Denizli

Denizli
Denizli
City
	View of the city from above
	Emblem of Denizli Metropolitan Municipality
	Denizli Location of Denizli Denizli Denizli (Europe) Denizli Denizli (Asia)
	Coordinates: 37°47′00″N29°05′47″E / 37.78333°N 29.09639°E
Country	Turkey
Region	Aegean Region
Province	Denizli Province
Government
• Mayor	Bülent Nuri Çavuşoğlu (CHP)
Elevation	324 m (1,063 ft)
Population (2022)
• Urban	651,200
Time zone	UTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code	20x xx
Area code	(0090) 258
Licence plate	20
Website	www.denizli.bel.tr

Last updated October 25, 2024

Denizli is a city in Aegean Turkey, and seat of the province of Denizli. The city forms the urban part of the districts Merkezefendi and Pamukkale, with a population of 651,200 in 2022.^[2]

Denizli also attracts visitors to the nearby mineral-coated hillside hot spring of Pamukkale, and with red color thermal water spa hotels Karahayıt, just 5 kilometres (3 miles) north of Pamukkale. Recently, Denizli became a major domestic tourism destination due to the various types of thermal waters in Sarayköy, Central/Denizli (where Karahayıt and Pamukkale towns are located), Akköy (Gölemezli), Buldan (Yenicekent), and Çardak districts.

The ancient ruined city of Hierapolis, as well as ruins of the city of Laodicea on the Lycus, the ancient metropolis of Phrygia, are nearby. Also in the vicinity of Honaz, about 10 mi (16 km) west of Denizli is, what was, in the 1st century AD, the city of Colossae.

The weather is hot in Denizli in summers, whereas in winters, it may occasionally be very cold with snow on the mountains that surround the city. Some years, snow can be observed in the urban areas. Springs and autumns are rainy, with a mild warm climate.

Name

The word deniz means 'sea, large lake'. No sea or lake can be found near Denizli. However, the original Turkish name for the place was Tonguzlu, pronounced as toŋuzlu or doŋuzlu, later donuzlu (from toŋuz 'wild boar'). Thus Tonguzlu means a 'place where boars dwell'. Because of the phonetical process (t->d, ŋ->n), the name was changed into denizlü or denizli, similar in pronunciation but different in meaning, in order to avoid the connotation 'boar, pig', which is considered offensive in Islam.^[5] Ibn Battuta recorded that the city was called Dun Ghuzluh. The latter is said to mean 'the town of the swine'.^[6]

History

In antiquity, it was an important Greek town, called Attouda (Αττούδα), that existed through the ancient Greek and Roman eras; it was near the cities (Hierapolis and Laodicea on the Lycus) and flourished through the Byzantine period.

The city was conquered by the Seljuk Turks. Inhabitants of Laodicea were also resettled here in the Seljuk period.^[7]

Ibn Battuta visited the city, noting that "In it there are seven mosques for the observance of Friday prayers, and it has splendid gardens, perennial streams, and gushing springs. Most of the artisans there are Greek women, for in it are many Greeks who are subject to the Turks and who pay dues to the sultan, including the jizya , and other taxes."^[8]

In the 17th century, the Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi visited Denizli and recorded the town as follows: "The city is called by Turks as (Denizli) (which means has abundant of water sources like sea in Turkish) as there are several rivers and lakes around it. In fact it is a four-day trip from the sea. Its fortress is of square shape built on flat ground. It has no ditches. Its periphery is 470 steps long. It has four gates. These are: painters gate in North, saddle-makers gate in the East, new Mosque gate in the South, and vineyard gate in the West. There are some fifty armed watchmen in the fortress, and they attend the shop. The main city is outside the fortress with 44 districts and 3600 houses. There are 57 small and large mosques and district mosques, 7 madrasahs, 7 children's schools, 6 baths and 17 dervish lodges. As everybody lives in vineyards the upper classes and ordinary people do not flee from each other."^{[ citation needed ]}

The city lived in peace for centuries without being involved in wars in a direct manner. Following World War I, during the Turkish War of Independence, the Greek Army managed to capture and come as close as Sarayköy, a small town 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Denizli, but did not venture into Denizli. They were then ousted from the region by Mustafa Kemal Pasha. The most widespread symbols of Denizli province are of textile industry.

