2017 Turkish constitutional referendum

Last updated

2017 Turkish constitutional referendum
Flag of Turkey.svg
16 April 2017
Vote on 18 proposed amendments to the constitution
Results
Choice
Votes %
Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svgYes25,157,46351.41%
Light brown x.svgNo23,779,14148.59%
Valid votes48,936,60498.27%
Invalid or blank votes862,2511.73%
Total votes49,798,855100.00%
Registered voters/turnout58,291,89885.43%
Turkish constitutional referendum 2017 2.svg
Results by province (Yes in blue)

A constitutional referendum was held in Turkey on 16 April 2017 on whether to approve 18 proposed amendments to the Turkish constitution that were brought forward by the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). As a result of its approval, the office of Prime Minister was abolished and the existing parliamentary system of government was replaced with an executive presidency and a presidential system. [1] The number of seats in Parliament was raised from 550 to 600, while, among a series of other proposals, the president was given more control over appointments to the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK). [2] [3] The referendum was held under a state of emergency that was declared following the failed military coup attempt in July 2016.

Contents

Early results indicated a 51–49% lead for the "Yes" vote. In an unprecedented move, the Supreme Electoral Council (YSK) allowed non-stamped ballots to be accepted as valid. Some critics of the reform decried this move to be illegal, claiming that as many as 1.5 million ballots were unstamped, and did not recognize the results. [4] Large-scale protests erupted following the results in order to protest the YSK's decision. [5] In subsequent reports, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) both criticized unfairness during the campaign and declared the YSK's decision to be illegal. [6] [7]

An executive presidency was a long-standing proposal of the governing AKP and its founder, the current President of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. In October 2016, the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) announced its co-operation for producing draft proposals with the government, with the combined support of both AKP and MHP MPs being sufficient to put forward the proposals to a referendum following a parliamentary vote in January. Those in favour of a "Yes" vote argued that the changes were necessary for a strong and stable Turkey, arguing that an executive presidency would bring about an end to unstable coalition governments that had dominated Turkish politics since the 1960s up until 2002. The "No" campaign have argued that the proposals would concentrate too much power in the hands of the President, effectively dismantling the separation of powers and taking legislative authority away from Parliament. Three days before the referendum, one of Erdoğan's aides called for a federal system should the "Yes" vote prevail, causing a backlash from the pro-Yes MHP. [8] Both sides of the campaign have been accused of using divisive and extreme rhetoric, with Erdoğan accusing all "No" voters of being terrorists siding with the plotters of the failed 2016 coup. [9]

The campaign was marred by allegations of state suppression against "No" campaigners, while the "Yes" campaign was able to make use of state facilities and funding to organize rallies and campaign events. [10] Leading members of the "No" campaign, which included many high-profile former members of the MHP such as Meral Akşener, Ümit Özdağ, Sinan Oğan, and Yusuf Halaçoğlu were all subject to both violence and campaign restrictions. The "Yes" campaign was faced with campaigning restrictions by several European countries, with the German, Dutch, Danish and Swiss governments all cancelling or requesting the suspension of "Yes" campaign events directed at Turkish voters living abroad. The restrictions caused a sharp deterioration in diplomatic relations and caused a diplomatic crisis between Turkey and the Netherlands. Concerns were also raised about voting irregularities, with "Yes" voters in Germany being caught attempting to vote more than once and also being found to have been in possession of ballot papers before the overseas voting process had started. [11] [12] European election monitors said the vote did not meet international standards. [13]

Background

A ballot paper and envelope used in the referendum. 'Evet' translates to Yes while 'Hayir' translates to No. Turkish constitutional referendum vote and envelope.jpg
A ballot paper and envelope used in the referendum. 'Evet' translates to Yes while 'Hayır' translates to No.

Introducing a presidential system was proposed by then-Minister of Justice Cemil Çiçek and backed by then-Prime Minister Erdoğan in 2005. [14] Since then, the current presidential system has been openly supported by Justice and Development Party leaders several times, along with a "new constitution". Justice and Development Party vice-president Hayati Yazıcı proposed April 2017 as a date for the referendum. [15]

The parliamentary system formally began transforming into a centralised presidential system after President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan won the July 2018 elections. Since its inception, there have been competing arguments for and against this transformation. [16]

Constitutional amendments

Initial proposals

On 10 December 2016, the AKP and MHP brought forward a total of 21 proposed amendments to the constitution and began collecting signatures from MPs in order to begin the parliamentary procedures for initiating a referendum. After Assembly Commission talks, 3 proposals were withdrawn, leaving 18 amendments remaining. The full-text proposal in Turkish and the present Turkish constitution are found at the following links. [17] [18] The most important changes have been highlighted by the Union of Turkish Bar Associations. [19]

An English-language summary and interpretation of the 18 amendments is listed in the table below. [20] [21]

