International tourism is tourism that crosses national borders. Globalisation has made tourism a popular global leisure activity. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes". [1] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 500,000 people are in flight at any one time. [2]
In 2010, international tourism reached US$919B, growing 6.5% over 2009, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 4.7%. [3] In 2010, there were over 940 million international tourist arrivals worldwide. [4] By 2016 that number had risen to 1,235 million, producing 1,220 billion USD in destination spending. [5] The COVID-19 crisis had significant negative effects on international tourism significantly slowing the overall increasing trend.
International tourism has significant impacts on the environment, exacerbated in part by the problems created by air travel but also by other issues, including wealthy tourists bringing lifestyles that stress local infrastructure, water and trash systems among others.
As a result of the late-2000s recession, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009. [6] This negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4.2% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and a 5.7% decline in international tourism receipts. [7]
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the tourism industry due to the resulting travel restrictions as well as slump in demand among travelers. The tourism industry has been massively affected by the spread of coronavirus, as many countries have introduced travel restrictions in an attempt to contain its spread. [8] The United Nations World Tourism Organization estimated that global international tourist arrivals could have decreased by 58% to 78% in 2020, leading to a potential loss of US $0.9–1.2 trillion in international tourism receipts. [9]
In many of the world's cities, planned travel went down by 80–90%. [10] Conflicting and unilateral travel restrictions occurred regionally [11] [12] and many tourist attractions around the world, such as museums, amusement parks, gyms and sports venues closed down. After March 2020, tourist firms' connectivity has skyrocketed. Restaurants are the most significantly impacted subsectors of tourism, followed by airline firms. [13] UNWTO reported a 65% drop in international tourist arrivals in the first six months of 2020. [14] Air passenger travel showed a similar decline. [15] The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development released a report in June 2021 stating that the global economy could lose over US$4 trillion as a result of the pandemic. [16]Some people have taken advantage of airlines drastically reducing their fares to travel for leisure despite multiple warnings to remain at home, along with two-week self-quarantine requirements upon arrival or return from travel. [17] A number of college students tested positive for COVID-19 after returning from traditional spring break destinations such as the Florida beaches, South Padre Island, and Cabo San Lucas. [18] Many tourism venues such as museums, visitor centers, restaurants and hotels mandated COVID-19 vaccination for their staff or visitors. [19] Research has shown that tourists have varying levels of belief on COVID-19 vaccination in terms of its effectiveness and side effects, which have impact on the preferences of tourists to preference to visit or use "vaccinated venues". [19]
Together with a decreased willingness to travel, the restrictions have had a negative economic impact on the travel sector in those regions. A possible long-term impact has been a decline of business travel and international conferencing, and the rise of their virtual, online equivalents. [20] Concerns have been raised over the effectiveness of travel restrictions to contain the spread of COVID-19. [21] [22]
In Cambodia, Foreign arrivals in March 2020 fell by 65% year-on-year. [23] Angkor Wat, usually crowded with thousands of tourists per day, was left almost deserted, with an average of 22 ticket sales per day for the whole Angkor National Park during April 2020. [24] [25] [26] In Vietnam, Foreign arrivals in April 2020 fell by 98% year-on-year. [27]
Tourism in Hawaii went on hiatus. Tourist arrivals in Hawaii down nearly 100% in April 2020 [28] and its 14-day mandatory quarantine kept tourism low. [28] A number of tourists who came to the state but did not follow the quarantine were arrested. [29] In June 2020, Hawaii had still not set a date for reopening to out-of-state tourism. [30] As of 16 June, the quarantine would be lifted for inter-island tourism. [31] Florida tourism had a year-over-year 11% drop in the first quarter of 2020. [32] During the pandemic in Door County, Wisconsin, hundreds of seasonal residents relocated to the county earlier in the spring than they typically do. [33] In 2020, staycations became popular in the United States, where most people spent their vacation time at or close to home. Most vacation travel was done by car, as gas prices are low and many people prefer to wait to the last minute to plan trips due to uncertainties. There were sharp declines in travel by air, cruise ship, bus and rail. [34]
In Australia, Tourism bodies have suggested that the total economic cost to the sector, as of 11 February 2020, would be A$4.5 billion. Casino earnings are expected to fall. [35] At least two localities in Australia, Cairns and the Gold Coast, have reported already lost earnings of more than $600 million. [36] The Australian Tourism Industry Council (ATIC) called on the Government of Australia for financial support especially in light of the large number of small businesses affected. [37] In March, national travel agency Flight Centre has indefinitely closed 100 stores throughout Australia, due to significantly lower demand for travel. [38] It also suffered a 75% decline in share price, [39] and announced that 6,000 staff would be made redundant or placed on unpaid leave globally. [40]
International tourist arrivals reached 1.035 billion in 2012, up from over 996 million in 2011, and 952 million in 2010. [41] In 2011 and 2012, international travel demand continued to recover from the losses resulting from the late-2000s recession, where tourism suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009. After a 5% increase in the first half of 2008, growth in international tourist arrivals moved into negative territory in the second half of 2008, and ended up only 2% for the year, compared to a 7% increase in 2007. [42] The negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4.2% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and a 5.7% decline in international tourism receipts. [43]
In 2019, there were 1.460 billion international tourist arrivals worldwide, with a growth of 3.7% as compared to 2018. [44] The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten destinations as the most visited in terms of the number of international travelers in 2019.