Climate

Denizli has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa or Trewartha: Cs), with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, rainy winters. The inland areas, like Çardak, Bozkurt, Çivril, and Çal districts/counties of the province are cooler and have a higher elevation than the seaside, western part of the Province. Therefore, there are climatic differences within the province and even in the Denizli urbanized area.^{[ citation needed ]} The land is open to winds coming from the Aegean Sea as the mountains are perpendicular to the coastline.

Highest recorded temperature:44.4 °C (111.9 °F) on 15 August 2007
Lowest recorded temperature:−11.4 °C (11.5 °F) on 9 February 1965^[9]

Climate data for Denizli (1991–2020, extremes 1957–2023)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	22.6 (72.7)	25.9 (78.6)	30.8 (87.4)	35.8 (96.4)	39.5 (103.1)	44.1 (111.4)	43.9 (111.0)	44.4 (111.9)	41.6 (106.9)	36.9 (98.4)	31.6 (88.9)	26.6 (79.9)	44.4 (111.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	10.7 (51.3)	12.7 (54.9)	16.5 (61.7)	21.3 (70.3)	27.0 (80.6)	32.3 (90.1)	35.7 (96.3)	35.7 (96.3)	31.0 (87.8)	24.7 (76.5)	17.8 (64.0)	12.2 (54.0)	23.1 (73.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	6.2 (43.2)	7.6 (45.7)	10.7 (51.3)	15.1 (59.2)	20.2 (68.4)	25.1 (77.2)	28.3 (82.9)	28.2 (82.8)	23.5 (74.3)	17.9 (64.2)	11.9 (53.4)	7.7 (45.9)	16.9 (62.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	2.7 (36.9)	3.6 (38.5)	6.0 (42.8)	9.7 (49.5)	14.2 (57.6)	18.6 (65.5)	21.6 (70.9)	21.5 (70.7)	17.2 (63.0)	12.5 (54.5)	7.5 (45.5)	4.4 (39.9)	11.6 (52.9)
Record low °C (°F)	−10.5 (13.1)	−11.4 (11.5)	−7.0 (19.4)	−2.0 (28.4)	2.7 (36.9)	7.9 (46.2)	12.6 (54.7)	11.6 (52.9)	6.6 (43.9)	−0.8 (30.6)	−4.5 (23.9)	−10.4 (13.3)	−11.4 (11.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	85.7 (3.37)	69.7 (2.74)	63.8 (2.51)	54.8 (2.16)	47.9 (1.89)	31.8 (1.25)	16.3 (0.64)	12.1 (0.48)	15.7 (0.62)	37.1 (1.46)	57.8 (2.28)	81.1 (3.19)	573.8 (22.59)
Average precipitation days	11.6	10.97	11.03	9.8	8.97	5.13	2.23	2.57	3.13	6.13	7	12	90.6
Average snowy days	2.7	2.4	1.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.2	7.4
Average relative humidity (%)	71.3	67.6	63.0	58.7	54.1	46.8	41.6	43.3	48.5	58.7	65.3	71.6	57.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours	111.6	130.0	173.6	207.0	272.8	321.0	359.6	325.5	264.0	207.7	147.0	102.3	2,622.1
Mean daily sunshine hours	3.6	4.6	5.6	6.9	8.8	10.7	11.6	10.5	8.8	6.7	4.9	3.3	7.2
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service ^[10]
Source 2: NOAA (humidity, 1991–2020),^[11] Meteomanz(snow days 2000-2023)^[12]

Denizli today

Economy

During World War I, Denizli mined chromium.^[13]

Transportation

Denizli Çardak Airport is about 45 minutes drive from the city center.

The extension of İzmir-Aydın highway to Denizli has been announced for several years. Initial infrastructure was laid in Aydın, but the rest is still forthcoming. The present Aydın-Denizli road, has a very high level of traffic, especially trucks, with each town along the road possessing its own industrial zone.