Description of proposed amendments
Proposal #ArticleDescription of change
1Article 9The judiciary is required to act on condition of impartiality.
2Article 75The number of seats in the Parliament is raised from 550 to 600.
3Article 76The age requirement to stand as a candidate in an election is lowered from 25 to 18, while the condition of having to complete compulsory military service is removed. Individuals with relations to the military are ineligible to run for election.
4Article 77Parliamentary terms are extended from four to five years. Parliamentary and presidential elections will be held on the same day every five years.
5Article 87The functions of Parliament are
  • Making, changing, removing laws.
  • Accepting international contracts.
  • Discuss, increase or decrease budget (in the Budget Commission) and accept or reject the budget in the General Assembly.
  • Appoint 7 members of HSYK
  • And using other powers written in the constitution
6Article 89To overcome a presidential veto, the Parliament needs to adopt the same bill with an absolute majority (301).
7Article 98Parliament now detects cabinet and Vice President with Parliamentary Research, Parliamentary Investigation, General Discussion and Written Question. Interpellation is abolished and replaced with Parliamentary Investigation. Vice President needs to answer Written Questions within 15 days.
8Article 101In order to stand as a presidential candidate, an individual requires the endorsement of one or more parties that won 5% or more in the preceding parliamentary elections and 100,000 voters. The elected president no longer needs to terminate their party membership if they have one.
9Article 104The President becomes both the head of state and head of government, with the power to appoint and sack ministers and Vice President. The president can issue executive decrees. If the Parliament makes a law about a topic where the President has issued an executive order, parliamentary law overrides the decree.
10Article 105Parliament can open parliamentary investigation with an absolute majority (301). Parliament discusses proposal in 1 month. Following the completion of Discussion, Parliamentary investigation can begin in Parliament with a secret three-fifths (360) vote in favor. Following the completion of investigations, the parliament can vote to indict the President with a secret two-thirds (400) vote in favor.
11Article 106The President can appoint one or more Vice Presidents. If the Presidency falls vacant, then fresh presidential elections must be held within 45 days. If parliamentary elections are due within less than a year, then they too are held on the same day as early presidential elections. If the parliament has over a year left before its term expires, then the newly elected president serves until the end of the parliamentary term, after which both presidential and parliamentary elections are held. This does not count towards the President's two-term limit. Parliamentary investigations into possible crimes committed by Vice Presidents and ministers can begin in Parliament with a three-fifths vote in favor. Following the completion of investigations, the parliament can vote to indict Vice Presidents or ministers with a two-thirds vote in favor. If found guilty, the Vice President or minister in question is only removed from office if their crime is one that bars them from running for election. If a sitting MP is appointed as a minister or Vice President, their parliamentary membership will be terminated.
12Article 116The President and three-fifths of the Parliament can decide to hold snap elections. In this case, the enactor also dissolves itself until elections.
13Article 119The President's ability to declare a state of emergency is now subject to parliamentary approval before it can take effect. The Parliament can extend, remove or shorten it. A state of emergency can be extended for up to four months at a time, except during war where there is no limitation. Every presidential decree issued during a state of emergency will need approval from Parliament.
14Article 125The acts of the President are now subject to judicial review.
15Article 142Military courts are abolished unless they are erected to investigate actions of soldiers under conditions of war.
16Article 146The President used to appoint one Justice from High Military Court of Appeals, and one from the High Military Administrative Court. As military courts would be abolished, the number of Justices in the Constitutional Court would be reduced from 17 to 15. Consequently, presidential appointees would be reduced from 14 to 12, while the Parliament would continue to appoint three.
17Article 159 Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors is renamed to "Board of Judges and Prosecutors", members are reduced from 22 to 13, departments are reduced from 3 to 2. 4 members are appointed by President, 7 will be appointed by the Grand Assembly. Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK) candidates will need to get 2/3 (400) votes to pass first round and will need 3/5 (360) votes in second round to be a member of HSYK. (The Justice Minister and Ministry of Justice Undersecretary are ex officio members, which is unchanged).
18Article 161The President proposes fiscal budget to the Grand Assembly 75 days prior to the fiscal new year. Budget Commission members can make changes to the budget but Parliamentary members cannot make proposals to change public expenditures. If the budget is not approved, then a temporary budget will be proposed. If the temporary budget is also not approved, the previous year's budget would be used with the previous year's increment ratio. [note 1]
19Several articlesAdaptation of several articles of the constitution with other changes, mainly transferring executive powers of cabinet to the President
20Temporary Article 21The next presidential and next general elections will be held on 3 November 2019. If the Grand Assembly decides early elections, both will be held on the same day. Board of Judges and Prosecutors elections will be held within 30 days of approval of this law. Military courts will be abolished once the law comes into force.
21Applicability of amendments 1-17The amendments (2, 4, and 7) will come into force after new elections, other amendments (except temporary article) will come into force once a newly elected president is sworn in. Annuls the article which required elected Presidents to forfeit membership in a political party. This constitutional amendment will be voted in a referendum as a whole.
Notes
  1. ↑ This increment ratio is defined by Ministry of Finance and determines changes on absolute-valued taxes and fines.

Parliamentary Constitutional Commission

The AKP presenting their constitutional proposals to Parliament Speaker Ismail Kahraman, December 2016 AKP constitutional proposals at TBMM.jpg
The AKP presenting their constitutional proposals to Parliament Speaker İsmail Kahraman, December 2016
The Parliamentary Constitutional Commission scrutinising the proposed changes TBMM Constitutional Commission 2.jpg
The Parliamentary Constitutional Commission scrutinising the proposed changes

After being signed by the AKP's 316 MPs, the 21 proposed changes were submitted to the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly and were then referred to the Parliamentary Constitutional Commission. [22] The Parliamentary Constitutional Commission, headed by AKP MP Mustafa Şentop, began scrutinizing the proposals in December 2016, earlier than the planned date of January 2017. The Constitutional Commission is formed of 25 Members of which 15 are from the AKP, 5 are from the CHP, 3 are from the HDP and 2 are from the MHP, as per the composition of parliament. Since the AKP held a large majority of the commission's seats, it was expected by media commentators that there would be minimal surprise developments at the scrutiny stage. [23] Debates in the commission were heated, with occasional fights being observed between MPs. [24]

The Constitutional Commission has the power to amend or reject the proposed changes before they are put to a vote for all MPs. The Commission made minor changes to numerous proposals, such as raising the number of members of the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors from 12 to 13. [25] The commission rejected three of the 21 proposed changes, reducing the constitutional package from 21 proposals to 18. The 5th proposal, which created 'reserve MPs' to take the parliamentary seats that fall vacant between elections, was controversially rejected with just three signatures, well short of the support of 25 commission members or 184 total MPs necessary. [26] It was reported that AKP MPs opposed the creation of 'reserve MPs' on the grounds that it threatened the security of sitting MPs by incentivizing reserves to incapacitate them in order to take their seat. [27] The 15th proposal, giving the President the right to structure the civil service and state institutions through executive decrees, was rejected. [28] A day later on 29 December, the 14th proposal, which gave the right for the President to appoint senior bureaucratic officials, was also rejected.

The Commission completed the approval process on 30 December, rejecting 3 of the 21 proposals in total. [29]

Parliamentary Constitutional Commission scrutiny process results
Proposal123456789101112131415161718192021
ResultYes check.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgX mark.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgX mark.svgX mark.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgYes check.svgYes check.svg

Parliamentary voting

MPs voting on the proposed amendments, January 2017 Turkish MPs voting for constitution 2017.jpg
MPs voting on the proposed amendments, January 2017

Following the completion of the Constitutional Commission hearings, the 18 proposals were presented to parliament for ratification. Constitutional amendments need a three fifths majority (330 votes) to be put forward to a referendum and a two-thirds majority (367 votes) to be ratified directly. Justice and Development Party (AK Party) officials claimed before the vote that even if the 367-threshold was reached, the government would not ratify the changes without a referendum. [30]

Parliament voted on each of the 18 proposals separately in two rounds. The first round served as an indicator of whether the amendments would gather sufficient support, with amendments being proposed by all parties present in the chamber. In the second round, parties are no longer permitted to propose changes to the proposals. The results of the second round are taken into account, with 330 votes needed to send them to a referendum or 367 for direct implementation. A final vote on all of the approved proposals at large, with the same thresholds, was undertaken at the end of the second round, with the entire process being disbanded if votes in favour fell below 330. [31]

Of the total 550 Members of Parliament, 537 were entitled to a vote. 11 MPs from the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) were under arrest for terrorism charges and were unable to partake in the vote, with the remaining 48 HDP MPs boycotting the vote after their motion calling for the arrested MPs to be brought to parliament to vote was rejected. [32] The Parliamentary Speaker İsmail Kahraman, who is unable to take part in the vote by virtue of being the Speaker, was hospitalized during the vote, meaning that AK Party deputy speaker Ahmet Aydın presided over the proceedings and was therefore unable to cast a vote. [33]

Of the 537 MPs eligible to vote, the AK Party held 315, the CHP 133, the MHP 39, the HDP 48 and 2 were independent. Out of the MHP's 39 MPs, 6 had openly stated that they would vote against the amendments, leaving the total number of MPs expected to vote "Yes" at 348. The CHP's 133 MPs and the two independents, which consisted of Aylin Nazlıaka and Ümit Özdağ, voted "No" while the HDP boycotted the votes.[ citation needed ]

