Selimiye Mosque, Edirne

Last updated
Selimiye Mosque
Selimiye Mosque (15051985908) (cropped).jpg
Religion
Affiliation Sunni Islam
Location
Location Edirne, Turkey
Turkey adm location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location of the mosque in Turkey.
Geographic coordinates 41°40′41″N26°33′34″E / 41.67806°N 26.55944°E / 41.67806; 26.55944
Architecture
Architect(s) Mimar Sinan
TypeMosque
Style Ottoman architecture
Groundbreaking1568
Completed1574
Specifications
Height (max)43 m (141 ft)
Dome dia. (outer)31.2 m (102 ft)
Minaret(s)4
Minaret height83 m (272 ft) [1]
Materials cut stone, marble
Official name: Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
TypeCultural
Criteriai, iv
Designated2011 (35th session)
Reference no. 1366
State PartyFlag of Turkey.svg  Turkey
Region Europe and North America

The Selimiye Mosque (Turkish : Selimiye Camii) is an Ottoman imperial mosque, located in the city of Edirne (formerly Adrianople), Turkey. It was commissioned by Sultan Selim II and was built by the imperial architect Mimar Sinan between 1568 and 1575. [2] It was considered by Sinan to be his masterpiece and is one of the highest achievements of Islamic architecture as a whole and Ottoman architecture in particular. [3]

Contents

The mosque, together with its külliye, was included on UNESCO's World Heritage List in 2011. [4]

History

Construction

The Selimiye Mosque was built at the peak of Ottoman military and cultural power. Sultan Selim II, the son and successor of Suleiman the Magnificent, chose Edirne instead of Istanbul (the Ottoman capital) as the location to build his own sultanic mosque. The reasons for this decision are a matter of debate among historians. [5] Selim II appeared to have a passion for the city, having served as its governor between 1548 and 1550, and he visited it frequently after becoming sultan. [6] [7] Edirne, a former Ottoman capital, was also one of the most important cities in the empire and a major stop on the imperial highway between Istanbul and the Balkan provinces. [6] [7] Other motivations may have included the fact that there were no more prominent hilltop sites in Istanbul available for the construction of an imperial mosque complex – at least not without resorting to mass expropriations. [8] [7] At the time of the mosque's commission, Selim II had also not commanded a victorious military campaign, which Islamic scholars of the time considered to be a requirement for building a sultanic mosque in Istanbul. [8]

In March 1568 Selim II had asked Sinan to renovate the city's Old Mosque. Plans for a new imperial mosque, located on the hilltop above the Old Mosque, were probably begun around the same time. [6] Construction on the mosque was begun in 1568 or 1569 (976 AH) and completed in 1574 or 1575 (982 AH). [9] [10] [11] The mosque's construction and its waqf (charitable endowment) were ultimately funded with the help of the sultan's share of the spoils from the successful conquest of Cyprus, which was completed in 1571 with the surrender of Famagusta. [9] Selim II died in December 1574, before he was able to see the mosque fully completed. [12]

Later history

The mosque underwent its first repairs by Sinan in 1584, after minor damage caused by lightning. An earthquake in 1752 also caused minor damage. [13] In 1808 some of the calligraphic decoration in the mosque was restored and a roof was added over the courtyard fountain, though it has since disappeared. During the reign of Abdülmecid I (1839–1861), the mosque's interior was re-plastered and its decoration redone, in a style partially imitating the former ornamentation. [13]

In 1865 Baha'u'llah, the founder of the Baha'i Faith, arrived with his family to Edirne as a prisoner of the Ottoman Empire and resided in a house near Selimiye Mosque, [14] which he visited often until 1868. It was at Selimiye mosque [15] where he was supposed to have had an open debate with Mírzá Yaḥyá Núrí (also known by the title of Ṣubḥ-i-Azal), an important event in the split of the Bábi Faith, which ultimately resulted in the formation of the Baha'i Faith guided by Baha'u'llah and the Azali Bábi Faith guided by Mírzá Yaḥyá. [16]