Places of interest

Laodicea ad Lycum - 6 km (4 mi) north of Denizli near the village of Eskihisar. The city was established by Seleucid King, Antiochus II in honor of his wife, Laodice. This trading city was famous for its woolen and cotton cloths. A letter written by a Laodecian says: "I am happy. I have fortune and I am not in need of anything." Following a large earthquake which destroyed the city, what remains of the ancient city are one of the seven churches of Asia Minor, the stadium, the amphitheatre and the odeon, the cistern and the aqueduct. (see further Laodicean Church)
Hierapolis and Pamukkale World Heritage Sites -20 km (12 mi) north of Denizli Pamukkale travertines. The city of Hierapolis was founded by the Pergamon King Eumenes II in 190 BC. Its closeness to Laodicea led to commercial and military rivalry. The town was built in Greek style. Despite suffering a violent earthquake in 17 AD, it reached its peak during the Roman and Byzantine periods. It was reconstructed during the 2nd and 3rd centuries in stone from quarries in the area, in a Roman style. The town had its most glorious years during the reign of Roman Emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla and became an episcopal seat during the expansion of Christianity. However, as a result of several earthquakes, the most violent of which was in 1354, a great part of the town was destroyed, and its people migrated.
The Seljuq caravanserai Akhan, which is 6 km (4 mi) from Denizli City on the Ankara highway, and a great part of which still remains, was constructed by Karasungur bin Abdullah in 1253-54 when he was acting as the commander of Ladik. It was recently restored along with the Ottoman konaks nearby and is set to become a visitor's attraction by its own right.
Honaz mountain is a popular picnic excursion for Denizli's people in summer.
The nearby village of Goncalı, which is on the railway line, is another excursion. People come to eat the charcoal-grilled thinly-cut kebab called çöp şiş , preferably with the local süzme yoghurt and a glass of rakı.
There is a statue of Atatürk at Çınar Meydanı in the city centre.
Servergazi türbesi is located near to the Yenişehir neighborhood. The tomb of the 12th century Turkish commander of the Seljuk akıncı unit is located there. Many locals visit and pray at the tomb especially on weekends.
Teraspark Shopping and Lifestyle Center, Teraspark AVM, located in Yenişehir. Teraspark AVM is the biggest shopping center in Denizli.
Forum Çamlık Shopping and Lifestyle Center, Forum Çamlık AVM, located in the heart of the city centre, Demokrasi Meydanı/Square and surrounded by residential areas, welcomes more than 450,000 people within a catchment area of 20 minutes. The design of Forum Çamlık was inspired by the rich architectural elements that are unique to Province of Denizli. Local stones like Denizli travertine and marble are used for the cladding of many buildings.

Notable people

Veli Acar, Football player
Sezen Aksu, Pop singer
Ugur Aktas, Football player
Cengiz Bektaş, Architect and writer
Sıla Gençoğlu, Pop singer
Berkehan Aydın, Navy Pilot.
Hasan Güngör, Olympic medalist in wrestling
Aysel Gürel, Turkish songwriter and theater actress.
Levent Kartop, Football player
Recep Niyaz, Football player
Yavuz Özkan, Football player
Sarp Sanin, Rock singer
Osman Sınav, producer, director, screenwriter, and the advertiser is.
Bayram Şit, Olympic medalist in wrestling
Hasan Ali Toptaş, Author
Kemal Türkler, Trade union leader and politician
Tuba Ünsal, Turkish actress and model
Kerem Yılmazer, Turkish theater and movie actor, voice actor
Baturalp Ünlü, Olympic Swimmer
Elçin Sevgi Suçin Poet and writer.

Ancient sites of Denizli

Twin towns – sister cities

Denizli is twinned with:^[14]

Almelo, Netherlands, since 1974
Brăila, Romania, since 2005
Isani (Tbilisi), Georgia, since 1993
Jiaozhou, China, since 2004
Muan, South Korea, since 2009
Pavlodar, Kazakhstan, since 1995

Denizli also cooperates with Bursa and Tokat in Turkey.^[14]

Related Research Articles

Colossae was an ancient city of Phrygia in Asia Minor, and one of the most celebrated cities of southern Anatolia. The Epistle to the Colossians, an early Christian text which identifies its author as Paul the Apostle, is addressed to the church in Colossae. A significant city from the 5th century BC onwards, it had dwindled in importance by the time of Paul, but was notable for the existence of its local angel cult. It was part of the Roman and Byzantine province of Phrygia Pacatiana, before being destroyed in 1192/3 and its population relocating to nearby Chonae.