Theoretical distribution of votes according to party lines
PartyLeaderParty positionTotal MPsEligible to voteVoting yesVoting noGraphical representation
AK Party Justice and Development Party Binali Yıldırım Yes check.svg Yes3173153150 TBMM at January 2017.png
CHP Republican People's Party Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu X mark.svg No1331330133
MHP Nationalist Movement Party Devlet Bahçeli Yes check.svg Yes3939336
HDP Peoples' Democratic Party Selahattin Demirtaş / Serpil Kemalbay X mark.svg No5948
Boycotting
Independents X mark.svg No (both)2202MPs ordered by party line. Black denotes MPs ineligible to vote
Total550537348141Yes check.svg Referendum

Parliamentary voting began on 9 January, with the first round of voting being completed on 15 January. Opposition politicians criticized the rushed way in which the votes were conducted, with four to five votes taking place in a day with no adjournments. [34] The votes were marred by numerous irregularities, with CHP Members of Parliament filming AK Party MPs openly casting their vote or intimidating uncertain MPs to vote "Yes". [35] The Minister of Health, Recep Akdağ, was filmed casting an open vote, which is disallowed by the constitution, and openly admitting that he had committed a crime afterwards. [36] AKP MPs responded to attempts to film them with hostility, with fights occasionally breaking out between government and opposition MPs. [37] CHP MP Fatma Kaplan Hürriyet was allegedly strangled by AKP Parliamentary Group Leader Mustafa Elitaş after she filmed Elitaş and Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım casting open votes. [38] Several MPs were hospitalized, while the podium where MPs rose to make speeches was dislocated with one of its €15,000 microphones being reported as missing. [39] The second round of voting was completed on 20 January, with all of the proposed amendments being approved. A final motion to enact the approved amendments was approved by 339 votes, surpassing the 330-vote threshold to hold a referendum but falling short of the 367-vote threshold needed to enact the amendments directly.

Article voting

ProposalIssueFirst roundSecond roundResults
MP turnoutYesNoOtherMP turnoutYesNoOther
Motion to begin the voting process4803381343
1Neutrality of the judiciary48434713254863451401Yes check.svg
2Increasing the number of MPs to 600 from 55048034313334853421394Yes check.svg
3Eligibility for parliamentary candidacy48534113954863421376Yes check.svg
4Elections every five years for both Parliament and Presidency48634313944863421386Yes check.svg
5Powers and responsibilities of Parliament354343744863421404Yes check.svg
6Audit authorities of Parliament48334313734853421385Yes check.svg
7Election of the President48234013664843401368Yes check.svg
8Duties of the President48134013564833391386Yes check.svg
9Penal responsibility of the President48534313754833411375Yes check.svg
10Vice-presidency and ministries48334313554813401365Yes check.svg
11Renewal of elections48334113484813421354Yes check.svg
12State of Emergency48234413354843421384Yes check.svg
13Abolition of military courts48234313364843431365Yes check.svg
14High council of judges and prosecutors48334113394873421396Yes check.svg
15Budget regulation48334113484863421413Yes check.svg
16Adaptation of other articles48234113474863421413Yes check.svg
17Temporary article for transition to new system48434213574853411395Yes check.svg
18President can be party member &
when changes would be effective		48134413164883431423Yes check.svg
Motion to enact the approved changes (330 for referendum, 367 for direct implementation)4883391427Yes check.svg

Several[ clarification needed ] AKP MPs voted openly for the changes, violating the constitutional requirement of a secret vote. [40]

Reception

MHP MPs Ozcan Yeniceri, Umit Ozdag and Yusuf Halacoglu announcing their opposition to the proposed constitutional changes Yeniceri Ozdag Halacoglu.jpg
MHP MPs Özcan Yeniçeri, Ümit Özdağ and Yusuf Halaçoğlu announcing their opposition to the proposed constitutional changes

The amendments were received with heavy criticism from opposition parties and non-governmental organisations, with criticism focusing particularly on the erosion of the separation of powers and the abolition of parliamentary accountability. Constitutional legal experts such as Kemal Gözler and İbrahim Kaboğlu claimed that the changes would result in the Parliament becoming effectively powerless, while the executive president would have controls over the executive, legislative, and judiciary. [41] On 4 December, the Atatürkist Thought Association (ADD), Association for the Support of Contemporary Living (ÇYDD) and the Trade Union Confederation held a rally in Ankara despite having their permissions revoked by the Governor of Ankara, calling for a rejection of the executive presidential system on the grounds that it threatened judicial independence and secular democratic values. [42]

The amendments were initially received with mixed responses from the opposition CHP, which have long been critical of the AKP's constitutional plans. Shortly after the proposals were made public and submitted to Parliament on 10 December, Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım reported that the CHP was in agreement with 5 of the proposed changes. [43] However, reception by the CHP was negative, with the party's deputy leader Selin Sayek Böke claiming that the proposals essentially created a "sultanate". [44] Parliamentary group leader Levent Gök, one of the first to comment on the released proposals, claimed that the changes would revert 140 years of Turkish parliamentary democracy, calling on all parties to reject the proposals. [45] Another of the CHP's parliamentary group leaders, Özgür Özel, called the proposals a "regime change", with the parliament being left essentially powerless in scrutinising ministers and holding them to account. [46] Özel claimed that the AKP were unlikely to obtain the 330 votes necessary to put the changes to a referendum, stating that he would be surprised if the number of MPs voting in favour reached 275. [47] CHP MP Selina Doğan claimed that the authoritarian nature of the proposals would effectively end Turkey's EU accession negotiations, citing the lack of any relevance to European values. [48] CHP MP Cemal Oktan Yüksel claimed that the proposals resembled the constitution of Assad's Syria, stating that it wouldn't be a national constitution but "Syria's constitution translated". [49]

Despite having the nationalist MHP's official support, it was reported that Turkish nationalists were also overwhelmingly critical of both the proposals and their party's involvement in their drafting. [50] Bahçeli, who has historically lent support to the AKP in controversial situations, was subject to criticism from all major parties for his decision to support the constitutional amendments, being described as the AKP's "back garden", "life-line" or "spare tyre" by critics. [51] [52] [53] On 24 October 2016, 5 of the 40 MHP Members of Parliament declared that they would reject the constitutional proposals, against their party line. [54] Ümit Özdağ, who was a leadership candidate against Bahçeli and one of the 5 MPs critical of the changes, had his party membership revoked in November. [55] A poll released by Gezici in December showed that almost two-thirds of MHP supporters were against the proposed changes, though MHP supporters were also the most undecided amongst the other parties. [56] On 27 December, MHP MP Kadir Koçdemir became the fifth MP from his party to publicly state his opposition to the proposals. [57]

Speaking shortly after the proposals were released, the HDP's spokesperson Ayhan Bilgen criticized the proposed changes for being anti-democratic and against the principle of judicial independence. Citing the proposed creation of "executive orders" that can be decreed by the President at will without parliamentary scrutiny. Bilgen criticized the nature of the changes, calling them poorly written and an attempt to cover up constitutional violations that had taken place under the current constitution. [58] However, on 18 December, HDP MP Kadri Yıldırım claimed that there would be no reason to reject the proposals if the changes included a separate "status" for Turkish Kurds and a constitutional entitlement to education for Kurdish citizens in their native Kurdish language. [59] This led to speculation that the HDP could be convinced to support the changes by the AKP government, though the MHP would be unlikely to jointly support any changes that were also endorsed by the HDP. [60] On 21 December, the CHP and HDP issued a parliamentary motion that would declare the proposals "unconstitutional", but the motion was rejected by MPs. [61]

