Geotourism

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Geological sustainable tourism aims to conserve and promote a place as a geosite, such as the Iguazu Falls in South America Foz de Iguacu 27 Panorama Nov 2005.jpg
Geological sustainable tourism aims to conserve and promote a place as a geosite, such as the Iguazu Falls in South America

Geotourism is tourism associated with geological attractions and destinations. [1] Geotourism (tourism with a geological base) deals with the abiotic natural and built environments. [2] Geotourism was first defined in England by Thomas Alfred Hose in 1995. [3]

Contents

Definitions of modern geotourism

Geopark of Paleorrota, in Brazil Karamuru museu1x.jpg
Geopark of Paleorrota, in Brazil

Most of the world defines geotourism as purely the study of geological and geomorphological features. The key definitions of modern geotourism (abiotic nature-based tourism) include:

  1. "...part of the tourist's activity in which they have the geological patrimony as their main attraction. Their objective is to search for protected patrimony through the conservation of their resources and of the tourist's Environmental Awareness. For that, the use of the interpretation of the patrimony makes it accessible to the lay public, promoting its popularization and the development of the Earth sciences". [4]
  2. "Geotourism is a knowledge-based tourism, an interdisciplinary integration of the tourism industry with conservation and interpretation of abiotic nature attributes, besides considering related cultural issues, within the geosites for the general public". [2]
  3. "A form of natural area tourism that specifically focuses on landscape and geology. It promotes tourism to geosites and the conservation of geo-diversity and an understanding of Earth sciences through appreciation and learning. This is achieved through independent visits to geological features, use of geo-trails and viewpoints, guided tours, geo-activities and patronage of geosite visitor centers". [5]
  4. "The provision of interpretative and service facilities for geosites and geomorphosites and their encompassing topography, together with their associated in-situ and ex-situ artefacts, to constituency-build for their conservation by generating appreciation, learning and research by and for current and future generations". [3]

Geotourism (abiotic nature-based tourism), a new approach

According to Sadry (2009),in the past, nature-based tourism activities largely focused on living things (namely biotic nature attractions/biodiversity phenomena).As a result, visiting natural areas and their unique flora and fauna, gradually led to the development of ecotourism, wildlife tourism, and other similar tourism types. Recently, in the 21st century, geotourism has emerged to deal with non-living parts of the natural environment. Geological features and landforms are examples of abiotic nature or geodiversity phenomena. [6]

Geotourism adds to ecotourism's principal focus on plants (flora) and animals (fauna) by adding a third dimension to the abiotic environment. Thus it is growing around the world through the growth of geoparks as well as independently in many natural and urban areas where tourism focus in on the geological environment.

Official launch of the Dogu'a Tembien geo-trekking guide Official launch of geo-trekking guide.jpg
Official launch of the Dogu'a Tembien geo-trekking guide

"Looking at the environment in a simplistic manner, we see that it is made up of Abiotic, Biotic and Cultural(ABC) attributes. Starting with the 'C' or cultural component first, we note that of three features it is this one which is generally the most known and interpreted, that is, through information about the built or cultural environment either in the past (historical accounts) or present (community customs and culture). The 'B' or biotic features of fauna (animals) and flora (plants) has seen a large focus of interpretation and understanding through ecotourism. But it is the first attribute of the 'A' or abiotic features including rocks, landforms and processes that has received the least attention in tourism, and consequently is the least known and understood. This holistic approach to tourism is growing rapidly around the world and It is powering UNESCO Global Geoparks which are now on virtually every continent [7] This then is the real power of geotourism, in that it puts the tourist spotlight firmly on geology, and brings it to the forefront of our understanding through tourism". [5]

Comparison with ecotourism

Geotourism is often confused with ecotourism, due to close definitions of the terms. Geotourism is geodiversity-centred while ecotourism is biodiversity-centred. Geotourism activities focus on providing the recreation geology contexts for visitors. Three core elements within the concept of geotourism have been recognised that distinguish this concept from ecotourism, namely: 1. Abiotic nature as the main attraction;2. Geological heritage interpretation; and 3. Positive outcomes for nature and local residents Geotourism is a sister category to ecotourism. Geotourism is distinguished to be focused on abiotic nature and built environments dealing with geology and geomorphology while ecotourism is focused on the living nature dealing with ecology and living things. [8] [9]

Sectors

Geotourism sectors include: [10] [11] [12] [13]

