2011 Turkish general election

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2011 Turkish general election
Flag of Turkey.svg
←  2007 12 June 2011 June 2015  →
All 550 seats in the Grand National Assembly
276 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout83.16% (Decrease2.svg1.09 pp)
 First partySecond partyThird party
  Tayyip Erdogan (cropped).JPG Kemal Kilicdaroglu cropped.png Devlet Bahceli VOA 2015 (cropped).jpg
Leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu Devlet Bahçeli
Party AK Party CHP MHP
Last election46.58%, 341 seats20.88%, 112 seats14.27%, 71 seats
Seats won32713553
Seat changeDecrease2.svg 14Increase2.svg 23Decrease2.svg 18
Popular vote21,399,08211,155,9725,585,513
Percentage49.83%25.98%13.01%
SwingIncrease2.svg 3.25pp Increase2.svg 5.10pp Decrease2.svg 1.26pp
Turkish general election 2011.png
Most voted-for party by provinces (top) and districts (bottom)
      AKP        CHP        MHP        Independent Labour, Democracy and Freedom Bloc [lower-alpha 1]
Prime Minister before election

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
AK Party

Elected Prime Minister

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
AK Party

General elections were held in Turkey on 12 June 2011 to elect the 550 members of Grand National Assembly. In accordance to the result of the constitutional referendum held in 2007, the elections were held four years after the previous elections in 2007 instead of five.

Contents

The result was a third consecutive victory for the incumbent Justice and Development Party (AKP), with its leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan being re-elected as Prime Minister for a third term with 49.8% of the vote and 327 MPs. This represented an increase of 3.2% since the 2007 general election and an 11.4% rise since the 2009 local elections. The victory was attributed to the strong sustained economic recovery after the 2008 global financial crisis as well as the completion of several projects such as the İzmir commuter railway, inter-city high speed rail lines and airports in Amasya, Gökçeada and Gazipaşa (Antalya).

The Republican People's Party (CHP) also saw an increase in its popular vote share, receiving 26.0% and winning 135 seats. The Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) received 13.0% and won 53 seats, representing a slight loss of support since 2007. The elections were the first to be contested by the CHP's new leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, who replaced Deniz Baykal in 2010.

The elections were marred by violence originating mainly from the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which is recognised as a terrorist organisation by Turkey, the European Union and the United States.

Background

Emboldened by the 2010 constitutional referendum, AKP leaders said they would create a new constitution after the 2011 elections. [1]

On 3 March 2011 Parliament approved a ruling party proposal to set 12 June as the date for the general elections. The proposal was submitted by the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) on 21 February and was approved unanimously in the Parliament's General Assembly. In its proposal, the AKP pointed to the appropriateness of 12 June as the election date considering the June dates for the placement test for high schools (SBS) and the university entrance exam (LYS). Seeking high voter turnout, the heat during the summer was also considered during the choice of date.

Electoral system

In accordance with a law approved by Parliament last year that made changes to Turkey's election laws, Turkish voters encountered some new rules and reforms during the general election of 2011. The changes sought to bring Turkish election campaign regulations up to European standards. [2]

Turkish voters living abroad will have to wait for another election to be able to cast their votes in the countries in which they are residing due to the inability to institute electronic voting. Turkish voters abroad thus needed to cast their votes at customs gates. [3]

Regions

The number of MPs by province was redistributed according to the most recent population data. The number of deputies in Parliament for Istanbul was increased by 15, for Ankara by three and İzmir by two; Antalya, Diyarbakır, Van and Şırnak each received one more seat in Parliament. Ankara's two regions yielded 15 and 16 deputies. Istanbul, made up of three regions, elected 30, 27 and 28 deputies. İzmir, with two regions, elected 13 deputies each from both regions.

The number of MPs by province [4]

Contesting parties

On 5 March 2011 Turkey's Supreme Election Board announced that twenty-seven political parties had signed up to participate in the 12 June general elections:

Nine smaller political parties decided to change their election strategy. Some of them decided to participate in the elections as independent, while others formed an alliance under one party. On 19 April 2011 the Supreme Election Board announced that ÖDP and YP could not join the 12 June general elections as they could not hand out their necessary documents on time. Thus, the number of political parties joined the elections dropped to 15.