The changes have also received severe criticism from outside Turkey. One commentator went so far as to declare that "if a majority votes yes, this will be the end of parliamentary democracy in Turkey." [62] The NGO Human Rights Watch stated that the changes were a "huge threat to human rights, the rule of law, and the country's democratic future." [63] The Economist concluded that "a vote for Yes would saddle the country with an elected dictator." [64] The Venice Commission of the Council of Europe, in its March 2017 Opinion on the Constitutional amendments, defined them as "a threat to democracy" and stressed the "dangers of degeneration of the proposed system towards and authoritarian and personal regime". [65] Also, before the vote took place, the openDemocracy website reported that some European news outlets published concerns that the 2017 referendum amounted to something like an "enabling act" for Erdoğan. [66]

Campaign positions

Ruling party AK Party and opposition MHP are the signatories of the amendments. MHP has provided their conditional support until their conditions are met. [67] Main opposition CHP's initial position was to wait until the amendments were finalized. CHP leader Kılıçdaroğlu once mentioned of bringing the changes into Grand Assembly. [68] Later, CHP decided to favor No vote and started "Türkiye'yi Böldürmeyeceğiz" (Turkish: We'll not partition Turkey) rallies. Parliament's fourth party HDP is against the changes.

Political parties

NGOs and other groups

Campaigns

"Yes" campaign

The AK Party "Yes" campaign logo. Kararimiz evet translates to 'Our decision is yes' AK Party YES 2017.png
The AK Party "Yes" campaign logo. Kararımız evet translates to 'Our decision is yes'
Recep Tayyip Erdogan campaigning for a "Yes" vote in Kahramanmaras, 17 February 2017 Erdogan Kahramanmaras referendum 2017.png
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan campaigning for a "Yes" vote in Kahramanmaraş, 17 February 2017

The "Yes" campaign has been predominantly led by Justice and Development Party (AK Party) politicians, as well as Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) politicians loyal to leader Devlet Bahçeli. Initially expecting a 7 February start to the campaign, the AKP eventually kicked off their official campaign on 25 February with a presentation by Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım at the Ankara sports stadium. Amid poor showings in opinion polls in February, Erdoğan reportedly asked pro-government pollsters to suspend their opinion polling until the end of March, while proposals for a joint electoral rally by both leading AK Party and MHP politicians has also been proposed. [151]

The "Yes" campaign has been criticized for its smear campaign against individuals voting "No", associating them with numerous terrorist organisations. Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım claimed that they would vote "Yes" because the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) and the so-called Fethullah Gülen Terrorist Organisation (FETO) were voting "No", though both organisations have historically been in favour of an executive presidency. [152] President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan also caused controversy when he claimed that those voting "No" were siding with the coup plotters behind the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt. [153]

At present, the "Yes" campaign has been conducted through electoral rallies held by Prime Minister Yıldırım, leading AK Party politicians and also President Erdoğan, who has held 'public opening' rallies similar to his tactics in the June 2015 general election. [154] MHP leader Devlet Bahçeli has conducted conferences in favour of a "Yes" vote, with the first occurring in Konya on 12 February 2017. [155]

On 10 March, the Great Union Party (BBP) led by Mustafa Destici announced that they would support a "Yes" vote, bringing the total number of parties supporting "Yes" to six. [156] Both the BBP and MHP have suffered serious opposition to their support for a "Yes" vote, with BBP members calling for Destici's resignation following his announcement. [157] The MHP suffered a wave of resignations, inner-party suspensions and a rival "No" campaign run by high-profile nationalist politicians, with opinion polls indicating that a significant majority of MHP voters intend to vote against the proposals. [158] [159] [160] Most polls put the percentage of "No" voters in the MHP at between 50% and 80%, with definite "Yes" voters remaining at 20-25%. [161] [162] Politicians supporting "No" from both the MHP and BBP have claimed that over 95% of their party supporters are favouring a "No" vote, breaking with their party's executive decision. [163] [164]

Key parties campaigning for a "Yes" vote
PartyLeaderDetails
AK Party Justice and Development Party Binali Yıldırım View campaign
MHP Nationalist Movement Party (party executive) Devlet Bahçeli View campaign

"No" campaign

CHP leader Kemal Kilicdaroglu addressing a "No" rally in Diyarbakir Kilicdaroglu referandum Diyarbakir 2017.jpg
CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu addressing a "No" rally in Diyarbakır

The CHP unveiled their campaign logo and slogan on 28 February, using the slogan 'Geleceğim için Hayır' (translating to For my future, no). The party planned their first electoral rally in Amasya, though preliminary rallies were held by party leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu on 21 December 2016 in Adana and by dissident MP Muharrem İnce on 8 March 2017 at Zonguldak. CHP MPs also made a series of overseas visits to rally support from overseas voters, with former leader Deniz Baykal holding an event in France. [165]

High-profile dissident MHP politicians, such as Meral Akşener, Sinan Oğan, Ümit Özdağ, and Yusuf Halaçoğlu all began a "No" campaign based on Turkish nationalism, rivalling the MHP's official "Yes" campaign. The dissident "No" campaign attracted significantly higher popularity than the MHP's official "Yes" events, with opinion polls indicating that an overwhelming majority of MHP voters intend to break the party line and vote "No". In addition to the MHP dissidents, the Turkish Bars Association and its President Metin Feyzioğlu and Leader of "No" Party Leader Tuna Bekleviç [166] [167] [168] [169] embarked on a nationwide tour, intending to meet with locals in numerous towns and villages to rally support for a "No" vote. [170]

"No" campaigners have faced alleged government-backed coercion and suppression. On 1 March, the main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) unveiled a 78-point report regarding irregularities and suppression of "No" campaigners, with Deputy Leader Öztürk Yılmaz claiming that those who were campaigning for a "No" vote faced fear and state coercion. [171] [172] CHP parliamentary group leader Engin Altay also criticized the government for using state funds to fund the "Yes" campaign while repressing "No" voters, claiming that their conduct did not allow them to talk of 'democracy'. [173]

Key parties campaigning for a "No" vote
PartyLeaderDetails
CHP Republican People's Party Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu View campaign
MHP Nationalist Movement Party (opposition within the party)Collective leadership View campaign
HDP Peoples' Democratic Party Selahattin Demirtaş View campaign

Controversies and electoral misconduct

Allegations of electoral misconduct, irregularities throughout the campaign and state coercion of "No" supporters were widespread prior to, during and after the referendum. European election monitors said the referendum did not meet international standards. [13]

State suppression of "No" voters

The AKP government and the General Directorate of Security (police) have both been criticized for employing tactics designed to limit the campaigning abilities of "No" supporters, through arrests, control of the media and political suppression. On 23 January 2017, university students campaigning for a "No" vote on a commuter ferry in Istanbul were implicated by security officers for 'insulting the president', with their arrests being stopped by onboard passengers. [174] On 31 January, Republican People's Party council member Sera Kadıgil was arrested and later freed on charges of 'insulting religious values and inciting hatred' for campaigning for a "No" vote on social media. [175] In Bursa, a voter who revealed that he was voting "No" was reported to the police and later arrested. [176] National television channels have been vastly in favour of the "Yes" campaign. One study found that "Yes" supporters received 90% of airtime. [64] A Turkish court banned a pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) song Bejin Na (Say No) which supported the "No" on the grounds that it contravened the constitution and fomented hatred. [177] [178]