During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, some of the decorative tiles on the walls of the sultan's loge were looted and transferred to Moscow. [17] [13] During the siege of the city in 1913, the dome of the mosque was damaged by artillery fire. On the orders of Atatürk, traces of the damage were left unrestored, as a reminder and warning to future generations. Soon after, at the end of the Second Balkan War, some of the mosque's oldest carpets were stolen by retreating Bulgarian troops. [13]

The mosque underwent restorations between 1954 and 1971, and some parts were also restored 1982 and 1984. [17] The mosque was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 10,000 lira banknotes of 1982-1995. [18] In late 2021 another comprehensive restoration project on the mosque began, scheduled to be completed by 2025. [19]

Architecture

The mosque

The mosque is widely regarded as Sinan's crowning masterpiece, and Sinan himself regarded it as his best work. [10] [20] The main building consists of two equal parts: a rectangular courtyard and a rectangular prayer hall, each measuring about 60 by 44 metres (197 by 144 ft). [21]

Courtyard

Courtyard of the mosque 2013-Turquia-Edirne-0006 (37184674376).jpg
Courtyard of the mosque

The mosque's courtyard forms a dramatic approach that helps to frame the view of the main dome from outside. [22] The central outer gate on the northwest side of the courtyard is unusually simple, as the customary muqarnas canopy is replaced by a simple round arch. [22] [23] Inside, the courtyard is surrounded by four porticos of arches and domes. The southeastern portico, immediately preceding the entrance to the prayer hall, is significantly taller than the other three porticos in order to match the great height of the mosque itself. [22] This portico is composed of three wide arches with two very small arches between them, a configuration vaguely resembling a triumphal arch and very different from the earlier monumental portico designed by Sinan for the Süleymaniye Mosque. [22] The façades above these arches are decorated with two marble circles inscribed with quotes from the Qur'an. [24] The large lower windows around the courtyard are surmounted by decorative lunettes, except for the two windows on either side of the entrance portal, which are set below muqarnas niches instead. The lunettes of the windows on the prayer hall side are filled with Iznik tiles painted with calligraphy. [25] [21]

The marble shadirvan or ablutions fountain in the center of the courtyard, made of carved and pierced stone, is one of the finest examples of its kind from this period, but it lacks the usual roof and canopy. Doğan Kuban believes that this indicates it was never completed, while Gülru Necipoğlu states that this merely further emphasizes the view of the mosque's main dome above. [26] [22]

The entrance portal to the mosque's prayer hall has more typical muqarnas canopy, while the dome covering the space in front of it is heavily fluted and decorated. [24] [21] The wooden doors of the entrance are said to have been taken from the Ulu Cami (Great Mosque) of Birgi. [24]

Prayer hall and main dome

General view of the main dome and its supporting structures Selimiye Mosque Mosque 0170.jpg
General view of the main dome and its supporting structures

The prayer hall's interior is notable for being completely dominated by a single massive dome, whose view is unimpeded by the structural elements seen in other large domed mosques before this. [27] This design is the culmination of Sinan's spatial experiments, making use of the "octagonal baldaquin" design he had experimented with earlier. In this design the main dome is supported by a system of eight pillars incised in a rectangular shell of walls. This was the most effective available method of integrating the round dome with the rectangular hall below while minimizing the space occupied by the supporting elements of the dome. [28] [29]

The ingenuity of the mosque's design lies in the organization of its interior space. [30] All of the architectural elements are subordinated to the huge central dome. [31] The eight massive pillars are partly freestanding but closely integrated with the outer walls. Additional outer buttresses are concealed in the outer shell of the mosque, allowing the walls in between them to be pierced with a large number of windows. [21] Four semi-domes at the corners, between the main pillars, are intermediary sections between the walls and the main dome. Compared to the semi-domes in some other Ottoman mosques, they are much smaller in relation to the main dome. [30] Sinan also made good use of the spaces between the supporting pillars and buttresses by filling them with an elevated gallery inside the prayer hall, matched on the outside by arched porticos. [30] The elevated galleries inside help to eliminate what little ground-level space exists beyond the central domed baldaquin structure, ensuring that the dome therefore dominated the view from anywhere a visitor could stand. [30]