Campaign

Justice and Development Party

The large number of applications gave the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) nearly 15 million Turkish Liras in revenue ahead of the 12 June general elections. AKP, which had the most female deputies in the outgoing Parliament, planned to expand that number for the new term. Its aim was that all provinces with four to five deputies had at least one female deputy candidate during the election. The total 5,599 applications to the AKP included those of 855 female candidates and 315 candidates with disabilities. Each male applicant paid a fee of 3,000 liras, while women paid half that sum and people with disabilities had their fees waived. The applications thus brought in a total of 14.85 million liras to the party. This revenue, however, will not remain in the AKP's bank account after the elections, party leader Erdoğan said, explaining that candidates who did not make it onto the party's list will have their money returned. [5]

Key figures who applied to be AKP candidates included Ambassador Volkan Bozkır, the head of Turkey's General Secretariat for the European Union and former Istanbul Governor Muammer Güler.

12 April 2011 was the last date for political parties to submit their list of candidate MPs to the Higher Election Board for the general elections. Prime Minister Erdoğan dismissed half his party's parliamentary deputies for this election, aiming to rejuvenate the party as he sought a third term in power. Erdoğan nominated only 146 deputies out of the 333 parliamentary seats for the ruling Justice & Development party to stand again in this election. [6] Of the AKP's 550 candidates, 514 had university degrees. There were also 11 people with disabilities on the list. [7] Important figures from the party kept their positions with many ministers moved to the coastal regions where the party previously attracted fewer votes.

Following a rally by Erdoğan in Kastamonu on 4 May, assailants ambushed a police convoy killing one person and wounding another. The Kurdistan Workers Party claimed responsibility for the attack after Erdoğan accused "separatists" at another rally for the attack.

Locations of the election rallies of the Justice and Development Party

Republican People's Party

The 2011 general election was the first general election in which Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu participated as the leader of Republican People's Party (CHP). The former CHP leader Deniz Baykal resigned from his post in May 2010 and left the CHP with 26% of the votes, according to opinion polls. Kılıçdaroğlu announced that he would resign from his post if he was not successful in the 2011 elections. He did not provide details as to what his criteria for success were. [8] Over 3,500 people applied to run for the main opposition party in the June elections. Male candidates paid 3,000 Turkish Liras to submit an application; female candidates paid 2,000 while those with disabilities paid 500 liras. [9] Among the candidates were former CHP leader Deniz Baykal and arrested Ergenekon suspects such as Mustafa Balbay and Mehmet Haberal. [10]

The party held primary elections in 29 provinces. Making a clean break with the past, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu left his mark on the Republican People's Party's 435-candidate list, leaving off 78 current deputies as he sought to redefine and reposition the main opposition. The CHP's candidate list also included 11 politicians who were formerly part of center-right parties, such as the Motherland Party, the True Path Party and the Turkey Party. Center-right voters gravitated toward the AKP when these other parties virtually collapsed after the 2002 elections. Key party figures that did not make it on to the list, criticised the CHP for making "a shift in axis." [11]

Opinion polls

In the local elections of 2009, the ruling AKP received 39% of the votes. The second party CHP received 23% of the votes, and the third party MHP received 16% of the votes. In the run up to the general election of 2011, the polling organisations noted a growth in the popularity of the AKP. Polling organisations showed a rate between 42% and 51%. For CHP, the numbers varied between 25% and 30%. MHP was mostly shown between 10% and 14%

Results

Parliament of Turkey 2011.svg
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Justice and Development Party 21,399,08249.83327–14
Republican People's Party 11,155,97225.98135+23
Nationalist Movement Party 5,585,51313.0153–18
Felicity Party 543,4541.2700
People's Voice Party 329,7230.770New
Great Union Party 323,2510.750New
Democrat Party 279,4800.6500
Rights and Equality Party 124,4150.290New
Democratic Left Party 108,0890.250New
True Path Party 64,6070.150New
Communist Party of Turkey 64,0060.1500
Nation Party 60,7160.140New
Nationalist and Conservative Party 36,1880.080New
Labour Party 32,1280.0700
Liberal Democrat Party 15,2220.0400
Independents2,819,9176.5735+8
Total42,941,763100.005500
Valid votes42,941,76397.78
Invalid/blank votes973,1852.22
Total votes43,914,948100.00
Registered voters/turnout52,806,32283.16
Source: YSK