Rank | Destination | International tourist arrivals (2019) [44] | International tourist arrivals (2018) [44] | Change (2018 to 2019) (%) | Change (2017 to 2018) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | France | 89 million [lower-roman 1] | 89.4 million | N/A | 2.9 |
2 | Spain | 83.5 million | 82.8 million | 0.8 | 1.1 |
3 | United States | 79.3 million | 79.7 million | 0.6 | 3.3 |
4 | China | 65.7 million | 62.9 million | 4.5 | 3.6 |
5 | Italy | 64.5 million | 61.6 million | 4.8 | 5.7 |
6 | Turkey | 51.2 million | 45.8 million | 11.9 | 21.7 |
7 | Mexico | 45.0 million | 41.3 million | 9.0 | 5.1 |
8 | Thailand | 39.8 million | 38.2 million | 4.3 | 7.3 |
9 | Germany | 39.6 million | 38.9 million | 1.8 | 3.8 |
10 | United Kingdom | 39.4 million | 38.7 million | 1.9 | 2.2 |
Notes
|
The World Tourism Organization reports that international tourism receipts were US$1.7 trillion in 2018, an increase in real terms of 4% over 2017. [45] The top ten tourism earners in 2018 were:
Rank | Country/Area | International tourism receipts (2018) [45] |
---|---|---|
1 | United States | $214.00 billion |
2 | Spain | $74.00 billion |
3 | France | $67.00 billion |
4 | Thailand | $63.00 billion |
5 | United Kingdom | $52.00 billion |
6 | Italy | $49.00 billion |
7 | Egypt | $45.00 billion |
8 | Germany | $43.00 billion |
9 | Japan | $41.00 billion |
10 | China | $40.00 billion |
The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2018. [45]
Rank | Country | International tourism expenditure (2018) [45] |
---|---|---|
1 | China | $277 billion |
2 | United States | $144 billion |
3 | Germany | $94 billion |
4 | United Kingdom | $76 billion |
5 | France | $48 billion |
6 | Australia | $37 billion |
7 | Russia | $35 billion |
8 | Canada | $33 billion |
9 | South Korea | $32 billion |
10 | Italy | $30 billion |
Euromonitor International rated these the world's most visited cities by international tourists in 2017: [46]
Rank | City | Country | International tourist arrivals [47] |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Hong Kong | China | 27.88 million |
2 | Bangkok | Thailand | 22.45 million |
3 | London | United Kingdom | 19.82 million |
4 | Singapore | Singapore | 17.61 million |
5 | Cairo | Egypt | 17.33 million |
6 | Paris | France | 15.83 million |
7 | Dubai | United Arab Emirates | 15.79 million |
8 | New York City | United States | 13.10 million |
9 | Macau | China | 12.84 million |
10 | Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia | 12.47 million |
Rank | Country | Percentage |
---|---|---|
1 | Myanmar | 73.5% |
2 | Sudan | 49.8% |
3 | Azerbaijan | 36.4% |
4 | Qatar | 34.1% |
5 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 30.1% |
6 | Sri Lanka | 26.4% |
7 | Cameroon | 25.5% |
8 | Georgia | 22.7% |
9 | Iceland | 20.0% |
10 | Kyrgyzstan | 19.5% |
Rank | Country | Percentage |
---|---|---|
1 | Azerbaijan | 46.1% |
2 | Mongolia | 24.4% |
3 | Iceland | 20.1% |
4 | Cyprus | 15.4% |
5 | Kazakhstan | 15.2% |
6 | Moldova | 14.2% |
7 | Costa Rica | 12.1% |
8 | Georgia | 11.2% |
9 | Sri Lanka | 10.7% |
10 | Thailand | 10.7% |
Tourism is travel for pleasure, and the commercial activity of providing and supporting such travel. UN Tourism defines tourism more generally, in terms which go "beyond the common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only", as people "travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure and not less than 24 hours, business and other purposes". Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments.
UN Tourism is a specialized agency of the United Nations which promotes responsible, sustainable and universally-accessible tourism. Its headquarters are in Madrid, Spain. Other offices include: a Regional Support Office for Asia and the Pacific in Nara, Japan and a Regional Office for the Middle East in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Tourism plays a significant part in the economic life of England. In 2018, the United Kingdom as a whole was the world's 10th most visited country for tourists, and 17 of the United Kingdom's 25 UNESCO World Heritage Sites fall within England.
Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts. Turkey has also become a popular destination for culture, spa, and health care. Since 2021, Turkey is the fourth most visited country in the world.
Tourism in Bahrain: Bahrain receives four million tourists a year. Most visitors are from Arab states of the Persian Gulf but there are an increasing number of tourists from outside the region.