Another of Sinan's primary objectives was to surpass the size of the Hagia Sophia's central dome, allegedly motivated by Christian architects who claimed that Muslims were not capable of matching the construction of that dome. [32] Sinan's biographies praise the dome of the Selimiye Mosque for its size and height, which is approximately the same diameter as the Hagia Sophia's main dome and slightly higher; the first time that this had been achieved in Ottoman architecture. [21] The hemispherical dome has a diameter of 31.28 metres (102.6 ft). [33] Its exact height is sometimes disputed but is approximately 42 metres (138 ft). [33] In the Tezkiratü'l-Bünyan, the biography written by Sa'i Mustafa Çelebi, Sinan is said to declare: "In this mosque...I [have] erected a dome six cubits higher and four cubits wider than the dome of Hagia Sophia." [34]

Mihrab, religious furnishings, and decoration
The mihrab area Selimiye Mosque Mosque 0162.jpg
The mihrab area

The mihrab is set back from the rest of the prayer hall, standing in an apse-like projection with enough depth to allow for window illumination from three sides. This has the effect of making the tile panels of its lower walls sparkle with natural light. [30] The tiles on either side of the mihrab are excellent examples of Iznik tilework. [35] The mihrab itself is made of marble and is a good example of Ottoman stone-carving in this period, with a muqarnas hood and an inscription band. The mihrab decoration culminates above in a curved triangle set between two alems (a type of finial on a flagpole). [36] [37]

The minbar, standing next to the mihrab area, is among the finest examples of the stone minbars which by then had become common in Ottoman architecture. The stone surfaces are decorated with arches, pierced geometric motifs, and carved arabesques. [37] [21] [38] The sultan's private balcony for prayers, or hünkâr mahfili, is set in an elevated position in the mosque's eastern corner and is also decorated with excellent Iznik tiles. [39] A müezzin mahfili , a platform for the muezzin, stands in the center of the hall, directly under the main dome. This position, which obscures the view of the mihrab from the mosque entrance, is unusual in Ottoman architecture and was never repeated by Sinan. [36] [31] It may have been placed there to further emphasize the centrality of the dome above. [37] [40] The elevated platform is made of beautifully-painted wood supported by twelve low arches with multifoil forms. Under the platform is a marble fountain for ablutions and drinking. [37] [36]

The decoration around the mosque's interior includes marble stonework, painted decoration, and more Iznik tilework. Most of the painted decoration, which includes arabesque motifs, plant or flower motifs, and calligraphic inscriptions, mostly dates from a 19th-century restoration under Sultan Abdülmecid I and from later restorations. [41] [42] The original painted decoration was probably similar to the decoration of other Classical-period mosques. [41] It included calligraphy by Hasan Karahisari (apprentice of Ahmed Karahisari) which was praised by Ottoman writers who saw it. [43] Some of the best-preserved painted decoration from the Classical period (16th-17th centuries), uncovered during a 1980s restoration, can be found on the wooden surfaces of the müezzin mahfili. [41] [44] The windows were probably originally decorated with coloured Venetian glass. [41] [21]

Minarets

View of the minarets Selimiye Mosque 3.JPG
View of the minarets

The exterior of the mosque is marked by four minarets that are some of the tallest Ottoman minarets ever built, standing at 70.89 meters tall. [21] In order to accentuate and draw attention to the centralized structure of the mosque, the traditional placement of different-sized minarets was abandoned from the design. Instead, four identical minarets were planted at each corner of the marble forecourt to frame the central dome. The four vertically-fluted, symmetrical minarets amplify the upward thrust, shooting towards the sky like rockets from each corner of the mosque, in the words of Gülru Necipoğlu.[ citation needed ]

