system which would have foreign tourists pay more than residents at certain tourist attractions in order to counter the effects of overtourism. [23] [24]

Tourism statistics

Foreign tourists to Japan Foreign tourist visited Japan.svg
Foreign tourists to Japan

These are the top 35 nationalities that visited Japan from 2017 to 2024. [25] [26]

Country/TerritoryTotal
9/20242023202220212020201920182017
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 6,468,7156,958,4941,012,75118,947694,4765,584,5977,538,9527,140,200
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 5,247,7912,425,157189,12542,2391,069,2569,594,3948,380,0347,355,800
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 4,585,8904,202,434331,0975,016487,9394,890,6024,757,2584,564,100
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 1,971,9492,114,402269,2851,252346,0202,290,7922,207,8042,231,500
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 1,960,1462,045,854323,51320,026219,3072,187,5571,939,7191,756,732
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 751,993995,558198,0372,758219,8301,318,9771,132,160987,100
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 637,273613,06288,6483,265143,508621,771552,440496,100
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 542,822622,293126,8425,625109,110613,114503,976424,200
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 479,918573,916284,11326,586152,559495,051389,004308,900
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 417,316425,87455,8773,53653,365375,262330,600305,591
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 390,356591,267131,96985755,273492,252437,280404,100
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 350,601429,382119,7235,20977,724412,779396,852352,200
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 318,224321,48257,4967,29451,024424,279333,979310,499
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 318,136415,71274,0951,83176,573501,592468,360439,500
Flag of France.svg  France 283,844277,43652,7827,02443,102336,333304,896268,605
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 241,551233,41045,7485,19729,785236,544215,336195,606
Flag of India.svg  India 170,812166,39454,3148,83126,931175,896154,029134,371
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 168,732152,30523,6833,52713,691162,769150,060125,864
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 129,580115,87315,9263,05311,741130,243118,90199,814
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 107,08394,6849,1521,1249,52871,74568,44863,440
Flag of Macau.svg  Macau 89,10674,2521,3595412,234121,197108,694115,304
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 79,25178,97812,1071,40416,07094,11573,20864,873
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 78,65783,30275,20011,64817,19151,57744,29739,950
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 77,13074,48612,0641,8608,48179,47972,06963,041
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 63,83241,96510,3243,72322,260120,04394,81077,251
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 58,41750,5709,4362,7316,88847,57544,20142,207
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 54,00753,3958,9171,3876,03653,90852,09947,154
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar 52,80245,81522,7631,53110,88430,97724,41822,915
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 47,90740,6345,7451,3503,99638,53434,70628,727
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 44,68831,1987,1291,1612,88622,72419,76219,123
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 39,09939,91619,2671,6857,11831,51327,64723,365
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 39,09245,1437,6736192,31544,21439,19332,758
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 36,86836,74221,5363,1278,91828,38027,78927,904
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 36,69439,2457,9001,1127,62253,83653,82250,805
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 34,24934,3526,6111,1224,07439,24534,38732,054
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 29,83727,8123,1767283,17932,34926,50623,442
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 29,53730,7805,4037944,78032,89329,16325,235
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 27,92226,3605,0258883,60527,53024,18721,035
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 24,17622,9854,4588203,27039,38720,31918,591
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 22,82821,5413,7365573,62024,83822,56920,786
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 20,05327,06713,6187847,42028,49221,69617,857
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 20,04721,4044,6087364,85929,43727,11625,310
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 18,30119,55911,9811,7894,44415,17413,97112,878
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 17,91721,13211,4234,2846,14517,20815,80213,729
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 17,23715,3162,3765521,40914,83712,25010,390
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 14,32513,9582,4877531,67914,35612,25511,114
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 14,03613,1772,1987984,22023,80523,69218,610
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 13,65813,8081,9022763,38113,37014,08911,027
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 12,05112,3802,4031,03911,1527,4037,5547,587
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 11,07911,3162,5111,0341,30212,69610,4409,148
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 10,8889,5981,4954761,09811,7459,9668,795
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 10,4929,9691,8697441,0919,4947,9686,703
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 8,82010,2702,7052037708,8917,7827,106
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 8,5549,3572,5618381,62319,5439,7939,057
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 7,7438,5711,5116018905,4314,3914,125
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 7,3807,1452,1527467205,2525,1616,457
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 7,0046,3601,0243386276,3245,1064,529
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 6,7708,07551571,5671,2905,2435,5304,380
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 6,4606,7493,7951,0701,46610,1768,4587,094
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 6,3756,2261,2862726725,2604,4984,177
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 5,2686,3591,8041501,1696,1545,9875,398
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 4,8194,8162,2231,1871,2946,3454,9424,283
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 4,5885,1951,1962541,1916,0225,0484,549
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 4,4056,2921,159237424,8663,6263,699
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 4,2614,0676344144704,0993,4073,084
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 4,2153,7796763084933,3473,1873,027
Total (all countries)26,880,89225,066,3503,832,110245,8624,115,82831,882,04931,191,85628,690,900

