The position of Prime Minister of Turkey was established in 1920, during the Turkish War of Independence. The prime minister was the head of the executive branch of the government along with the Cabinet. Following the 2017 constitutional referendum, the office of prime minister was abolished and the President became the head of the executive branch after the 2018 general election.
For a list of grand viziers of the predecessor Ottoman Empire, see List of Ottoman grand viziers.
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Election (Parliament) | Term of office | Political party | Cabinet | Speaker (Term) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||||
1 | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938) | 1920 (1st) | 3 May 1920 | 24 January 1921 | 266 days | Association for Defence of National Rights | Atatürk | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1920–1923) | ||
2 | Fevzi Çakmak (1876–1950) | — (1st) | 24 January 1921 | 19 May 1921 | 1 year, 166 days | Association for Defence of National Rights | Çakmak I | |||
19 May 1921 | 9 July 1922 | Çakmak II | ||||||||
3 | Rauf Orbay (1881–1964) | — (1st) | 12 July 1922 | 4 August 1923 | 1 year, 23 days | Association for Defence of National Rights | Orbay | |||
4 | Fethi Okyar (1880–1943) | — (1st) | 14 August 1923 | 27 October 1923 | 74 days | Association for Defence of National Rights | Okyar |
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Election (Parliament) | Term of office | Political party | Cabinet | President (Term) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||||
1 | İsmet İnönü (1886–1973) | 1923 (2nd) | 30 October 1923 | 6 March 1924 | 1 year, 23 days | Republican People's Party | İnönü I | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1923–1938) | ||
— (2nd) | 6 March 1924 | 22 November 1924 | İnönü II | |||||||
2 | Fethi Okyar (1880–1943) | — (2nd) | 22 November 1924 | 6 March 1925 | 104 days | Republican People's Party | Okyar | |||
(1) | İsmet İnönü (1886–1973) | — (2nd) | 6 March 1925 | 1 November 1927 | 12 years, 240 days | Republican People's Party | İnönü III | |||
1927 (3rd) | 1 November 1927 | 27 September 1930 | İnönü IV | |||||||
— (3rd) | 27 September 1930 | 4 May 1931 | İnönü V | |||||||
1931 (4th) | 4 May 1931 | 1 March 1935 | İnönü VI | |||||||
1935 (5th) | 1 March 1935 | 1 November 1937 | İnönü VII | |||||||
3 | Celâl Bayar (1883–1986) | — (5th) | 1 November 1937 | 11 November 1938 | 1 year, 85 days | Republican People's Party | Bayar I | |||
— (5th) | 11 November 1938 | 25 January 1939 | Bayar II | İsmet İnönü (1938–1950) | ||||||
4 | Refik Saydam (1881–1942) | — (5th) | 25 January 1939 | 3 April 1939 | 3 years, 164 days | Republican People's Party | Saydam I | |||
1939 (6th) | 3 April 1939 | 8 July 1942 (Died in office) | Saydam II | |||||||
5 | Şükrü Saracoğlu (1887–1953) | — (6th) | 8 July 1942 | 9 March 1943 | 4 years, 29 days | Republican People's Party | Saracoğlu I | |||
1943 (7th) | 9 March 1943 | 7 August 1946 | Saracoğlu II | |||||||
6 | Recep Peker (1889–1950) | 1946 (8th) | 7 August 1946 | 9 September 1947 | 1 year, 33 days | Republican People's Party | Peker | |||
7 | Hasan Saka (1885–1960) | — (8th) | 9 September 1947 | 10 June 1948 | 1 year, 128 days | Republican People's Party | Saka I | |||
— (8th) | 10 June 1948 | 16 January 1949 | Saka II | |||||||
8 | Şemsettin Günaltay (1883–1961) | — (8th) | 16 January 1949 | 22 May 1950 | 1 year, 126 days | Republican People's Party | Günaltay | |||