Municipalities held by pro-"Yes" parties have also sought to limit the campaign events of "No" voters by denying them rights to hold rallies in public spaces of community halls. Meral Akşener, a leading nationalist politician and one of the most prominent campaigners for a "No" vote, was stopped from holding speeches when her campaign venues in Yalova and Edirne were abruptly shut down shortly before her events, with posters advertising her events in Eskişehir being ripped down. [179] [180] On 11 February while she was making a speech at a hotel hall in Çanakkale, the venue suffered a power cut and was perceived by the pro-opposition media to be a symbol of the oppressive tactics against the "No" campaign. After initially being obstructed by riot police, attendees at the conference used their phone lights to allow the event to continue. [181] [182] [183]

Overseas "Yes" campaign bans

Overseas election campaigning, even in diplomatic missions, is illegal under Turkish law. [184] [185] Yet, most political parties in Turkey, including CHP and the ruling AKP, have broken the law.[ how? ] [184] [185]

Foreign minister Mevlut Cavusoglu making a statement following the cancellation of campaign events in Germany Mevlut Cavusoglu statement on Germany, 2017.png
Foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu making a statement following the cancellation of campaign events in Germany

In early March, pro-"Yes" campaigners, including high-profile AKP government ministers were barred from holding campaign events in Germany, France, Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, and the Netherlands. [186]

Germany

In Germany, local municipalities withdrew permits for Justice Minister Bekir Bozdağ's campaign event in Gaggenau and Economy Minister Nihat Zeybekçi's event in Cologne. [187] While authorities cited security concerns, the insufficient capacities of the rented venues and irregularities in the organisational process, the Turkish government strongly condemned the cancellations and claimed that they were directly linked to an anti-Turkish agenda of the German federal government. [188] Turkish foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu claimed that Germany had showed 'double standards' and a disregard for 'human rights and freedom of speech' by cancelling the events. Following a negative reaction by the German federal government to a proposed rally by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Erdoğan accused Germany of 'Nazi-style tactics', causing strong condemnation by German officials and a souring of diplomatic relations. [189] The Turkish government also accused Germany of funding and supporting the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), which is designated as a terrorist organisation in both countries. [190] Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu was due to meet his German counterpart on 8 March, with scheduled campaign speeches in Hamburg also being cancelled due to irregularities with the venues. Çavuşoğlu therefore made his speech in the Hamburg consulate, despite Turkish law forbidding election campaigns in diplomatic missions. [191] The cancellations in Germany were met by condemnation from the main opposition and pro-"No" Republican People's Party, with former leader Deniz Baykal cancelling a planned visit to Germany as a result. [192]

Diplomatic crisis with the Netherlands

Pro-"Yes" protests outside the Dutch embassy in Turkey following the Dutch-Turkish diplomatic crisis Turkey Holland referendum protests 2.jpg
Pro-"Yes" protests outside the Dutch embassy in Turkey following the Dutch–Turkish diplomatic crisis

A diplomatic crisis occurred between Turkey and the Netherlands on 11 March, after Çavuşoğlu's official plane had its permission to land revoked mid-air ahead of a scheduled campaign speech. Later that day, Families and Social Policy Minister Fatma Betül Sayan Kaya's convoy was stopped by Dutch police, which blocked her access to the Turkish consulate in Rotterdam. Kaya was later declared persona non grata, with a regional state of emergency being declared and her convoy being asked to leave the country. Kaya was therefore forced to return to Germany, while Çavuşoğlu left for France to attend another campaign event. Violent protests by Turkish expats broke out in Rotterdam following the expulsion of both ministers, with the police making 12 arrests. [193]

The Dutch government had previously asked Turkish ministers to refrain from campaigning in the country, fearing that divisive campaign rhetoric would sow divisions within the Turkish community. [194] Prime Minister Mark Rutte claimed that negotiations with the Turkish government to allow a small scale speech by the minister were still ongoing, when Çavuşoğlu publicly threatened with sanctions should ministers be prevented from campaigning. It was these threats that made the situation unsolvable to the Dutch government. [195]

Many people in Turkey took the side of the Turkish government in the matter, with the pro-"No" main opposition announcing their support for the government and calling on the AKP to freeze diplomatic relations with the Netherlands. [196] All CHP overseas campaign events were later suspended in solidarity, while the pro-"No" MHP dissident camp also expressed their condemnation against the Dutch government for their actions. [197] [193] [198] In the Dutch parliament all parties, except for the two-seat Denk party, supported the decisions of the Dutch Government. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reiterated his claim that European governments that suspended campaigning were 'Nazi remnants', which the Dutch government denounced as "unacceptable". [199]

Unstamped ballots

On the referendum day, while the voting was underway, the Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey lifted a rule that required each ballot to have an official stamp. Instead, it ruled that ballots with no stamp would be considered valid, unless there was proof that they were fraudulent. Some claim that because ballots had not only stamps but other security measures [ which? ] in place, it doesn't make them illegitimate, but no proof whatsoever had been presented for this. [200] The Supreme Electoral Council filed a criminal complaint for the officials that caused the problem by not stamping the ballots. [201] The opposition parties claim that as many as 2.5 million ballots without a stamp were accepted. [202] Opposition parties CHP and HDP have said they will contest the results. CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu said that lifting the rule violated Turkish law. [202] According to Meral Akşener, "No" won by 52 percent. [203] The Peoples' Democratic Party contested the election results announced by pro-government Anadolu Agency and insisted that 2.5 million votes without valid stamps should be cancelled. [204]