By electoral district

Province AKP CHP MHP IND [lower-alpha 2] Total
Adana 643114
Adıyaman 55
Afyonkarahisar 3115
Ağrı 314
Aksaray 33
Amasya 213
Ankara (I) 86216
Ankara (II) 94215
Ankara total1710431
Antalya 65314
Ardahan 112
Artvin 112
Aydın 3317
Balıkesir 4318
Bartın 112
Batman 224
Bayburt 11
Bilecik 112
Bingöl 33
Bitlis 213
Bolu 213
Burdur 213
Bursa 115218
Çanakkale 224
Çankırı 22
Çorum 314
Denizli 4217
Diyarbakır [lower-alpha 3] 6410
Düzce 33
Edirne 123
Elazığ 415
Erzincan 112
Erzurum 516
Eskişehir 3216
Gaziantep 92112
Giresun 314
Gümüşhane 22
Hakkâri 33
Hatay 54110
Iğdır 112
Isparta 2114
İstanbul (I) 16112130
İstanbul (II) 1592127
İstanbul (III) 1593128
İstanbul total46297385
İzmir (I) 66113
İzmir (II) 57113
İzmir total1113226
Kahramanmaraş 6118
Karabük 22
Karaman 22
Kars 213
Kastamonu 213
Kayseri 7119
Kırıkkale 33
Kırklareli 219
Kırşehir 22
Kilis 22
Kocaeli 73111
Konya 111214
Mersin 442111
Muğla 2316
Muş 224
Nevşehir 33
Niğde 213
Ordu 516
Osmaniye 224
Rize 33
Sakarya 5117
Samsun 6219
Siirt 213
Sinop 112
Sivas 415
Şanlıurfa 10212
Şırnak 134
Tekirdağ 2316
Tokat 3115
Trabzon 4116
Tunceli 22
Uşak 213
Van 448
Yalova 112
Yozgat 314
Zonguldak 325
Turkey total3271355335550

Analysis

The ruling party of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan won a third term in parliamentary elections. Erdoğan is the only prime minister in Turkish history to win three consecutive general elections and each time receive more votes than in the previous election. Four party groups will take their place in Turkey's new Parliament as electoral officials had counted all the votes. The ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) will form a majority government after winning just a shade under 50 percent of the popular vote; the incumbents will be joined again by the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP), the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) in the legislature. The 327 seats won by AKP are slightly less than the 330 required to propose constitutional changes to a referendum without the support of other parties in parliament, [12] and falls far short of the two-thirds majority needed to rewrite Turkey's 1982 military constitution unilaterally without the need for a referendum. A total of 73 AKP senior officials were elected for the last time in this election. The party's bylaws state that a person can run for Parliament for three consecutive terms at most. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, parliamentary Speaker Mehmet Ali Şahin, deputy prime ministers Bülent Arınç, Cemil Çiçek, Ali Babacan, ministers Beşir Atalay, Faruk Çelik, Mehmet Mehdi Eker, Sadullah Ergin, Egemen Bağış, Nimet Çubukçu, Hayati Yazıcı, Vecdi Gönül, Taner Yıldız, Nihat Ergün, Binali Yıldırım and Recep Akdağ are among those who will not be eligible for nomination in the next general election.

The second largest party in parliament, the Republican People's Party, won 25.9% of the vote. MHP won 13% of the vote, more than the 10% threshold required to win seats in Parliament. [12] Thirty-five independent candidates, all of whom were backed by the Kurdish BDP under their Labour, Democracy and Freedom Bloc alliance (together with other parties, including the Rights and Freedoms Party, the Participatory Democracy Party and the Labour Party), were also voted in. Leyla Zana (50) returns to Parliament two decades after she was elected to the national assembly for the first time in 1991. [13]

Erol Dora, a Syriac lawyer elected as independent but supported by the BDP, is the first ethnic Assyrian member of the Grand National Assembly and the first Christian MP since 1960 (the Armenian Migirdich Shellefyan was an MP in 1955–1960). [14]

The number of female deputies was boosted from 46 to 78. With 44 female deputies, the AKP ranks the first. This term, there will be 20 female deputies from the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP), three from the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and 11 among the Kurdish Peace and Democracy (BDP)-backed independents in Parliament.