Geotourism Marketing

Geotourism stakeholders are the local people, geo-visitors, travel agencies, business owners, etc., just like the tourism stakeholders. Schools and universities could also be considered as stakeholders in geotourism when discussing geopark development. Marketing strategies practiced in UNESCO Global Geoparks include professional internal and external marketing tools such as brochures, magazines, newsletters, websites, social media platforms; as well as public relation activities, such as participating trade shows; advertising campaigns and even joint marketing through networking on regional, national, and international level. [14] Since geotourism emphasizes the abiotic nature, environmental protection, and the local community, it is important that destinations, such as geoparks, focus their marketing efforts for geotourism in a sustainable manner; so that, the environment including the geoheritages and the local community would benefit most. [15]

Geosites

A geosite is a location that has a particular geological or geomorphological significance. As well as its inherent geological characteristics it may also have cultural or heritage significance.[ citation needed ] Geosites, geological or geomorphological sites with a recognised value determined through an audit, assessment, and selection process, are subject to a range of threats (Prosser et al., 2018).

The Example of Geotourism

All UNESCO Global Geoparks and national geoparks around the world and all geotourism sites such as historical mines, caves, and... are manifestations of the geotourism industry. [16]

Geodiversity

Geodiversity is the variety of earth materials, forms, and processes that constitute and shape the Earth, either the whole or a specific part of it. The term geodiversity is strongly linked to other neologisms such as geoconservation, geoheritage or even geo-indicators. All these terms promote the idea that human activities threaten the diversity of rocks, soils, and landforms as well as the dynamics of the processes that generate them. [17]

Geotrails

According to the Geological Society of Australia, a geotrail "delivers geotourism experiences through a journey linked by an area's geology and landscape as the basis for providing visitor engagement, learning and enjoyment". [18] Geotrail definition is ‘A guided or self-guided trail of multiple geosites that interprets geology and landscape’. [19]

Geoparks

A geopark is a unified area that advances the protection and use of geological heritage in a sustainable way, and promotes the economic well-being of the people who live there. Geotourism has been developed from an unknown niche trend to an approach in the tourism industry since 2004, due to the UNESCO support for the global geopark movement in the 21st century. The potential activities within geoparks ranging from visiting cultural heritage to natural attractions, agriculture, and even dark tourism.

Geoconservation

Geoconservation is the practice of recognising, protecting and managing sites and landscapes which have value for their geology or geomorphology. Geoconservation is carried out by a wide range of organisations from local geological societies to government agencies. Typically the conservation of geodiversity at a site or within a landscape takes place alongside that of biodiversity.[ citation needed ]

Sustainable Practices and Community Impact in Geotourism

Geotourism emphasizes the conservation and appreciation of a region's geological features while typically fostering sustainable tourism practices. One notable aspect of geotourism is its integration with eco-tourism principles, often promoting both the preservation of unique geological formations but also the education and engagement of visitors. For example, UNESCO Global Geoparks play a vital role in geotourism by serving as hubs for scientific research, local cultural preservation, and community-led development. These parks highlight geological heritage through interpretive centers, guided tours, and interactive exhibits that connect visitors to the Earth's history.

Additionally, geotourism contributes to the socio-economic well-being of local communities. By creating opportunities for small-scale enterprises, such as eco-lodges, craft markets, and guided trekking experiences, geotourism empowers residents to sustain their livelihoods while protecting natural resources . This tourism model also addresses environmental challenges by often encouraging low-impact practices like renewable energy use and waste reduction in tourist operations, ensuring the long-term viability of geosites for future generations .

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geopark</span> Internationally protected area that advances the use of geological heritage in a sustainable way

A geopark is a protected area with internationally significant geology within which sustainable development is sought and which includes tourism, conservation, education and research concerning not just geology but other relevant sciences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Pennines</span> Range of hills in northern England

The North Pennines is the northernmost section of the Pennine range of hills which runs north–south through northern England. It lies between Carlisle to the west and Darlington to the east, straddling the borders of the counties of Cumbria, Durham, Northumberland and North Yorkshire. It is bounded to the north by the Tyne Valley and to the south by the Stainmore Gap.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geodiversity</span>

Geodiversity is the variety of earth materials, forms and processes that constitute and shape the Earth, either the whole or a specific part of it. Relevant materials include minerals, rocks, sediments, fossils, soils and water. Forms may comprise folds, faults, landforms and other expressions of morphology or relations between units of earth material. Any natural process that continues to act upon, maintain or modify either material or form represents another aspect of geodiversity. However geodiversity is not normally defined to include the likes of landscaping, concrete or other significant human influence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesvos Petrified Forest</span> Petrified wood forest found on the island of Lesbos, Greece

The Lesvos Petrified Forest is a petrified wood forest on the island of Lesbos, Greece.