Opinion polls

Nationwide

Date(s)
conducted		Polling organisation/clientSample sizeConsidering undecided voteConsidering only Yes/No vote
YesNoUndecidedYesNo
16 Apr 2017 Nationwide results at the Wayback Machine (archived 2020-01-10)51.248.8–51.248.8
11–13 Apr 2017 ORC 3.98059.440.6–59.440.6
11–13 Apr 2017 Qriously  ?44.130.625.359.041.0
8–13 Apr 2017 A&G 6,04852.934.113.060.839.2
8–12 Apr 2017 THEMİS –46.153.9–46.153.9
7–10 Apr 2017 KONDA at the Wayback Machine (archived 2020-01-31)3,46246.944.19.051.548.5
5–10 Apr 2017 AKAM 8,16039.345.715.046.253.8
5–10 Apr 2017 MAK 5,50054.641.44.056.543.5
5–10 Apr 2017 ANAR 4,18952.048.0–52.048.0
8–9 Apr 2017 Gezici 1,39946.643.59.951.348.7
9 Apr 2017Overseas voting for Turkish expats ends
2–8 Apr 2017 Konsensus 2,00049.046.74.351.248.8
1–8 Apr 2017 THEMİS 60041.747.311.046.953.1
4–6 Apr 2017 Qriously 2,59343.531.125.458.341.7
1–4 Apr 2017 NET 2,70045.947.36.849.250.8
1–2 Apr 2017 Gezici –53.346.7–53.346.7
15 Mar–2 Apr 2017 CHP 4,68133.243.022.743.656.4
28–30 Mar 2017 Qriously 3,41843.627.429.061.438.6
24–27 Mar 2017 ORC 2,74055.444.6–55.444.6
27 Mar 2017 Konsensus 1,55543.145.211.848.851.2
27 Mar 2017Voting for Turkish expats abroad begins in 120 different overseas representations in 57 countries, as well as at customs gates.
10–24 Mar 2017 Sonar [n 1] 5,00043.3443.3013.3648.851.2
18–22 Mar 2017 AKAM 2,03237.046.216.844.555.5
17 Mar 2017 Gezici –43.545.511.048.951.1
17 Mar 2017 CHP –42.046.012.047.752.3
8–15 Mar 2017 Times 2,00042.351.76.044.355.7
10–15 Mar 2017 CHP 5,00040.254.85.042.357.7
6–13 Mar 2017 Politic's 2,75346.236.916.955.744.3
12 Mar 2017A diplomatic crisis erupts between Turkey and the Netherlands after the latter bars Turkish ministers from campaigning in Rotterdam
3–9 Mar 2017 AKAM 8,12035.648.216.242.457.6
1–7 Mar 2017 ORC 3,14051.638.79.757.242.8
25 Feb – 2 Mar 2017 MAK 5,40053.037.010.058.941.1
1 Mar 2017President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reportedly asks pro-government pollsters to stop conducting polls until the end of March [205]
16–21 Feb 2017 AKAM 4,06034.945.219.943.656.4
16–19 Feb 2017 NET 3,53543.845.810.448.951.1
10–18 Feb 2017 THEMİS 1,98536.249.314.542.457.6
10 Feb 2017President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan approves the referendum, with the date confirmed as Sunday, 16 April 2017
9 Feb 2017 Sonar –43.040.017.051.848.2
8 Feb 2017 CHP –41.048.011.046.153.9
4–5 Feb 2017 Gezici 2,86043.745.710.648.951.1
26 Jan – 1 Feb 2017 MAK 5,40052.035.013.059.840.2
30 Jan 2017 GENAR –55.045.0–55.045.0
24–29 Jan 2017 Konsensus 1,49944.241.114.751.848.2
26 Jan 2017 Gezici –41.858.2–41.858.2
21 Jan 2017Parliament votes in favour of submitting all 18 proposed constitutional amendments to a referendum
6–19 Jan 2017 MetroPoll 2,00042.444.013.649.150.9
11–17 Jan 2017 AKAM 2,24042.457.6–42.457.6
1–11 Jan 2017 ORC 2,34062.038.0–62.038.0
3–10 Jan 2017 Optimar 2,04346.340.013.753.646.4
1–25 Dec 2016 Sonar 5,00042.344.613.148.751.3
7–16 Dec 2016 KHAS 1,00036.942.220.946.653.4
15 Dec 2016 ORC 2,45061.039.0–61.039.0
1–8 Dec 2016The AKP and the MHP agree on draft constitutional proposals and refer them to Parliament for consultation [206] [207]
21 Nov – 6 Dec 2016 İVEM [ permanent dead link ]3,65050.039.011.056.243.8
25 Nov – 3 Dec 2016 Gezici –42.058.0–42.058.0
30 Nov 2016 MetroPoll –49.051.0-43.356.7
26–27 Nov 2016 A&G 3,01045.741.612.752.447.6
15–17 Nov 2016 Andy-AR 1,51647.141.38.553.346.7
31 Oct 2016The AKP present their constitutional proposals to the MHP, beginning negotiations between the two parties [208]
10–16 Oct 2016 ORC 21,98055.936.27.960.739.3
11–12 Oct 2016Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım accepts the MHP's calls for the AKP to bring their proposals to Parliament [209]
15–16 Jul 2016 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt
5–12 Jun 2016 ORC 2,24058.941.1–58.941.1
1 June 2016 MetroPoll 1,20041.947.510.546.953.1
30 May 2016 Optimar 1,50849.341.69.154.245.8
5–6 May 2016 ORC 1,26558.441.6–58.441.6
25–29 Apr 2016 MAK 5,50057.033.010.063.336.7
25 Apr 2016 AKAM 1,21435.045.719.343.456.6
19 Apr 2016 Gezici –55.235.59.360.939.1
2–6 Mar 2016 ORC 4,17657.043.0–57.043.0
12 Feb 2016 İVEM –60.031.09.065.934.1
27 Jan – 3 Feb 2016 ORC 8,32956.143.9–56.143.9
1 Jan 2016 GENAR 4,90055.040.84.257.442.6
18 May 2015 Gezici 4,86023.876.2–23.876.2
23 Feb 2015 Gezici 3,84023.276.8–23.276.8
3 Feb 2015 MetroPoll –34.342.223.544.855.2

Overseas

Date(s)
conducted		Polling organisation/clientSample sizeConsidering undecided voteConsidering only Yes/No vote
YesNoUndecidedYesNo
16 Apr 2017Overseas results59.540.5–59.540.5
10 Apr 2017 MAK Exit poll62.038.0–62.038.0
27 Mar–9 Apr 2017Overseas voting for Turkish expats takes place in 120 representations in 57 countries.

Results

Overall results

ChoiceNationwide votes%Overseas votes%Customs votes%Total votes%
Yes check.svg"Yes"24,325,63351.18778,83359.4652,99754.1725,157,46351.41
X mark.svg No23,203,31648.82530,98840.5444,83745.8323,779,14148.59
Valid votes
47,528,94998.251,309,82198.8097,83499.2348,936,60498.27
Invalid/blank votes
845,6271.7515,8611.207630.77862,2511.73
Turnout
48,374,576
87.45
1,325,682
44.60
98,597
3.32
49,798,855
85.43
Registered voters
55,319,222
2,972,676
58,291,898
Source: Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey (YSK) Archived 17 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Referendum results by province 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum - Results by province.png
Referendum results by province