Other buildings of the complex

The mosque stands at the center of a külliye (a religious and charitable complex) within an outer perimeter wall, occupying an elevated site measuring approximately 130 by 190 metres (430 by 620 ft). [45] The complex includes two madrasas: the Dar'ül Kurra Medrese (a school for Qur'anic recitation) and a Dar-ül Hadis Medrese (a hadith school). [45] [46] The Dar'ül Kurra Medrese occupies the southeastern corner of the complex and the Dar-ül Hadis Medrese occupies the northeastern corner, both arranged in a symmetrical configuration around the main axis of the complex. [6] [47] Both structures consist of an internal square courtyard surrounded by porticos on four sides, rows of small domed rooms on two sides, and a larger domed dershane (classroom) on one side. [46] Both were completed by Sinan while he was still in Edirne to oversee the mosque's construction. [12]

The Dar'ül Kurra Medrese now houses the Selimiye Foundation Museum (Selimiye Vakıf Müzesi), which opened in 2006 and displays art and artefacts from religious foundations (vakifs) in and around Edirne. [48] [49] It was previously converted to a city museum in 1930, on the orders of Atatürk, then served various other functions including an office, a student hostel, and a warehouse, before the current museum. [13] The Dar-ül Hadis Medrese now houses the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts of Edirne (Türk İslam Eserleri Müzesi), which displays objects of Islamic art from the region of Edirne as well as objects granted from the collections of the Topkapı Palace Museum and the Ethnography Museum of Ankara. It was first opened in 1925 and was reopened in 2012 after a long restoration. [50]

The complex also includes a sibyan mektebi (elementary school) and an arasta (covered market street), located along the southern perimeter of the complex. [45] [46] These were added later and it's possible that they were completed instead by Davud Agha, Sinan's successor as chief court architect, though Sinan may have designed them. [45] [46] The sibyan mektebi consists of a domed hall adjoined by an open portico on its southwest side. [47]

Influence on later mosques

The design of the Selimiye Mosque has influenced the architecture of some later mosques. The form of the Laleli Mosque in Istanbul, built in the 18th century in an otherwise Ottoman Baroque style, is based on that of the Selimiye Mosque. [51] [52] The modern Sabancı Merkez Mosque in Adana, completed in 1998, was modelled in part on the Selimiye Mosque. [53] [54] The Nizamiye Mosque in South Africa is modeled on the Selimiye Mosque. Despite being 80% of the size of the Selimiye, the Nizamiye Mosque is the largest in the Southern hemisphere. [55]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue Mosque, Istanbul</span> 17th-century mosque in Istanbul, Turkey

The Blue Mosque in Istanbul, also known by its official name, the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, is an Ottoman-era historical imperial mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. It was constructed between 1609 and 1617 during the rule of Ahmed I and remains a functioning mosque today. It also attracts a large number of tourists and is one of the most iconic and popular monuments of Ottoman architecture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Süleymaniye Mosque</span> Mosque and religious complex in Istanbul, Turkey

The Süleymaniye Mosque is an Ottoman imperial mosque located on the Third Hill of Istanbul, Turkey. The mosque was commissioned by Suleiman the Magnificent and designed by the imperial architect Mimar Sinan. An inscription specifies the foundation date as 1550 and the inauguration date as 1557. Behind the qibla wall of the mosque is an enclosure containing the separate octagonal mausoleums of Suleiman the Magnificent and his wife Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana). For 462 years, the Süleymaniye Mosque was the largest mosque in the city, until it was surpassed by the Çamlıca Mosque in 2019. The Süleymaniye Mosque is one of the best-known sights of Istanbul, and from its location on the Third Hill, it commands an extensive view of the city around the Golden Horn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mimar Sinan</span> 16th-century Ottoman chief architect and civil engineer