Geological Park Iskar–Panega is an UNESCO-run Geopark in Northern Bulgaria, located 3 km south of the municipal centre Lukovit. It consists of two sections: the Karlukovo Karst Complex lies in the valley of the Iskar River, while the Roadside Landscape Park "Panega" is at the Zlatna Panega valley. Started in 2006, it became the first geopark in Bulgaria, and created temporary employment for 20 previously unemployed people. Another economic effect was that the number of overnights at main lodging facilities in Lukovit increased by 40%, and the number of visits to the city and region rose significantly.

The European Geoparks Network (EGN) functions as the regional organization of the Global Geoparks Network (GGN) and the UNESCO International Geosciences and Geoparks Programme (UNESCO-IGGP). Its main objective is to ensure cooperation between geoparks for the protection of geological heritage and the promotion of sustainable development of their territories in Europe. In 2020 January, the EGN had 75 institutional members from 26 European countries and there are several aspiring geopark projects, applying for a UNESCO label and therefore the permanent EGN membership.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psiloritis Natural Park</span> Central Cretan UNESCO Global Geopark.

Psiloritis Natural or Nature Park is a UNESCO Global geopark located in the central part of the island of Crete, in southern Greece.

GeoMôn UNESCO Global Geopark is a Geopark covering the entire island of Anglesey in north Wales. It was admitted to the European Geoparks Network and to the UNESCO-assisted Global Network of National Geoparks in May 2009. It was the second Geopark to be designated in Wales, the seventh within the United Kingdom and the thirty-third in Europe. The UNESCO Geopark designation reflects the diversity of the island's geology, which encompasses solid rocks from the Precambrian to the Neogene with some Miocene sediments and extensive Pleistocene glaciation features from the Quaternary period. GeoMôn covers 720 square kilometres and has 125 miles of coastal walks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UNESCO Global Geoparks</span> Geoparks certified by the UNESCO Global Geoparks Council

UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGp) are geoparks certified by the UNESCO Global Geoparks Council as meeting all the requirements for belonging to the Global Geoparks Network (GGN). The GGN is both a network of geoparks and the agency of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). that administers the network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dunhuang Yardang National Geopark</span> Dunhuang UNESCO National Geopark.

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Geoheritage is the geological aspect of natural and cultural heritage. A geosite is a particular geological heritage asset. It is a heritage category comparable to other forms of natural heritage, such as biodiversity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San'in Kaigan Geopark</span> Geopark in Japan

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azores Geopark</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asia Pacific Geoparks Network</span> A regional network of Geoparks.

The Asia Pacific Geoparks Network (APGN) is the regional geopark network of the Global Geoparks Network (GGN) and the UNESCO International Geosciences and Geoparks Programme (UNESCO-IGGP). Its main role is to coordinate the activities of GGN in the UNESCO regions of Asia and the Pacific, to promote networking between global geoparks and geopark professionals in the region and to provide support for sustainable economic development in geopark areas. As of 2020 February, the APGN had 60 institutional members in countries. The Pacific region is currently not represented by a global geopark, but there are ongoing geopark projects, just as in other countries of Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cultural sustainability</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Degol Woyane</span> Municipality in Ethiopia

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Geoconservation is the practice of recognising, protecting and managing sites and landscapes which have value for their geology or geomorphology. The conservation of these geological sites is through government agencies and local geological societies in areas such as Europe and Africa. The designation of these sites is done through an analysis of the site, and the production of proper management infrastructure. The principles of geoconservation are to create a means of protection for the sites, and assess their value to the geological community. Typically the conservation of geodiversity at a site or within a landscape takes place alongside that of biodiversity.