Results by province

ProvinceRegistered votersPeople votedValid votesInvalid votesYesYes (%)NoNo (%)Turnout (%)
Adana 1,511,8841,302,3411,281,20821,133536,26541,85745,02158,1586,14
Adıyaman 391,115336,098329,9576,141230,43469,8399,56730,1785,93
Afyonkarahisar 501,742446,104435,85410,250281,37764,58154,31735,4288,91
Ağrı 293,340208,469202,5285,94187,14543,06115,22456,9471,07
Aksaray 261,232220,403215,7464,657162,79575,5752,62324,4384,37
Amasya 242,873219,528215,7273,801121,21756,2994,13643,7190,39
Ankara 3,860,8473,467,3643,415,69751,6671,669,04748,871,746,32051,1389,81
Antalya 1,639,3641,429,2781,403,83625,442574,64440,94828,86259,0687,18
Ardahan 67,65054,17852,9841,19423,46044,3629,42055,6480,09
Artvin 128,132108,868106,4782,39049,98246,9556,48353,0584,97
Aydın 795,526699,772686,88712,885245,43135,74441,27664,2687,96
Balıkesir 919,852824,390810,33914,051368,81745,53441,15754,4789,62
Bartın 144,930124,867120,9043,96367,73956,0353,16043,9786,16
Batman 329,509273,462264,5158,94796,42436,48167,91763,5282,99
Bayburt 57,07146,77246,06071237,62081,678,44618,3381,95
Bilecik 151,865137,448134,8212,62765,89748,8968,89551,1190,51
Bingöl 175,142137,171132,2604,91195,95972,6736,08727,3378,32
Bitlis 194,243152,573148,0224,55187,87159,3660,16340,6478,55
Bolu 221,967197,371193,8473,524120,73362,2973,10137,7188,92
Burdur 194,288173,499169,0014,49887,39351,7381,55648,2789,3
Bursa 2,109,7731,885,0581,856,69228,366987,66753,21868,61046,7989,35
Çanakkale 398,024359,839353,9655,874139,99539,55213,94060,4590,41
Çankırı 130,649110,757108,7402,01779,87273,4628,85626,5484,77
Çorum 387,151346,172340,2085,964219,39464,50120,81435,5089,42
Denizli 736,208664,554651,18213,372289,87644,53361,10955,4790,27
Diyarbakır 992,819801,500776,82224,678251,99532,42524,82767,5880,73
Düzce 262,542236,676232,5984,078163,95570,5568,42729,4590,15
Edirne 308,502272,510267,4205,09078,87729,50188,46970,5088,33
Elazığ 406,636342,529335,3947,135240,77371,8294,44928,1884,23
Erzincan 154,333135,686133,7191,96780,90860,5052,81639,5087,92
Erzurum 484,753410,871403,5967,275300,54574,50102,86925,5084,76
Eskişehir 636,858567,634558,6179,017236,80742,43321,27357,5789,13
Gaziantep 1,180,938982,983967,09015,893603,89462,44363,19837,5683,24
Giresun 327,882271,898266,8965,002164,57561,69102,21938,3182,93
Gümüşhane 101,31274,10572,6511,45454,60175,1618,05024,8473,15
Hakkâri 162,006131,017126,7934,22440,94032,3585,63067,6580,87
Hatay 1,018,200892,478879,38313,095401,05745,64477,72454,3687,65
Iğdır 117,90490,46188,5531,90830,84434,8657,62965,1476,72
Isparta 310,003271,693265,7265,967148,86856,04116,77543,9687,64
Istanbul 10,529,0309,340,2059,207,590132,6154,479,74748,654,727,76151,3588,71
İzmir 3,179,7482,832,9202,790,40342,517870,86031,221,918,70068,7889,09
Kahramanmaraş 719,927629,154619,7449,410458,09373,95161,38626,0587,39
Karabük 173,150150,064146,6153,44989,04260,7357,57439,2786,67
Karaman 171,482151,676147,6754,00194,24763,8553,37036,1588,45
Kars 181,880141,812139,1092,70370,89350,9968,13149,0177,97
Kastamonu 278,876232,890227,6085,282147,56764,8480,01335,1683,51
Kayseri 932,483834,477822,63611,841557,17267,75265,20332,2589,49
Kilis 81,70570,58369,3731,21044,51364,1324,89535,8786,39
Kırıkkale 197,697169,078166,2622,816103,61462,4462,33537,5685,52
Kırklareli 270,019242,929239,1263,80368,55328,67170,56871,3389,97
Kırşehir 163,309138,471135,8832,58872,36253,3063,38946,7084,79
Kocaeli 1,301,3551,166,9461,147,26119,685650,17456,69496,71643,3189,67
Konya 1,475,5971,298,5251,274,21224,313928,51672,88345,59827,1288
Kütahya 421,028379,510371,5897,921261,24270,29110,41029,7190,14
Malatya 543,742471,869465,1776,692323,63169,57141,53730,4386,78
Manisa 1,031,668933,101914,00819,093417,26745,67496,45854,3390,45
Mardin 455,288374,330365,3868,944149,55840,96215,58159,0482,22
Mersin 1,247,6621,096,4901,077,35919,131387,62735,99689,50864,0187,88
Muğla 691,124611,470601,09110,379184,52030,73415,90169,2788,47
Muş 225,416177,955172,6845,27187,31450,5685,37049,4478,95
Nevşehir 207,762182,270179,2113,059117,54865,5961,66334,4187,73
Niğde 236,211201,836201,8364,268118,15059,8279,34440,1885,45
Ordu 549,249454,428444,8729,556275,34461,90169,48138,1082,74
Osmaniye 350,988299,183293,7785,405169,65257,81123,81142,1985,24
Rize 245,097208,495205,1863,309155,03075,5650,15724,4485,07
Sakarya 690,429616,766606,9759,791412,84968,08193,58831,9289,33
Samsun 941,614812,278798,23514,043507,26763,56290,83736,4486,26
Şanlıurfa 1,029,644861,730845,90815,822599,09270,82246,81229,1883,69
Siirt 176,845147,212142,4864,72668,24247,9374,14352,0783,24
Sinop 155,463130,162126,9753,18773,48857,9053,43742,1083,73
Şırnak 255,760214,666207,0897,57758,82828,41148,21371,5983,93
Sivas 433,325374,007368,1345,873262,50671,30105,68328,7086,31
Tekirdağ 710,364632,095622,5959,500242,62738,98379,80961,0288,98
Tokat 417,661365,070359,0236,047226,99963,27131,77236,7387,41
Trabzon 568,504484,270475,9898,281316,29866,47159,57333,5385,18
Tunceli 60,80150,91250,3375759,84419,5840,42980,4283,74
Uşak 262,877237,260232,3164,944109,27047,04123,01752,9690,26
Van 619,947468,593453,15915,434193,58442,72259,57557,2875,59
Yalova 172,160147,039144,6372,40271,5949,7372,70850,2785,41
Yozgat 295,051246,192242,2493,943179,54374,2462,29125,7683,44
Zonguldak 447,774387,640377,31410,326186,07749,33191,09950,6786,57
Nationwide results58,366,64749,799,16348,934,116865,04725,157,02551,4123,777,09148,5985,32