Mimar Sinan also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ, was the chief Ottoman architect, engineer, mathematician for sultans Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II and Murad III. He was responsible for the construction of more than 300 major structures, including the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, the Kanuni Sultan Suleiman Bridge in Büyükçekmece, and the Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad, as well as other more modest projects such as madrasa's, külliyes, and bridges. His apprentices would later design the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul and the Stari Most bridge in Mostar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ottoman architecture</span> Architecture of the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman architecture is an architectural style or tradition that developed under the Ottoman Empire over a long period, undergoing some significant changes during its history. It first emerged in northwestern Anatolia in the late 13th century and developed from earlier Seljuk Turkish architecture, with influences from Byzantine and Iranian architecture along with other architectural traditions in the Middle East. Early Ottoman architecture experimented with multiple building types over the course of the 13th to 15th centuries, progressively evolving into the classical Ottoman style of the 16th and 17th centuries. This style was a mixture of native Turkish tradition and influences from the Hagia Sophia, resulting in monumental mosque buildings focused around a high central dome with a varying number of semi-domes. The most important architect of the classical period is Mimar Sinan, whose major works include the Şehzade Mosque, Süleymaniye Mosque, and Selimiye Mosque. The second half of the 16th century also saw the apogee of certain decorative arts, most notably in the use of Iznik tiles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eyüp Sultan Mosque</span> Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey

The Eyüp Sultan Mosque is in the Eyüp district of Istanbul, outside the city walls and near the Golden Horn. The mosque complex includes a mausoleum marking the spot where Ebu Eyüp el-Ansari, the standard-bearer and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, is said to have been buried. On a much older site, the present building dates from the beginning of the 19th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Şehzade Mosque</span> 16th-century Ottoman-era mosque in the capital district of Istanbul

The Şehzade Mosque is a 16th-century Ottoman imperial mosque located in the district of Fatih, on the third hill of Istanbul, Turkey. It was commissioned by Suleiman the Magnificent as a memorial to his son Şehzade Mehmed who died in 1543. It is sometimes referred to as the "Prince's Mosque" in English. The mosque was one of the earliest and most important works of architect Mimar Sinan and is one of the signature works of Classical Ottoman architecture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque, Kadırga</span> 16th century Turkish mosque

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque is a 16th-century Ottoman mosque in the Kadırga neighborhood in Fatih district, Istanbul, Turkey. It was commissioned jointly by the grand vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and his wife İsmihan Sultan. It was designed by the imperial architect Mimar Sinan and completed in 1571/2. The mosque is noted for the fine quality of the Iznik tiles that decorate the interior walls.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atik Valide Mosque</span>

The Atik Valide Mosque is a 16th century Ottoman imperial mosque located on a hill above the large and densely populated district of Üsküdar, in Istanbul, Turkey. It was built for Nurbanu Sultan, the wife of Sultan Selim II and formed part of a large complex that included a madrasa, guest-rooms and a double caravanseray. The mosque was designed by the imperial architect Mimar Sinan. Planning began in 1571 for a small mosque with a single minaret. The mosque was subsequently expanded and was not completed until 1586, three years after Nurbanu's death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Üç Şerefeli Mosque</span>

The Üç Şerefeli Mosque is a 15th-century Ottoman mosque in Edirne, Turkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuruosmaniye Mosque</span> Mosque located in the Çemberlitaş neighborhood of Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey

The Nuruosmaniye Mosque is an 18th-century Ottoman mosque located in the Çemberlitaş neighbourhood of Fatih district in Istanbul, Turkey, which was inscribed in the Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque</span>

The Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque or Gazi Ahmed Pasha Mosque is a 16th-century Ottoman mosque near the city walls in Istanbul, Turkey. It was designed by the imperial architect Mimar Sinan and completed in around 1572.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piyale Pasha Mosque</span>

The Piyale Pasha Mosque, also known as the Tersane Mosque, is a 16th-century Ottoman mosque located in the Kasımpaşa neighborhood of the Beyoğlu district in Istanbul, Turkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Behram Pasha Mosque</span> Ottoman mosque