Major tourist destinations

Goko Five Lakes in Shiretoko (WHS) 140829 Ichiko of Shiretoko Goko Lakes Hokkaido Japan01s5.jpg
Goko Five Lakes in Shiretoko (WHS)
Shirakami-Sanchi (WHS) Sirakami santi.JPG
Shirakami-Sanchi (WHS)
Shinjuku in Tokyo, and Mount Fuji Skyscrapers of Shinjuku 2009 January.jpg
Shinjuku in Tokyo, and Mount Fuji
Shirakawa-go (WHS) Ogi Shirakawa-go, Gifu, Japan.jpg
Shirakawa-gō (WHS)
Japanese Alps from Kamikochi Dakesawa.jpg
Japanese Alps from Kamikōchi
Todai-ji Daibutsu in Nara (WHS) Daibutsu of Todaiji 2.jpg
Tōdai-ji Daibutsu in Nara (WHS)
Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine (WHS) 180504 Shimizudani Refinery Ruins of Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine Oda Shimane pref Japan03s.jpg
Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine (WHS)
Shikoku Pilgrimage (Zentsu-ji) Zentsu-ji in Zentsu-ji City Kagawa pref16s5s4020.jpg
Shikoku Pilgrimage (Zentsū-ji)
Kumamoto Castle, Kumamoto Small tenshu & Uto turret & Large tenshu in Kumamoto-Csl.jpg
Kumamoto Castle, Kumamoto
Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Kabira Bay Ishigaki Island41s3s4500.jpg
Ishigaki Island, Okinawa

Hokkaido

Tōhoku region

Kantō region

Chūbu region

Kansai region

Chūgoku region

Shikoku

Kyushu and Okinawa

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shiga Prefecture</span> Prefecture of Japan

Shiga Prefecture is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Shiga Prefecture has a population of 1,412,916 as of 1 October 2015 and has a geographic area of 4,017 km2 (1,551 sq mi). Shiga Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the north, Gifu Prefecture to the northeast, Mie Prefecture to the southeast, and Kyoto Prefecture to the west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tochigi Prefecture</span> Prefecture of Japan

Tochigi Prefecture is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Tochigi Prefecture has a population of 1,897,649 and has a geographic area of 6,408 km². Tochigi Prefecture borders Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Gunma Prefecture to the west, Saitama Prefecture to the south, and Ibaraki Prefecture to the southeast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yamanashi Prefecture</span> Prefecture of Japan

Yamanashi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu. Yamanashi Prefecture has a population of 817,192 and has a geographic area of 4,465 km2. Yamanashi Prefecture borders Saitama Prefecture to the northeast, Nagano Prefecture to the northwest, Shizuoka Prefecture to the southwest, Kanagawa Prefecture to the southeast, and Tokyo to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kagawa Prefecture</span> Prefecture of Japan

Kagawa Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Kagawa Prefecture has a population of 949,358 and is the smallest prefecture by geographic area at 1,877 square kilometres (725 sq mi). Kagawa Prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture to the southwest and Tokushima Prefecture to the south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nan'yō, Yamagata</span> City in Tōhoku, Japan