Denizli Province is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey in Western Anatolia, on high ground above the Aegean coast. Neighbouring provinces are Uşak to the north, Burdur, Isparta, Afyon to the east, Aydın, Manisa to the west and Muğla to the south. It is located between the coordinates 28° 30’ and 29° 30’ E and 37° 12’ and 38° 12’ N. Its area is 12,134 km², and its population is 1,056,332 (2022). The provincial capital is the city of Denizli.

Pamukkale, meaning "cotton castle" in Turkish, is a natural site in Denizli Province in southwestern Turkey. The area is famous for a carbonate mineral left by the flowing of thermal spring water. It is located in Turkey's Inner Aegean region, in the River Menderes valley, which has a temperate climate for most of the year.

Selçuk is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 317 km², and its population is 38,151 (2022). The town Selçuk is located 2 kilometres northeast of the ancient city of Ephesus, that was once home to the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Burdur is a city in southwestern Turkey. The seat of Burdur Province and of Burdur District, it is located on the shore of Lake Burdur. Its population is 95,436 (2021).

Laodicea on the Lycus was a rich ancient Greek city in Asia Minor, now Turkey, on the river Lycus (Çürüksu). It was located in the Hellenistic regions of Caria and Lydia, which later became the Roman Province of Phrygia Pacatiana. It is now near the modern city of Denizli.

Aydın is a city in and the seat of Aydın Province in Turkey's Aegean Region. The city is located at the heart of the lower valley of Büyük Menderes River at a commanding position for the region extending from the uplands of the valley down to the seacoast. The city forms the urban part of the Efeler district, with a population of 259,027 in 2022. Aydın city is located along a region which was famous for its fertility and productivity since ancient times. Figs remain the province's best-known crop, although other agricultural products are also grown intensively and the city has some light industry.

Çal is a municipality and district of Denizli Province, Turkey. Its area is 860 km², and its population is 17,889 (2022). Çal district area occupies a central position in the northern part of its province and neighbors the district of Pamukkale to the south-west and the district areas of Güney to the west and Honaz to the south. To the east of Çal district lies clockwise the districts of Bekilli, Çivril and Baklan.

Honaz is a municipality and district of Denizli Province, Turkey. Its area is 449 km², and its population is 34,074 (2022).

Sarayköy is a municipality and district of Denizli Province, Turkey. Its area is 379 km², and its population is 30,834 (2022). It is 20 km west of the city of Denizli, on a plain between mountains and watered by Büyük Menderes River.

Acıpayam is a municipality and district of Denizli Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,772 km², and its population is 54,888 (2022). It lies in high country between the Aegean and Mediterranean regions. A plain, watered by two reservoirs, known for growing melons and watermelons, on the road between the city of Denizli and Antalya. Its altitude is 895 m.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buldan</span> District and municipality in Denizli, Turkey

Buldan is a municipality and district of Denizli Province, Turkey. Its area is 523 km², and its population is 26,630 (2022). Buldan district area neighbors to the east and the south three other districts of the same province, namely Güney, Pamukkale and Sarayköy, and to the west by the areas of three districts of Aydın Province, Buharkent, Kuyucak and Karacasu, and to the northwest by Sarıgöl district of Manisa Province.

Hierapolis was a Hellenistic Greek city built on the site of a Phrygian cult center of the Anatolian mother goddess Cybele, in Phrygia in southwestern Anatolia. It was famous for its hot springs, its high quality wool fabrics and dyes, and as the birthplace of the Stoic philosopher Epictetus. Its extensive remains are adjacent to modern Pamukkale in Turkey.

Attuda or Attouda was a Hellenistic city in ancient Caria and later in the Roman province of Phrygia Pacatiana. There are coins of the place with the Greek epigraph Ἱερὰ Βουλὴ Ἀττουδέων, of the time of Augustus and later. The coins show that the Men Carus was worshipped there.

Birgi is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Ödemiş, İzmir Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,832 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). Its current name is a turkified version of its medieval Greek name, Pyrgion.

Kaklık is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Honaz, Denizli Province, Turkey. Its population is 4,909 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).