Behrem Pasha Mosque is a 16th-century Ottoman mosque located in the town of Diyarbakır in southeast Turkey. It was commissioned by the Ottoman governor-general Behram Pasha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muradiye Mosque, Manisa</span>

The Muradiye Mosque is a 16th-century Ottoman mosque in the town of Manisa in southwest Turkey. It was commissioned by the sultan Murad III and designed by the imperial architect Mimar Sinan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selimiye Mosque, Üsküdar</span> Mosque in Istanbul

The Selimiye Mosque is a mosque in the district of Üsküdar in Istanbul, Turkey, near the Selimiye Barracks. It was commissioned by Ottoman Sultan Selim III and built between 1801 and 1805.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haseki Sultan Complex</span>

The Haseki Sultan Complex is a 16th-century Ottoman imperial mosque complex in the Fatih district of Istanbul, Turkey. It was the first royal project designed by the chief imperial architect Mimar Sinan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Classical Ottoman architecture</span> Ottoman architectural style of the 16th and 17th centuries

Classical Ottoman architecture is a period in Ottoman architecture generally including the 16th and 17th centuries. The period is most strongly associated with the works of Mimar Sinan, who was Chief Court Architect under three sultans between 1538 and 1588. The start of the period also coincided with the long reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, which is recognized as the apogee of Ottoman political and cultural development, with extensive patronage in art and architecture by the sultan, his family, and his high-ranking officials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ottoman Baroque architecture</span> Ottoman architectural style in the 18th and early 19th centuries

Ottoman Baroque architecture, also known as Turkish Baroque, was a period in Ottoman architecture in the 18th century and early 19th century which was influenced by European Baroque architecture. Preceded by the changes of the Tulip Period and Tulip Period architecture, the style marked a significant departure from the classical style of Ottoman architecture and introduced new decorative forms to mostly traditional Ottoman building types. It emerged in the 1740s during the reign of Mahmud I (1730–1754) and its most important early monument was the Nuruosmaniye Mosque, completed in 1755. Later in the 18th century, new building types were also introduced based on European influences. The last fully Baroque monuments, such as the Nusretiye Mosque, were built by Mahmud II in the early 19th century, but during this period new European-influenced styles were introduced and supplanted the Baroque.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Early Ottoman architecture</span> Ottoman architecture in the 14th and 15th centuries

Early Ottoman architecture corresponds to the period of Ottoman architecture roughly up to the 15th century. This article covers the history of Ottoman architecture up to the end of Bayezid II's reign, prior to the advent of what is generally considered "classical" Ottoman architecture in the 16th century. Early Ottoman architecture was a continuation of earlier Seljuk and Beylik architecture while also incorporating local Byzantine influences. The new styles took shape in the capital cities of Bursa and Edirne as well as in other important early Ottoman cities such as Iznik. Three main types of structures predominated in this early period: single-domed mosques, "T-plan" buildings, and multi-domed buildings. Religious buildings were often part of larger charitable complexes (külliyes) that included other structures such as madrasas, hammams, tombs, and commercial establishments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beylerbeyi Mosque</span> Mosque in Istanbul