Overseas results

CountryYesYes (%)NoNo (%)
Albania 15341.80%21358.20%
Algeria 35643.00%47257.00%
Australia 5,96041.82%8,29058.18%
Austria 38,21573.23%13,97226.77%
Azerbaijan 1,02438.31%1,64961.69%
Bahrain 6913.56%44086.44%
Belgium 54,08374.98%18,04425.02%
Bosnia and Herzegovina 75061.83%46338.17%
Bulgaria 36528.65%90971.35%
Canada 3,24727.92%8,38472.08%
China 21323.77%68376.23%
Czech Republic 7312.54%50987.46%
Denmark 6,60460.63%4,28839.37%
Egypt 25959.00%18041.00%
Finland 55828.45%1,40371.55%
France 91,26664.85%49,47535.15%
Georgia 28540.66%41659.34%
Germany 412,14963.07%241,35336.93%
Greece 17622.62%60277.38%
Hungary 23225.75%66974.25%
Iran 12145.32%14654.68%
Iraq 11934.59%22565.41%
Ireland 17319.93%69580.07%
Israel 28443.43%37056.57%
Italy 2,13537.94%3,49262.06%
Japan 41636.11%73663.89%
Jordan 34975.87%11124.13%
Kazakhstan 63641.41%90058.59%
Kosovo 40457.14%30342.86%
Kuwait 19123.38%62676.62%
Kyrgyzstan 49957.36%37142.64%
Lebanon 1,05893.88%696.12%
Luxembourg 5,98762.86%3,53837.14%
Macedonia 61857.97%44842.03%
Netherlands 82,67270.94%33,87129.06%
New Zealand 3217.68%14982.32%
Northern Cyprus 19,22545.18%23,32454.82%
Norway 2,19357.20%1,64142.80%
Oman 13824.04%43675.96%
Poland 30225.61%87774.39%
Qatar 24118.89%1,03581.11%
Romania 82444.64%1,02255.36%
Russia 83326.02%2,36873.98%
Saudi Arabia 4,47555.06%3,65344.94%
Singapore 28444.31%35755.69%
South Africa 12636.84%21663.16%
Spain 17213.32%1,11986.68%
Sudan 24065.93%12434.07%
Sweden 4,36747.09%4,90252.91%
Switzerland 19,18138.08%31,19361.92%
Thailand 2712.92%18287.02%
Turkmenistan 51043.74%65656.26%
Ukraine 34135.7461364.26%
United Arab Emirates 39513.31%2,57286.69%
United Kingdom 7,17720.26%28,24779.79%
United States 5,29616.20%27,39783.80%
Uzbekistan 16953.65%14646.35%
Border Gates52,96154.17%44,81645.83%
Overseas results831,20859.09%575,36540.91%

Reactions

Sovereign states

Regional organisations

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The polling firm concluded that despite the lead of stated "Yes" votes, there were some "No" voters who claimed otherwise out of fear and a large number of "No" voters not answering at all, leading to the conclusion that "No" voters were in the lead by 51.2%)

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General elections were held in Turkey on 7 June 2015 to elect 550 members to the Grand National Assembly. This was the 24th general election in the history of the Turkish Republic, electing the country's 25th Parliament. The result was the first hung parliament since the 1999 general elections. Unsuccessful attempts to form a coalition government resulted in a snap general election being called for November 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Turkish general election</span>

General elections were held in Turkey on 24 June 2018. Presidential elections were held to elect the President of Turkey using a two-round system. Parliamentary elections took place to elect 600 Members of Parliament to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.

In the run-up to, during and after the Turkish general election of June 2015, numerous accusations of electoral fraud and violence were made by opposition parties. Electoral fraud in Turkey has usually been most extensive during local elections, where individual votes have significantly larger impact in determining local administrations. Although the 2014 presidential election saw little evidence of electoral misconduct, issues regarding voter records as well as extensive media bias have been controversial issues that have remained largely unaddressed. In both the local and presidential elections in 2014, several voters reported that ballot papers had been sent to addresses that are wrong or do not exist as well as voters that have been dead for a substantial amount of time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">November 2015 Turkish general election</span>

General elections were held in Turkey on 1 November 2015 to elect 550 members to the Grand National Assembly. They were the 25th general elections in the History of the Republic of Turkey and elected the country's 26th Parliament. The election resulted in the Justice and Development Party (AKP) regaining a parliamentary majority following a 'shock' victory, having lost it five months earlier in the June 2015 general elections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">June 2015 Nationalist Movement Party election campaign</span>

The Nationalist Movement Party election campaign of June 2015 was the official election campaign of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) for the June 2015 general election in Turkey. The campaign was led by Devlet Bahçeli, who was contesting his fifth successive general election since being elected party leader in 1997.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 Turkish local elections</span> Municipal elections in Turkey

The Turkish local elections of 2019 were held on Sunday 31 March 2019 throughout the 81 provinces of Turkey. A total of 30 metropolitan and 1,351 district municipal mayors, alongside 1,251 provincial and 20,500 municipal councillors were elected, in addition to numerous local non-partisan positions such as neighbourhood representatives (muhtars) and elderly people's councils.

The 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum 'Yes' campaign was a campaign headed by numerous political parties, non-governmental organisations, individuals and media outlets that successfully campaigned for a 'Yes' vote in the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum. A vote for 'Yes' meant the transformation of Turkey from a parliamentary republic into a presidential republic with an executive presidency. The 'Yes' campaign was rivalled by parties and organisations that led the 'No' campaign. Neither campaign had a united or centralised campaign structure, with rallies and campaign events having been largely organised by political parties independent of each other.

The 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum 'No' campaign refers to a collection of unsuccessful political campaigns led by political parties, organizations and media outlets in favour of a 'No' vote in the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum. Were the campaign to have been successful, it would have resulted in Turkey remaining a parliamentary republic as opposed to an executive presidency, which it became as a result of the referendum, and would have constituted the first direct upset against the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) since they took office in 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Good Party</span> Political party in Turkey

The Good Party is a nationalist and Kemalist political party in Turkey, established on 25 October 2017 by its current leader Meral Akşener. The party's name and flag is a reference to the tamga of the Kayı tribe.

The People's Alliance, abbreviated as PEOPLE, is an electoral alliance in Turkey, established in February 2018 between the ruling Justice and Development Party and the formerly opposition Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). The alliance was formed to contest the 2018 general election, and brings together the political parties supporting the re-election of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Its main rival is the Nation Alliance, which was originally created by four opposition parties in 2018 and was re-established in 2019.

The Nation Alliance, abbreviated as NATION, was an electoral and political alliance in Turkey, made up of six opposition parties to contest the 2023 Turkish general election against its main rival, the People's Alliance. Originally established prior to the country's 2018 general election, the alliance had consisted of four opposition parties across the political spectrum, which had found common ground on withstanding Turkey's newly established presidential system. The alliance dissolved in 1 June 2023 following its narrow defeat in the 2023 elections, after the Good Party's announcement that they were no longer a part of it.

The 12th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress was a political party convention held by the Turkish right-wing Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) on 18 March 2018. The Congress resulted in the re-election of Devlet Bahçeli as party leader, having been the only candidate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victory Party (Turkey)</span> Political party in Turkey

The Victory Party is a right-wing to far-right, ultranationalist, anti-immigrant political party in Turkey founded on August 26, 2021 under the leadership of Ümit Özdağ. Party was represented in the Grand National Assembly by a single MP, Özdağ himself, until it failed to pass the electoral threshold in the 2023 election and therefore was barred from winning any seats.

In the run up to the 2023 Turkish presidential election, with its first round held on 14 May and a second round on 28 May, various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in Turkey. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. These polls only include Turkish voters nationwide and do not take into account Turkish expatriates voting abroad. The date range for these opinion polls are from the previous general election, held on 24 June 2018, to the present day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2023 Turkish presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Turkey in May 2023, alongside parliamentary elections, to elect a president for a term of five years. Dubbed the most important election of 2023, the presidential election went to a run-off for the first time in Turkish history. The election had originally been scheduled to take place on 18 June, but the government moved them forward by a month to avoid coinciding with the university exams, the Hajj pilgrimage and the start of the summer holidays. It is estimated that a total of 64 million voters had the right to cast their votes in elections, 60.9 million in Turkey and 3.2 million abroad.

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