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Mahmut Celâlettin "Celâl" Bayar was a Turkish economist and politician who was the third president of Turkey from 1950 to 1960; previously he was the prime minister of Turkey from 1937 to 1939.
Adnan Menderes was a Turkish politician who served as Prime Minister of Turkey between 1950 and 1960. He was one of the founders of the Democrat Party (DP) in 1946, the fourth legal opposition party of Turkey. He was tried and hanged under the military junta after the 1960 coup d'état, along with two other cabinet members, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan. One of the accusations brought against him was of him ordering the Istanbul pogrom against citizens of Greek ethnicity. He was the last Turkish political leader to be executed after a military coup and is also one of the four political leaders of the Turkish Republic to have had a mausoleum built in his honour.
The Democrat Party was a centre-right political party in Turkey, and the country's third legal opposition party, after the Liberal Republican Party established by Ali Fethi Okyar in 1930, and the National Development Party established by Nuri Demirağ in 1945. Founded and led by Celâl Bayar and Adnan Menderes, it was the first of the opposition parties to rise to power, de-seating the Republican People's Party during the national elections of 1950 and ending Turkey's one party era. The party ″facilitated the resurgence of Islam, especially at the popular level, in Turkey″.
The 1960 Turkish coup d'état was the first coup d'état in the Republic of Turkey. It took place on May 27, 1960. The coup was staged by a group of 38 young Turkish military officers, acting outside the military chain of command. The officers were de facto led by Cemal Madanoğlu until the actual coup date. After a threat by Ragıp Gümüşpala that he would move to quell the coup unless it was led by someone with a higher military rank than himself, the officers brought in General Cemal Gürsel as their leader. The coup was carried out against the democratically elected government of the Democrat Party, and ultimately resulted in the execution of its prime minister, Adnan Menderes, alongside two of his ministers, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan.
The 19th government of Turkey was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also called the first Menderes government.
The 20th government of Turkey was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also called the second Menderes government.
The 21st government of Turkey was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also called "the third Menderes government".
The 23rd government of Turkey was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also called the fifth Menderes government.
Events in the year 1959 in Turkey.
Events in the year 1955 in Turkey.
Events in the year 1954 in Turkey.
Events in the year 1952 in Turkey.
Events in the year 1951 in Turkey.
Events in the year 1950 in Turkey.
The 7th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 28 February 1943 to 5 August 1946. There were 492 MPs in the parliament, all of which were the members of the Republican People's Party (CHP). But towards the end of the term some issued from CHP to form Democrat Party (DP)
The 10th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 2 May 1954 to 1 November 1957. There were 541 MPs in the parliament. While the Democrat Party (DP) won a vast majority. The opposition was represented by the Republican People's Party (CHP) with 30 seats, the Republican Nation Party with 5 seats and 7 Independents. In 1955 a new party was also founded.
The 11th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 27 October 1957 to 27 May 1960. There were 610 MPs in the parliament. While The Democrat Party (DP) won a vast majority, the opposition was represented by the Republican People's Party (CHP) with 173 seats, the Republican Nation Party (CMP) and Liberty Party (HP) each with 4 seats and 2 Independents.
Motion with four signatures was a motion given to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey by the quadrumvirate of Celâl Bayar, Refik Koraltan, Mehmet Fuat Köprülü and Adnan Menderes; all Republican People's Party (CHP) deputies at the time. By calling for widespread political liberalization, it posed the first significant open challenge to the existing one party system from inside CHP itself. Although the motion itself was denied, it is considered an important milestone in the parliamentary history of Turkey, as it kicked off the establishment of a multi-party political system in the country.
The Yassıada Trials were a series of criminal cases in Turkey brought by the military regime against politicians of the formerly ruling Democrat Party. Following the coup which removed the Democrats from power on May 27, 1960, the military junta known as the National Unity Committee (MBK) established a special court to try the politicians who had been removed. These trials were held in the prison on the Island of Democracy and Freedom. The trials began on 14 October 1960 and ended on 15 September 1961. They resulted in the execution of the former prime minister Adnan Menderes and two of his ministers.
The Turkish adhan was the use of the Turkish language to officially recite the Adhan for a period of time in Turkey. The usage of Arabic was banned by the Diyanet on order of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1932 and was unbanned 18 years later on June 16, 1950.
References
- ↑ Parliament page Archived 2015-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Türkiye'nin 75 Yılı; Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul
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