Nan'yō is a city located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2020, the city had an estimated population of 31,112 in 11379 households, and a population density of 190 persons per km². The total area of the city is 160.52 square kilometres (62 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nikkō</span> City in Kantō, Japan

Nikkō is a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. As of 2 December 2020, the city's population was 80,239, in 36,531 households. The population density was 55 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 1,449.83 square kilometres (559.78 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Takayama, Gifu</span> City in Gifu Prefecture, Japan

Takayama is a city located in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 January 2019, the city had an estimated population of 88,473 in 35,644 households, and a population density of 41 persons per km2. The total area of the city was 2,177.61 square kilometers (840.78 sq mi) making it the largest city by area in Japan. The high altitude and separation from other areas of Japan kept the area fairly isolated, allowing Takayama to develop its own culture over about a 300-year period.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atami</span> City in Chūbu, Japan

Atami is a city located in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 May 2019, the city had an estimated population of 36,865 in 21,593 households and a population density of 600 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 61.78 square kilometres (23.85 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mishima, Shizuoka</span> City in Chūbu, Japan

Mishima is a city located in eastern Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 July 2019, the city had an estimated population of 109,803 in 49,323 households, and a population density of 1,800 persons per square kilometre. The total area of the city is 62.02 square kilometres (23.95 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fujinomiya, Shizuoka</span> City in Chūbu, Japan

Fujinomiya is a city located in central Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 July 2019, the city had an estimated population of 132,507 in 56,655 households, and a population density of 340 persons per km². The total area of the city is 388.99 square kilometres (150.19 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toyooka, Hyōgo</span> City in Kansai, Japan

Toyooka is a city in the northern part of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 March 2022, the city had an estimated population of 78,348 in 37769 households and a population density of 110 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 697.55 square kilometres (269.33 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hakone</span> Town in Kantō, Japan

Hakone is a town in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2023, the town had a population of 10,965, and total area of 92.82 km2 (35.84 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nikkō National Park</span> National Park in Kantō, Japan

Nikkō National Park is a national park in the Kantō region, on the main island of Honshū in Japan. The park spreads over three prefectures: Tochigi, Gunma and Fukushima, and was established in 1934.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ōtsu</span> Core city in Kansai

Ōtsu is the capital city of Shiga Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2021, the city had an estimated population of 343,991 in 153,458 households and a population density of 740 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 464.51 square kilometres (179.35 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matsuyama</span> Core city in Shikoku, Japan

Matsuyama is the capital city of Ehime Prefecture, on the island of Shikoku, in Japan and is also Shikoku's largest city. As of 1 October 2022, the city had an estimated population of 505,948 in 243,541 households and a population density of 1,200 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 429.35 square kilometres (165.77 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kumano Kodō</span> Ancient World Heritage Pilgrimage Route in Japan

The Kumano Kodō (熊野古道) is a series of ancient pilgrimage routes that crisscross the Kii Peninsula, the largest peninsula of Japan. These mountainous trails are used by pilgrims to the "Kumano Sanzan" (熊野三山) - the Three Grand Shrines of Kumano: Kumano Hongū Taisha (熊野本宮大社), Kumano Nachi Taisha (熊野那智大社) and Kumano Hayatama Taisha (熊野速玉大社). These three shrines are the holiest sites of the ancient syncretic Kumano religion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Overtourism</span> Excessive number of tourists

Overtourism is congestion or overcrowding from an excess of tourists, resulting in conflicts with locals. The World Tourism Organization defines overtourism as "the impact of tourism on a destination, or parts thereof, that excessively influences perceived quality of life of citizens and/or quality of visitor experiences in a negative way". This definition shows how overtourism can be observed both among locals, who view tourism as a disruptive factor that increasingly burdens daily life, as well as visitors, who may regard high numbers of tourists as a nuisance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yunomine Onsen</span> Thermal spring system and resort town

Yunomine Onsen is a hot spring system and resort town in Tanabe, near Hongu Town in southern Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. The Tsuboyu bath is located there, a UNESCO World Heritage site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inbound tourism to Japan</span>

Inbound tourism to Japan refers to travelers visiting Japan from abroad. This article covers its overall trends, impact on Japan's economy and society, and challenges involved.

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Further reading