Sustainable tourism is a concept that covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social, and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences and addressing the needs of host communities. Sustainable tourism should embrace concerns for environmental protection, social equity, and the quality of life, cultural diversity, and a dynamic, viable economy delivering jobs and prosperity for all. It has its roots in sustainable development and there can be some confusion as to what "sustainable tourism" means. There is now broad consensus that tourism should be sustainable. In fact, all forms of tourism have the potential to be sustainable if planned, developed and managed properly. Tourist development organizations are promoting sustainable tourism practices in order to mitigate negative effects caused by the growing impact of tourism, for example its environmental impacts.
Tourism is an economic contributor to the Kingdom of Thailand. Estimates of tourism revenue directly contributing to the GDP of 12 trillion baht range from one trillion baht (2013) 2.53 trillion baht (2016), the equivalent of 9% to 17.7% of GDP. When including indirect travel and tourism receipts, the 2014 total is estimated to be the equivalent of 19.3% of Thailand's GDP. According to the secretary-general of the Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council in 2019, projections indicate the tourism sector will account for 30% of GDP by 2030, up from 20% in 2019, Thailand expects to receive 80 million visitors in 2027.
Tourism is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of Brazil. The country had 6.589 million visitors in 2018, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the second main destination in South America after Argentina and third in Latin America after Mexico and Argentina. Revenues from international tourists reached US$5.8 billion in 2015, continuing a recovery trend from the 2008–2009 economic crisis.
The World Tourism rankings are compiled by the United Nations World Tourism Organization as part of their World Tourism Barometer publication, which is released up to six times per year. In the publication, destinations are ranked by the number of international visitor arrivals, by the revenue generated by inbound tourism, and by the expenditure of outbound travelers.
Tourism in Vietnam is a component of the modern Vietnamese economy. In 2019, Vietnam received 18 million international arrivals, up from 2.1 million in the year 2000. The Vietnam National Administration of Tourism is following a long-term plan to diversify the tourism industry, which brings foreign exchange into the country.
Tourism in Costa Rica has been one of the fastest growing economic sectors of the country and by 1995 became the largest foreign exchange earner. Since 1999, tourism has earned more foreign exchange than bananas, pineapples and coffee exports combined. The tourism boom began in 1987, with the number of visitors up from 329,000 in 1988, through 1.03 million in 1999, over 2 million in 2008, to a historical record of 2.66 million foreign visitors in 2015. In 2012, tourism contributed with 12.5% of the country's GDP and it was responsible for 11.7% of direct and indirect employment. In 2009, tourism attracted 17% of foreign direct investment inflows, and 13% in average between 2000 and 2009. In 2010, the tourism industry was responsible for 21.2% of foreign exchange generated by all exports. According to a 2007 report by ECLAC, tourism contributed to a reduction in poverty of 3% in the country.
Overtourism is congestion or overcrowding from an excess of tourists, resulting in conflicts with locals. The World Tourism Organization defines overtourism as "the impact of tourism on a destination, or parts thereof, that excessively influences perceived quality of life of citizens and/or quality of visitor experiences in a negative way". This definition shows how overtourism can be observed both among locals, who view tourism as a disruptive factor that increasingly burdens daily life, as well as visitors, who may regard high numbers of tourists as a nuisance.
Zurab Pololikashvili is a Georgian politician and diplomat, currently serving as Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization. From 2005 to 2009 he was the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, and he served as ambassador to Spain, Morocco, Algeria and Andorra.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries and territories imposed quarantines, entry bans, or other travel restrictions for citizens of or recent travelers to the most affected areas. Some countries and territories imposed global restrictions that apply to all foreign countries and territories, or prevented their own citizens from travelling overseas.
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Cyprus on 9 March 2020. Data released by the Cypriot government includes cases in the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, but does not include cases in Northern Cyprus due to the long-running Cyprus dispute.
The COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia was a part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The first imported case in Cambodia was detected in Sihanoukville on 27 January 2020. Although a number of imported cases and transmission to direct contacts were confirmed throughout 2020, no community transmission was detected until 29 November 2020. As of July 2021, Phnom Penh has been the most affected province with the majority of infections and deaths. Banteay Meanchey has the second-highest number of infections, whereas Kandal has second-highest number of deaths.
The COVID-19 pandemic in Belize is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached Belize on 23 March 2020.
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the tourism industry due to the resulting travel restrictions as well as slump in demand among travelers. The tourism industry has been massively affected by the spread of coronavirus, as many countries have introduced travel restrictions in an attempt to contain its spread. The United Nations World Tourism Organization estimated that global international tourist arrivals could have decreased by 58% to 78% in 2020, leading to a potential loss of US $0.9–1.2 trillion in international tourism receipts.
The COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. As of 30 October 2021, 12,841 first doses and 12,498 second doses of vaccine had been administered, which represents over 97% of the eligible population (12+) fully vaccinated.
This article documents the chronology of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020, which originated in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Some developments may become known or fully understood only in retrospect. Reporting on this pandemic began in December 2019.