The oldest member of Parliament Oktay Ekşi from CHP, who was the youngest member of Constituent Assembly of 1961, will act as the parliamentary speaker temporarily during the oath ceremony. Bilal Macit (26) from AKP has become the youngest member of Parliament.

Hatip Dicle (BDP) was stripped of his seat after losing an appeal against a prior conviction for spreading terrorist propaganda. His seat went to Oya Eronat of the AKP. [15] There are speculations that the remaining BDP MPs boycotted parliament because of this incident, but that attitude did not bring him to the parliament. [16] Both AKP and CHP favoured amending the law in this case to allow Dicle to take his seat; a similar case had already applied to PM Erdoğan in 2003, when the law was also changed to allow for his seating. [17]

Two CHP MPs, journalist Mustafa Balbay and academic Mehmet Haberal, were in jail at the time for suspected involvement in the Ergenekon conspiracy; applications for their release were denied, which was strongly criticized by the CHP, who said they would appeal the ruling. [18]

BDP and CHP both boycotted parliament's opening ceremony, as Dicle had been stripped of his seat and eight other MPs were refused attendance due to prison terms considered political by both BDP and CHP. [19]

Reactions

International organisations

Others

Countries

Others

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Labour, Democracy and Freedom Bloc contested the election as independents to bypass the 10% election threshold. Provinces & districts where the total votes for all independents combined topped the poll are shown in grey, even though these candidates may have won fewer votes than other parties individually.
  2. ↑ All 35 Independent MPs were elected from the Labour, Democracy and Freedom Block supported by parties such as the Peace and Democracy Party. The candidates contested the election as independents in order to bypass the 10% threshold.
  3. ↑ Hatip Dicle was initially elected as an independent MP for Diyarbakır, but his election was annulled by the Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey. His place was taken by an AKP candidate who was the sixth on the party list.

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  30. ↑ "Sharaf congratulates Erdogan on his party win in elections". Egypt State Information Service. June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  31. ↑ "Sarkozy calls for Mideast cooperation with Turkey in election message". Today's Zaman. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on June 24, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
  32. ↑ "Merkel und EU gratulieren Erdogan zum Wahlsieg". Euronews (in German). June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
  33. 1 2 3 "World leaders hail Erdoğan win, reiterate strong ties". Sunday's Zaman. June 14, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
  34. ↑ "Netanyahu pleased with Turkey's free and fair elections". Agenzia Giornalistica Italia. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  35. ↑ "Kazakh President congratulates Turkish PM on election victory". trend.az. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on June 17, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
  36. ↑ "Hariri congratulates Turkish PM on election victory". NOW Lebanon. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  37. ↑ "HM congratulates Erdogan". Oman Observer. June 19, 2011. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  38. ↑ "Gilani phones Erdogan to greet over electoral victory". Associated Press Of Pakistan. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
  39. ↑ "Abbas, Hamas congratulate Turkey's AKP on winning elections". Xinhua News Agency . June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on June 18, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  40. ↑ "Emir holds talks with Turkish leaders on phone". Gulf Times. June 15, 2011. Archived from the original on September 22, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  41. ↑ "Russia - Prime Minister Vladimir Putin congratulates Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan on the victory of his party at the parliamentary elections". isria.com. June 14, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.[ permanent dead link ]
  42. ↑ "Russian President congratules Erdogan on victory". isria.com. June 14, 2011. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  43. ↑ "Erdogan to Assad: Stop the violence, implement reforms". The Jerusalem Post. June 14, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  44. ↑ "Syrian president's envoy to meet Turkish PM". Xinhua. June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  45. ↑ "Ukraine wants to strengthen strategic partnership with Turkey". bsanna-news. June 20, 2011. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  46. ↑ "Leaders greet Turkish PM". Khaleej Times . June 16, 2011. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  47. ↑ "Obama congratulates Erdogan on election victory". AFP. June 14, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
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