9 | Adnan Menderes (1899–1961) | 1950 (9th) | 22 May 1950 | 9 March 1951 | 10 years, 5 days | Democrat Party | Menderes I | Celâl Bayar (1950–1960) | ||
— (9th) | 9 March 1951 | 17 May 1954 | Menderes II | |||||||
1954 (10th) | 17 May 1954 | 9 December 1955 | Menderes III | |||||||
— (10th) | 9 December 1955 | 25 November 1957 | Menderes IV | |||||||
1957 (11th) | 25 November 1957 | 27 May 1960 [lower-alpha 1] | Menderes V | |||||||
10 | Cemal Gürsel (1894–1966) | — | 27 May 1960 | 5 January 1961 | 1 year, 152 days | Military | Gürsel I | National Unity Committee (1960–1961) | ||
— | 5 January 1961 | 27 October 1961 | Gürsel II | |||||||
(1) | İsmet İnönü (1886–1973) | 1961 (12th) | 27 October 1961 | 25 June 1962 | 3 years, 92 days | Republican People's Party | İnönü VIII | Cemal Gürsel (1961–1966) | ||
— (12th) | 25 June 1962 | 25 December 1963 | İnönü IX | |||||||
— (12th) | 25 December 1963 | 20 February 1965 | İnönü X | |||||||
11 | Suat Hayri Ürgüplü (1903–1981) | — (12th) | 20 February 1965 | 27 October 1965 | 249 days | Independent | Ürgüplü | |||
12 | Süleyman Demirel (1924–2015) | 1965 (13th) | 27 October 1965 | 3 November 1969 | 5 years, 150 days | Justice Party | Demirel I | |||
1969 (14th) | 3 November 1969 | 6 March 1970 | Demirel II | Cevdet Sunay (1966–1973) | ||||||
— (14th) | 6 March 1970 | 26 March 1971 [lower-alpha 2] | Demirel III | |||||||
13 | Nihat Erim (1912–1980) | — (14th) | 26 March 1971 | 11 December 1971 | 1 year, 22 days | Independent | Erim I | |||
— (14th) | 11 December 1971 | 17 April 1972 | Erim II | |||||||
14 | Ferit Melen (1906–1988) | — (14th) | 17 April 1972 | 15 April 1973 | 363 days | Republican Reliance Party | Melen | |||
15 | Naim Talu (1919–1998) | 1973 (15th) | 15 April 1973 | 25 January 1974 | 285 days | Independent | Talu | Fahri Korutürk (1973–1980) | ||
16 | Bülent Ecevit (1925–2006) | — (15th) | 25 January 1974 | 17 November 1974 | 296 days | Republican People's Party | Ecevit I | |||
17 | Sadi Irmak (1906–1990) | — (15th) | 17 November 1974 | 31 March 1975 | 134 days | Independent | Irmak | |||
(12) | Süleyman Demirel (1924–2015) | — (15th) | 31 March 1975 | 21 June 1977 | 2 years, 82 days | Justice Party | Demirel IV | |||
(16) | Bülent Ecevit (1925–2006) | 1977 (16th) | 21 June 1977 | 21 July 1977 | 30 days | Republican People's Party | Ecevit II | |||
(12) | Süleyman Demirel (1924–2015) | — (16th) | 21 July 1977 | 5 January 1978 | 168 days | Justice Party | Demirel V | |||
(16) | Bülent Ecevit (1925–2006) | — (16th) | 5 January 1978 | 12 November 1979 | 1 year, 311 days | Republican People's Party | Ecevit III | |||
(12) | Süleyman Demirel (1924–2015) | — (16th) | 12 November 1979 | 12 September 1980 [lower-alpha 3] | 305 days | Justice Party | Demirel VI | |||
18 | Bülend Ulusu (1922–2015) | — | 21 September 1980 | 13 December 1983 | 3 years, 83 days | Military | Ulusu | National Security Council (1980–1982) | ||
— | Kenan Evren (1982–1989) | |||||||||
19 | Turgut Özal (1927–1993) | 1983 (17th) | 13 December 1983 | 21 December 1987 | 5 years, 322 days | Motherland Party | Özal I | |||
1987 (18th) | 21 December 1987 | 9 November 1989 | Özal II | |||||||
20 | Yıldırım Akbulut (1935–2021) | — (18th) | 9 November 1989 | 23 June 1991 | 1 year, 226 days | Motherland Party | Akbulut | Turgut Özal (1989–1993) | ||
21 | Mesut Yılmaz (1947–2020) | — (18th) | 23 June 1991 | 20 November 1991 | 150 days | Motherland Party | Yılmaz I | |||
(12) | Süleyman Demirel (1924–2015) | 1991 (19th) | 20 November 1991 | 16 May 1993 | 1 year, 177 days | True Path Party | Demirel VII | |||