The Beylerbeyi Mosque, also known as the Hamid i-Evvel Mosque, is a mosque located in the Beylerbeyi neighbourhood in Istanbul, Turkey. It was first built in 1777–1778 by the Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid I, but was later modified by Mahmud II in 1820–1821.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Architecture, Jonathan Glancey, page 207, 2006
  2. ↑ Kiuiper, Kathleen (2009). Islamic Art, Literature, and Culture. Rosen Education Service. pp.  201. ISBN   978-1-61530-019-8.
  3. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex" . Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  4. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre (June 27, 2011). "Six new sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List" . Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  5. ↑ Necipoğlu 2011, pp. 241–242.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Necipoğlu 2011, p. 239.
  7. 1 2 3 Kuban 2010, p. 298.
  8. 1 2 Necipoğlu 2011, p. 242.
  9. 1 2 Necipoğlu 2011, p. 240.
  10. 1 2 Blair & Bloom 1995, p. 225-227.
  11. ↑ Kuban 2010, p. 295-299.
  12. 1 2 Necipoğlu 2011, p. 244.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Selimiye Mosque in Edirne". Turkish Archaeological News. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  14. ↑ The Bábí and Bahá'í religions 1844-1944 : some contemporary western accounts. Momen, Moojan. Oxford: G. Ronald. 1981. ISBN   0853981027. OCLC   10777195.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. ↑ Momen, Moojan (1981). The Bábí and Bahá'í religions 1844-1944: some contemporary western accounts. Oxford: G. Ronald. ISBN   9780853981022. OCLC   10777195.
  16. ↑ Momen, Moojan (2009). "Yahyá, Mírzá (c.1831-1912)". The Bahá'í Encyclopedia Project. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  17. 1 2 Çakmak, Şakir. "Selimiye Mosque". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  18. ↑ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Archived 2009-06-03 at WebCite . Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group - Ten Thousand Turkish Lira - I. Series Archived 2009-07-29 at the Wayback Machine , II. Series Archived 2009-07-29 at the Wayback Machine , III. Series Archived 2009-07-29 at the Wayback Machine & IV. Series Archived 2009-07-29 at the Wayback Machine . – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
  19. ↑ "Restoration works in Selimiye Mosque to last over 3 years - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  20. ↑ Kuban 2010, p. 295, 302.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Blair & Bloom 1995, p. 226.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Necipoğlu 2011, p. 247.
  23. ↑ Kuban 2010, p. 307.
  24. 1 2 3 Goodwin 1971, p. 268.
  25. ↑ Goodwin 1971, pp. 268–269.
  26. ↑ Kuban 2010, p. 303-304.
  27. ↑ Goodwin 1971, p. 261, 267.
  28. ↑ Kuban 2010, p. 257-258, 295, 301, 307.
  29. ↑ Goodwin 1971, p. 208.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Goodwin 1971, p. 261.
  31. 1 2 Necipoğlu 2011, p. 248.
  32. ↑ Necipoğlu 2011, p. 246.
  33. 1 2 Goodwin 1971, p. 483 (see note 62).
  34. ↑ Blair & Bloom 1995, pp. 225–226.
  35. ↑ Blair & Bloom 1995, p. 226-227.
  36. 1 2 3 Kuban 2010, p. 302.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Goodwin 1971, p. 264.
  38. ↑ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Minbar". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780195309911.
  39. ↑ Goodwin 1971, p. 265.
  40. ↑ Necipoğlu 2011, p. 251.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Kuban 2010, p. 311.
  42. ↑ Necipoğlu 2011, pp. 253–254.
  43. ↑ Necipoğlu 2011, p. 252.
  44. ↑ Necipoğlu 2011, pp. 535 (see note 334).
  45. 1 2 3 4 Blair & Bloom 1995, p. 225.
  46. 1 2 3 4 Kuban 2010, pp. 311–312.
  47. 1 2 "SELİMİYE CAMİİ ve KÜLLİYESİ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  48. ↑ "Selimiye Foundation Museum in Edirne | Turkish Archaeological News". Turkish Archaeological News. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  49. ↑ "Selimiye Foundation Museum | Edirne, Turkey Attractions". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  50. ↑ "Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts in Edirne | Turkish Archaeological News". Turkish Archaeological News. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  51. ↑ Kuban 2010, pp. 540–541.
  52. ↑ Rüstem, Ünver (2019). Ottoman Baroque: The Architectural Refashioning of Eighteenth-Century Istanbul. Princeton University Press. p. 186. ISBN   9780691181875.
  53. ↑ Guides, Fodor's Travel (2019). Fodor's Essential Turkey. Fodor's Travel. ISBN   978-1-64097-141-7.
  54. ↑ Darke, Diana (2014). Eastern Turkey. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 201. ISBN   978-1-84162-490-7.
  55. ↑ "Visiting the largest mosque in the southern hemisphere".

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.