References

  1. ↑ Dowling, R. & Newsome, D. (Eds.)(2006) Geotourism ; Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
  2. 1 2 Sadry, B.N.(2009)Fundamentals of Geotourism: with special emphasis on Iran, SAMT Organization publishers,Tehran.220p.(English Summary available Online at: https://journals.openedition.org/physio-geo/4873?lang=en
  3. 1 2 Hose, T. A. (2012), "3G's for Modern Geotourism", Geoheritage Journal , 4: 7-24
  4. ↑ Ruchkys U de A (2007) Patrimônio Geológico e Geoconservação no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais: potencial para criação de um geoparque da UNESCO. Tese de Doutorado—Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
  5. 1 2 Newsome,D. and Dowling, R.K.(Eds.)(2010) Geotourism: The Tourism of Geology and Landscape, Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers
  6. ↑ Sadry,B.N.; Mohamed Abdel Maksoud, K.; Zahabnazouri, S. (2023) Geotourism Development in the Middle East: A comparative study of Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Jordan. In: Stella Kladou and Konstantinos Andriotis and Anna Farmaki and Dimitrios Stylidis (Ed.) Tourism Development and Planning in the Middle East; CABI, UK (pp. 126-141)
  7. ↑ Allan, M., Dowling, R. (eds)(2023) Geotourism in the Middle East (Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism). Springer, Cham
  8. ↑ Sadry, B.N. (Ed.) (2021) The Geotourism Industry in the 21st Century: The Origin, Principles, and Futuristic Approach;Palm Bay, Florida: Apple Academic Press
  9. ↑ Sadry, B.N. & Fehrest, F. (2022) 'Geotourism Marketing'. In: D. Buhalis (ed.), Encyclopedia of Tourism Management and Marketing,(Volume 2) Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing(pp. 415–418).
  10. ↑ Sadry,B.N.(2021) Space and Celestial Geotourism.In: B.N.Sadry (Ed.) The Geotourism Industry in the 21st Century: The Origin, Principles, and Futuristic Approach; Palm Bay,Florida: Apple Academic Press(pp. 481-506)
  11. ↑ Maghsoudi, M., Moradi, A. & Moradipour, F. Aerial Geotourism: New Branch of Geotourism for Promoting Geoconservation (Examples from Iran). Geoheritage 13, 4 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00526-8
  12. ↑ Erfurt-Cooper, P.& Cooper, M. (Eds.)(2010)Volcano and Geothermal Tourism:Sustainable Geo-Resources for Leisure and Recreation; Routledge Publishing
  13. ↑ Allan, M.(2021) Accessible Geotourism: Constraints and Implications. In: B.N.Sadry (Ed.) The Geotourism Industry in the 21st Century: The Origin, Principles, and Futuristic Approach; Palm Bay, Florida: Apple Academic Press(pp. 473-479)
  14. ↑ Frey, M.L., 2021. Geotourism—Examining Tools for Sustainable Development. Geosciences, 11(1), p.30.
  15. ↑ Sadry, B.N. & Fehrest, F. (2022) 'Geotourism Marketing'. In: D. Buhalis (ed.), Encyclopedia of Tourism Management and Marketing,(Volume 2) Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing(pp. 415–418).
  16. ↑ Sadry, B.N. & Fehrest, F. (2022) 'Geotourism Marketing'. In: D. Buhalis (ed.), Encyclopedia of Tourism Management and Marketing,(Volume 2) Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing(pp. 415–418).
  17. ↑ GRAY, Murray (2004) Geodiversity, valuing and conserving abiotic nature. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 434 p.
  18. ↑ https://www.gsa.org.au/Public/Public/Geotourism/GSA%20Geotourism.aspx/ [ bare URL ]
  19. ↑ "What is a Geotrail – Geoparks Australia".

Further reading

In a 500-word news article in 2020, one author (B.N. Sadry) mentioned many books on geotourism and chose their seven major reference books: [1]

  1. ↑ Sadry,B.N., Geotourism Books: An overview on Geoconservation Concept through Geotourism, ProGeo News 2020: no.4, p.2
  2. ↑ Dowling, R. & Newsome, D. (Eds.)(2006) Geotourism ; Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
  3. ↑ Dowling, R. & Newsome, D. (Eds.) (2010) Global Geotourism Perspectives; Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers
  4. ↑ Newsome,D. and Dowling, R.K. (Eds.)(2010) Geotourism: The Tourism of Geology and Landscape, Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers
  5. ↑ Hose, T.A. (Ed.)(2016) Geoheritage and Geotourism: A European Perspective; Boydell Press, UK
  6. ↑ Reynard, E. & Brilha, J. (Eds.) (2018) Geoheritage : Assessment, Protection, and Management, Amsterdam: Elsevier
  7. ↑ Dowling, R. & Newsome, D. (Eds.) (2018) A Handbook of Geotourism, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing
  8. ↑ Sadry, B.N. (Ed.) (2021) The Geotourism Industry in the 21st Century: The Origin, Principles, and Futuristic Approach;Palm Bay,Florida: Apple Academic Press.
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