22 | Tansu Çiller (born 1946) | — (19th) | 25 June 1993 | 5 October 1995 | 2 years, 255 days | True Path Party | Çiller I | Süleyman Demirel (1993–2000) | ||
— (19th) | 5 October 1995 | 30 October 1995 | Çiller II | |||||||
— (19th) | 30 October 1995 | 6 March 1996 | Çiller III | |||||||
(21) | Mesut Yılmaz (1947–2020) | 1995 (20th) | 6 March 1996 | 28 June 1996 | 114 days | Motherland Party | Yılmaz II | |||
23 | Necmettin Erbakan (1926–2011) | — (20th) | 28 June 1996 | 30 June 1997 [lower-alpha 4] | 1 year, 2 days | Welfare Party | Erbakan | |||
(21) | Mesut Yılmaz (1947–2020) | — (20th) | 30 June 1997 | 11 January 1999 | 1 year, 195 days | Motherland Party | Yılmaz III | |||
(16) | Bülent Ecevit (1925–2006) | — (20th) | 11 January 1999 | 28 May 1999 | 3 years, 311 days | Democratic Left Party | Ecevit IV | |||
1999 (21st) | 28 May 1999 | 18 November 2002 | Ecevit V | Ahmet Necdet Sezer (2000–2007) | ||||||
24 | Abdullah Gül (born 1949) | 2002 (22nd) | 18 November 2002 | 14 March 2003 | 116 days | Justice and Development Party | Gül | |||
25 | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 1954) | — (22nd) | 14 March 2003 | 29 August 2007 | 11 years, 167 days | Justice and Development Party | Erdoğan I | |||
2007 (23nd) | 29 August 2007 | 6 July 2011 | Erdoğan II | Abdullah Gül (2007–2014) | ||||||
2011 (24th) | 6 July 2011 | 29 August 2014 | Erdoğan III | |||||||
26 | Ahmet Davutoğlu (born 1959) | — (24th) | 29 August 2014 | 28 August 2015 | 1 year, 269 days | Justice and Development Party | Davutoğlu I | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2014–2018) | ||
Jun. 2015 (25th) | 28 August 2015 | 17 November 2015 | Davutoğlu II | |||||||
Nov. 2015 (26th) | 17 November 2015 | 24 May 2016 | Davutoğlu III | |||||||
27 | Binali Yıldırım (born 1955) | — (26th) | 24 May 2016 | 9 July 2018 | 2 years, 46 days | Justice and Development Party | Yıldırım |
The prime minister of Fiji is the head of government of the Republic of Fiji. The prime minister is appointed under the terms of the 2013 Constitution. The prime minister is the head of the Cabinet and appoints and dismisses ministers.
The president of the Republic of Suriname is, in accordance with the Constitution of 1987, the head of state and head of government of Suriname, and commander-in-chief of the Suriname National Army (SNL). The president also appoints a cabinet.
The prime minister of Turkey, officially the prime minister of the Republic of Turkey, was the head of government of the Republic of Turkey from 1920 to 2018, who led a political coalition in the Turkish Parliament and presided over the cabinet. Throughout the political history of Turkey, functions and powers of the post have changed occasionally. Prior to its dissolution as a result of the 2017 Constitutional Referendum, the holder of the premiership was generally the dominant figure in Turkish politics, outweighing the president.
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey, usually referred to simply as the TBMM or Parliament, is the unicameral Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by the Turkish Constitution. It was founded in Ankara on 23 April 1920 amid the National Campaign. This constitution had founded its pre-government known as 1st Executive Ministers of Turkey in May 1920. The parliament was fundamental in the efforts of Mareşal Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1st President of the Republic of Turkey, and his colleagues to found a new state out of the remnants of the Ottoman Empire.