The Ploutonion at Hierapolis or Pluto's Gate was a ploutonion in the ancient city of Hierapolis near Pamukkale in modern Turkey's Denizli Province. The site was discovered in 1965 by Italian archaeologists, who published reports on their excavations throughout the decade. Following the studies carried out on site in 1998, a geologist of the Italian National Research Council, Luigi Piccardi, recognized that the origin of both the Ploutonion and of the nearby Apollo's Oracle of Hierapolis was linked to the existence of the surface trace of a seismic fault, on which both sanctuaries were purposely built and which was revered as Gateway of Hades. In 2013, it was further explored by Italian archaeologists led by Francesco D'Andria, a professor of archaeology at the University of Salento. As part of a restoration project, a replica of the marble statue of Hades and Cerberus has been restored to its original place. The statue is known to have been there in ancient times.

The 1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake which struck present-day Turkey on September 20 resulted in between 1,117 and 1,470 fatalities. Heavy damage was reported in the provinces of Aydın and Denizli. The shallow normal-faulting earthquake had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Estimates of the seismic magnitude range from 6.5 to 7.1 M_w.

References

↑ "Özgeçmişi". Archived from the original on 2020-01-31. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
1 2 "Denizli". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
↑ Bernard Fingleton; Ayda Eraydın; Raffaele Paci; Bilge Armatlı Köroğlu; Burak Beyhan (2003). Regional Economic Growth, SMEs and the Wider Europe, Chapter 11: The changing role of SMEs in the regional growth process: The case of Denizli. Ashgate Publishing. p. 229. ISBN 0-7546-3613-5.
↑ Hüseyin Özgür, Pamukkale University. "Integration of a Local Economy to the Global and European Markets through Export–Led Growth and Specialized Textile Products Export: Home Textile Production in Denizli – Turkey" (PDF). University of Łódź. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
↑ Dimitri Korobeinikov (2014). Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century. p. 223.
↑ Colin J. Hemer (1987). Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia In their Local Setting. p. 277.
↑ John Freely, The western shores of Turkey: discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, 2004. ISBN 1-85043-618-5. p. 182.
↑ Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. pp. 105, 309. ISBN 9780330418799.
↑ "İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
↑ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Denizli-17237" (CSV). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2 August 2023.
↑ "Denizli - Weather data by months". meteomanz. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
↑ Prothero, G.W. (1920). Anatolia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 104. Archived from the original on 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
1 2 "Denizli Municipality City Health Profile" (PDF). skb.gov.tr. Türkiye Sağlıklı Kentler Birliği. February 2010. p. 160. Retrieved 2024-01-12.

External links

Denizli travel guide from Wikivoyage

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[1] "Özgeçmişi". Archived from the original on 2020-01-31. Retrieved 2020-10-05.

[citypop-2] 1 2 "Denizli". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 26 January 2024.

[3] Bernard Fingleton; Ayda Eraydın; Raffaele Paci; Bilge Armatlı Köroğlu; Burak Beyhan (2003). Regional Economic Growth, SMEs and the Wider Europe, Chapter 11: The changing role of SMEs in the regional growth process: The case of Denizli. Ashgate Publishing. p. 229. ISBN 0-7546-3613-5.

[4] Hüseyin Özgür, Pamukkale University. "Integration of a Local Economy to the Global and European Markets through Export–Led Growth and Specialized Textile Products Export: Home Textile Production in Denizli – Turkey" (PDF). University of Łódź. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-04-18.

[5] Dimitri Korobeinikov (2014). Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century. p. 223.

[6] Colin J. Hemer (1987). Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia In their Local Setting. p. 277.

[7] John Freely, The western shores of Turkey: discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, 2004. ISBN 1-85043-618-5. p. 182.

[8] Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. pp. 105, 309. ISBN 9780330418799.

[9] "İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 14 July 2024.

[10] "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.

[WMOCLINO-11] "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Denizli-17237" (CSV). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2 August 2023.

[12] "Denizli - Weather data by months". meteomanz. Retrieved 17 July 2024.

[Prothero104-13] Prothero, G.W. (1920). Anatolia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 104. Archived from the original on 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2013-09-06.

[skb-14] 1 2 "Denizli Municipality City Health Profile" (PDF). skb.gov.tr. Türkiye Sağlıklı Kentler Birliği. February 2010. p. 160. Retrieved 2024-01-12.

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Authority control databases
International	VIAF WorldCat
National	Germany