The prime minister of Estonia is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. The prime minister is nominated by the president after appropriate consultations with the parliamentary factions and confirmed by the parliament (Riigikogu). In case of disagreement, the parliament can reject the president's nomination and choose their own candidate. In practice, since the prime minister must maintain the confidence of parliament in order to remain in office, they are usually the leader of the senior partner in the governing coalition. The current prime minister is Kaja Kallas of the Reform Party. She took the office on 26 January 2021 following the resignation of Jüri Ratas.
Mehmed Said Pasha, also known as Küçük Said Pasha or Şapur Çelebi or in his youth as Mabeyn Başkatibi Said Bey, was an Ottoman monarchist, senator, statesman and editor of the Turkish newspaper Jerid-i-Havadis. He served as grand vizier for nine years in total, seven times during the reign of Abdul Hamid II and twice during the Second Constitutional Monarchy. He was known for his opposition to the extension of foreign influence in the Ottoman Empire. He was among the statesmen who were disliked by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). However in his last two grand vizierships, Said Pasha was supported by the CUP in the Chamber of Deputies, and his last grand vizierate ended in 1912 with a military memorandum against the Unionists.
The Second Constitutional Era was the period of restored parliamentary rule in the Ottoman Empire between the 1908 Young Turk Revolution and the 1920 dissolution of the General Assembly, during the empire's twilight years.
Ahmed Muhtar Pasha also spelled Ahmed Mihtar Pasha was a prominent Ottoman field marshal and Grand Vizier, who served in the Crimean and Russo-Turkish wars. Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was appointed as Grand Vizier in July 1912 at age 72, largely due to his prestige as an old military hero.
The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état, also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte, was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by Ismail Enver Bey and Mehmed Talaat Bey, in which the group made a surprise raid on the central Ottoman government buildings, the Sublime Porte. During the coup, the Minister of War, Nazım Pasha, was assassinated and the Grand Vizier, Kâmil Pasha, was forced to resign. Soon after the coup, the government fell into the hands of the CUP, now under the leadership of the triumvirate known as the "Three Pashas", made up of Enver, Talaat, and Cemal Pasha.
Moctar Ouane is a Malian diplomat and politician who served as the acting Prime Minister of Mali from 27 September 2020 to 24 May 2021, between the 2020 Malian coup d'état and the 2021 Malian coup d'état. He also previously served in the government of Mali as Minister of Foreign Affairs from May 2004 to April 2011.
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha, later Ahmet Tevfik Okday after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934, was an Ottoman statesman of Crimean Tatar origin. He was the last grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire. He held the office three times, the first in 1909 under Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and from 1918 to 1919 and from 1920 to 1922 under Mehmed VI during the Allied occupation of Istanbul. In addition to his premiership, Ahmet Tevfik was also a diplomat, a member of the Ottoman Senate, and long time Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Damat Mehmed Adil Ferid Pasha, known simply as Damat Ferid Pasha, was an Ottoman liberal statesman, who held the office of Grand Vizier, the de facto prime minister of the Ottoman Empire, during two periods under the reign of the last Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI, the first time between 4 March 1919 and 2 October 1919 and the second time between 5 April 1920 and 21 October 1920. Officially, he was brought to the office a total of five times, since his cabinets were recurrently dismissed under various pressures and he had to present new ones. Because of his involvement in the Treaty of Sèvres, his collaboration with the occupying Allied powers, and his readiness to acknowledge atrocities against the Armenians, he was declared a traitor and subsequently a persona non grata in Turkey. He emigrated to Europe at the end of the Greco-Turkish War.
Mehmed Kâmil Pasha, also spelled as Kamil Pasha, was an Ottoman statesman and liberal politician of Turkish Cypriot origin in the late-19th-century and early-20th-century. He was the Grand Vizier of the Empire during four different periods.
The president of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar is the head of state and constitutional head of government of Myanmar. The president chairs the National Defence and Security Council and normally leads the Cabinet of Myanmar, the executive branch of the Burmese government, though the military prime minister leads the cabinet under the current state of emergency. The current president is Myint Swe, who assumed the presidency through a military coup d'état on 1 February 2021. Though a constitutionally powerful position, the presidency is a largely symbolic post under the current military government, with Myint Swe appearing only to rubber-stamp military rule.
The 1912 Ottoman coup d'état was a coup by military memorandum in the Ottoman Empire against the Committee of Union and Progress by a group of military officers calling themselves the Saviour Officers during the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.